Yüce Deneyimi Üzerine: Batı Kültüründeki Yüce ile Japon Kami (神) Düşüncesi Arasında bir İnceleme

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 14, 125 - 150, 23.12.2020

Elif Elçi Engin Yurt

Öz

Bu çalışma en temelde yüce kavramı ile ontoloji arasındaki ilişki ile ilgilenir. Bu çalışmada, spesifik olarak, Batı felsefe ve estetik tarihinden bir kavram ile -yüce kavramı- onun Doğu-Asya kültür ve düşünme dünyasındaki karşılığı olan (karşılığı olmasa bile, Batı’da kastedildiği anlamda yüce deneyimini ve bu deneyimin özsel anlamını taşıyan olası bir kavram) Kami (神) fikri arasında bir inceleme yapmayı dener. Bu inceleme ile, hem karşılaştırmalı hem de füzyon felsefesi içindeki araştırmaları zenginleştirmeyi amaçlar. İlk bölümde, Batı kültüründeki yüce kavramının tarihsel gelişimi izlenip analiz edilmektedir. Longinus, Burke, Kant, Schiller, Schopenhauer, Lyotard ve Derrida gibi isimler aracılığıyla, yüce kavramının Batı kültüründe geçirdiği tarihsel değişim takip edilip araştırılmıştır. Bu kavramın estetik, politik, etik, metafiziksel kökleri ve çağrışımları bu inceleme içinde açık kılınmıştır. Bu açık kılınma ile, yüce kavramının doğa, öz, benlik, kendilik gibi kavramlarla ilişkisi ve bu kavramların kendileri arasındaki ilişkiler de problematize edilerek ele alınmıştır. Yüce kavramının aşırılık, aşkınsallık, bir tür çekme-itme ilişkisi gibi düşünceler temelinde izah edilmesi, bu kavramın tarihsel gelişimi sürecinde geçirdiği değişimlerin daha iyi anlaşılması amacıyla eleştirel bir yorumlamaya tabii tutulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, Japon kültürüne ait olan Şinto dini ve bunun Japon estetiğine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu araştırma ile, kami inancının anlamı ve kullanım şekilleri (metafizik ve ontoloji içindeki çağrışımları ile birlikte) Japon kültür ve düşünme dünyasında yüce kavramının yerini bulmak açısından dekonstrükte edilmiştir. Bazı semantik, etimolojik ve gramatik analizler aracılığıyla, çalışma Japon kami düşüncesi ile Batı dünyasındaki yüce deneyimi arasındaki ilişkiyi açık bir şekilde gösterebileceği bir noktaya ulaşır. Sonuç olarak, Japon estetiği içindeki ilgili deneyim, kami ve yüce arasındaki karşılıklı ilişki aracılığıyla ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğu-Batı Karşılaştırması, Estetik, Fenomenoloji, Japon Kültürü, Sanat

On the Experience of Sublime: An Examination between Western Sense of Sublime and Japanese Kami (神)

Öz

The study deals with the relationship between the sense of sublime and ontology. In this study, it has been tried to make an examination between a concept from western history of philosophy and aesthetics -the concept of sublime- and its counterpart (if not so counterpart, but the possible idea that holds the essential meaning and experience of the sublime in its sense) within the East-Asian intellectual and cultural world namely, Kami (神). By this examination, it is aimed to enrichen the investigations within both comparative and fusion philosophy. In first chapter, the historical progress of the western sublime has been tracked and analyzed. Through the names like Longinus, Burke, Kant, Schiller, Schopenhauer, Lyotard and Derrida, the historical change of the notion of sublime in Western culture has been followed and investigated. Its aesthetical, political, ethical, metaphysical roots and connotations have been clarified within the examination. By doing this, the concept’s relation with the concepts like nature, the self, and the relation between nature and self are problematized and taken into consideration. The accounts of sublime regarding the idea of excess, transcendence, a sort of withdraw-repel relation have been criticized in order to understand the specific emphasizes on the notion during its historical changes. In the second chapter, Japanese religion Shinto and its effects on the Japanese aesthetics have been investigated. By this investigation, the meaning and usages of the belief kami (and its connotation within metaphysics and ontology) are deconstructed regarding the notion of sublime in Japanese cultural and intellectual world. Through some semantic, etymological and grammatical analyzes, the examination reaches to the point where the connection between the western sublime and Japanese kami has been cleared. In the conclusion, the phenomenality within Japanese aesthetics has been revealed through the interrelation between kami and sublime.

Anahtar Kelimeler

aesthetics, art, east-west comparison, Japanese, Phenomenology, Western

Kaynakça

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