On Asad Ghanem’s Model of Understanding Ethnic Minority Demands

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 97 - 114, 21.08.2014

Diren Çakmak

Öz

In the study, Asad Ghanem’s model of understanding ethnic minority demands is analyzed. Ghanem’s discussions with the other models are examined, the components of Ghanem’s model are explained, the case of Israel is selected from the case studies of Ghanem to evaluate the explanatory strength of the model. The significance of the study is that it is the first academic research on Ghanem’s model of understanding ethnic minority demands in the political science literature in Turkey. In the study, literature scanning and content analysis are used. The study puts forth whether the type of minority such as indigenous or immigrant and the type of the political regime in which minority lives such as democracy or ethnocracy will be accepted as the significant criterion to understand the minority demands. In the study, it is questioned whether different Palestinian groups have different demands.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Indigenous people, immigrant people, ethnocracy, democracy, Israel.

Asad Ghanem’in Etnik Azınlık Taleplerini Anlama Modeli Üzerine

Öz

Çalışmada, Asad Ghanem’in etnik azınlık taleplerini anlama modeli incelenmektedir. Ghanem’in diğer modellerle tartışması ele alınmakta, Ghanem’in modelinin bileşenleri açıklanmakta ve Ghanem’in modeline dair sunduğu ülke örneklerinden İsrail örneği seçilerek modelin açıklayıcılığı değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmanın, modeli Türkçe siyaset bilimi literatürüne kazandıran ilk çalışma olması bakımından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada belge tarama ve içerik çözümleme araştırma yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Çalışma, etnik azınlık taleplerinin anlaşılmasında, azınlığın yerli veya göçmen halk olmasının ve azınlığın yaşadığı ülkenin siyasal rejiminin etnokrasi veya demokrasi olmasının belirleyici ölçütler olarak sayılıp sayılmayacağı tartışmasını açmaktadır. Çalışmada, farklı Filistinli grupların farklı taleplerinin olup olmadığı sorgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yerli halk, göçmen halk, etnokrasi, demokrasi, İsrail.

Kaynakça

• Abdel,J.S. (2007). “Zionist Massacres: The Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War”, Israel and Palestinian Refugees, (ed.E. Benvenisti&C. Gans&S. Hanafi), New York:Springer, (pp.59-127).
• Anderson,B. (1991). Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
• Nationalism, London: Verso Editions. Bauböck,R.(1994).Transnational Citizenship:Membership Rights in International Migration,
• Alershot: Edward Elgar. Brubaker,R.(1992). Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany,Cambridge
• Massachussets: Harvard University Press. Connor,W.(1994). Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, Princeton:Princeton University Press.
• Dahl,R.A.(1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, Connecticut:Yale University Press.
• Dowty,A. (1999).“Is Israel Democratic? Substance and Semantics in the ‘Ethnic Democracy’
• Debate”, Israel Studies, vol.4, no.2, (pp.1-15). Freedom House(2013).Freedom In the World-Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance:Selected Data From Freedom House’s Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil
• Liberties, A. Puddington (Ed.), http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20 2013%20Booklet.pdf [27.06.2014]
• Geertz,C.(1963). “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States”, Old Societies and New States (ed.C.Geertz), New York:Free Press, (pp.105- 157).
• Gellner,E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
• Ghanem,G., Rouhana,N.N&Yıftachel,O. (1998).“Questioning ‘Ethnic Democracy’: A
• Response to Sammy Smooha”, Israel Studies, vol.3, no.2, (pp.253-267). Ghanem,A. (1998). “State and Minority in Israel:The Case of Ethnic State and the Predicament of its Minority”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.21,no.3, (pp.428-448).
• Ghanem,A.(2001). The Palestinian-Arab Minority in Israel,1948-2000: A Political Study,
• Albany: State University of New York Press. Ghanem,A.(2003). “Zionism, Post-Zionism and Anti-Zioninsm in Israel: Jews and Arabs in
• Conflict over the Nature of the State”, The Challenge of Post-Zionism: Alternatives to Israeli Fundamentalist Politics (ed.E.Nimni), London:Zed Books, (pp.98-116). Ghanem,A.&Others (2009). “Symposium: Can the Two-State Solution Be Salvaged?”, Middle
• East Policy, vol.16, no.1, (pp.1-27). Ghanem,A.(2010).Palestinian Politics after Arafat:A Failed National Movement,
• Bloomington:Indiana University Press. Ghanem,A.&Hıjazı,A.(2011). “The Diverse Impact on Local Democracy: A Comparative
• Study About Democratisation Process in Jewish and Arab Communities in Israel”, Lex Localis-Journal of Local Self-Government, vol.9, no.3, (pp.247-263). Ghanem,A. (2012). “Understanding Ethnic Minority Demands: A new Typology”,
• Nationalizm and Ethnic Politics, vol.18, no.3, (pp.358-379). Işın,E.F.&Wood,P.K. (1999). Citizenship and Identity, London:Sage Publications.
• Jenne,E.(2004). “A Bargaining Theory of Minority Demands: Explaining the Dog that Did not Bite in 1990’s Yugoslavia”, International Studies Quarterly, no.48, (pp.729-754).
• Johnston,D.M.(1995). “Native Rights as Collective Rights: A Question of Group Self
• Preservation”, The Right of Minority Cultures (ed. W. Kymlicka), Oxford:Oxford University Press, (pp.179-200). Khalıdı,R.(2001).“The Palestinians and 1948: The Underlying Causes of Failure”,The
• War For Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (ed.E.Rogan&A. Shlaim), Cambridge:
• Cambridge University Press,(pp.12-36). Lıebmann,C.& Yehıya,D.E. (1983). Civil Religion in Israel: Traditional Judaism and Political
• Culture in the Jewish State, Berkeley: University of California State. Lınz,J.J.&Stepan,A.(1996).Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation : Southern
• Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe,Baltimore-London: Johns Hopkins University Press. Marshall,T.H. (1973). “Citizenship and Social Class”, Class, Citizenship and Social
• Development (ed. T.H. Marshall), Westport: Greenwood, (pp.65-122). Masalha,N. (2011). “New History, Post-Zionism and Neo-Colonialism: A Critique of the Israeli New Historians”, Holy Land Studies, no:10/1, (pp.1-53).
• Mcfaul,M. (2004). “Democracy Promotion as a World Value”, The Washington Quarterly, vol.28, isuue 1, (pp. 147-163).
• Pappe,I. (1992). The Making of Arab-Israel Conflict:1947-1951, London:I.B. Tauris.
• Przeworskı,A. (1991).Democracy and The Market:Political and Economic Reforms in
• Eastern Europe and Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press. Rouhane,N.(1997). Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State:Identities and Conflict,
• New Haven: Yale University Press. Sartorı,G.(1987). The Theory of Democracy Revisited,New Jersey:Clatham House.
• Sassen,S. (1996). Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization, 1995 Columbia
• University Leonard Hastings Schoff Memorial Lectures, New York: Columbia University Press. Shıls,E. (1957). “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial,Personal and Sacred Ties”, British
• Journal of Sociology, no.8, (pp.130-145). Smıth,R.M.(1997).Civic Ideals:Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in US History, New
• Haven:Yale University Press. Smooha,S.(1990).“Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: The Status of Arab Minority in
• Israel”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.13, no.3, (pp.389-413). Smooha,S. (2001). “The Model of Ethnic Democracy”, European Center for Minority Issues
• (ECMI), http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/working_paper_13.pdf [27.06.2014]
• Smooha,S. (2013).“A Zionist State, A Binational State and an In Between Jewish and Democratic State”, Contemporary Challenges to the Nation State:Global and Israeli
• Perspectives (volume 1), (ed. A. Shapira&Y.Z. Stern&A. Yakobson), Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, (chapter 14:pp.206-224). Soysal,Y.N.(1994). Limits of Citizenship:Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe,
• Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Yakobson,A.&Rubınsteın,A. (2008), Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-State and Human Rights, London:Routledge. (published in Hebrew in 2003,Tel Aviv:Schocken)
• Yıftachel,O.(1997).“Israel Society & Jewish-Palestinian Reconciliation:Ethnocracy and Its
• Territorial Contradictions”, Middle East Journal, vol.51,no.4. (pp.505-519). Yıftachel,O.(2006). Ethnocracy, Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine,Philadelphia:
• University of Pennsylvania Press. Yonah,Y.(2000). “Israel’s Political Stability: A Matter of Principle”, Israel Studies, vol.5, no.2, (pp.128-153).
• Young,I.M.(1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton:Princeton University Press.