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The Rise of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) And Deep Trade Agreements: A Case of Turkey’s Free Trade Areas (FTAs)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 39 - 64, 28.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.695737

Öz

The number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have been rising since 1980s. But this increase has been accelerated in recent years. This can be attributed to several facts: changing pattern of global trade, emerging of new global actors, new trade problems but more importantly the impotency of World Trade Organization (WTO) to handle these new problems. In addition to the explosion on the number of RTAs, the contents of the agreements have also changed. These trade agreements have begun to frame the new trade related problems- beyond the WTO. These new agreements are called Deep Trade Agreements. Turkey has also signed various RTAs. Turkey have Customs Union Agreement and 21 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in force. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of FTAs in Turkey. According to the findings, Turkey’s trade volume with FTA partners is unsatisfactory. Furthermore, Turkey’s agreements are not deep enough with respect to the other countries. Turkey should sign deep agreements that regulates more trade related issues in order to augment the trade and attract foreign direct investment.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, R. (2016). Introduction - Regional Trade Agreements: Recent Developments. In Acharya, R (Ed.) Regional Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System (pp. 1-18). Cambridge Univeristy Press.
  • Akman, M. S., (2010). The European Union’s trade strategy and its reflections on Turkey: An evaluation from the perspective of free trade agreements. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(2), 17-45.
  • Bagwell, K, Bown C.P. ve R.W. Steiger (2016). Is the WTO Passé?. Journal of Economic Literature, 54(4). 1125-1231.
  • Baldwin, R. E. (1993). A Domino theory of regionalism. NBER Working Paper, No. 4465.
  • Baldwin, R. (2009). Big-think regionalism: A critical survey. In Estevadeordal, A., Suominen, K., and Teh, R. (Eds.) Regional Rules in the Global Trading System (pp. 17-95). Cambridge University Press.
  • Baldwin, R. (2014). WTO 2.0: Governance of Global Supply-chain Trade. In R. Baldwin, M. Kawai and G. Wignaraja (Eds.) A World Trade Organization for the 21st Century (pp. 12-47). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Baldwin, R. (2016). The World Trade Organization and the Futre of Multilateralism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(1), 95-116.
  • Baldwin, R. and Freund, C. (2011). Preferential Trade Agreements and Multilateral Liberalization. In Jean-Pierre Chauffour and Jean-Christophe Maur, (Eds.) Preferential Trade Agreement Policies for Development (pp. 121-141).
  • Baldwin, R. ve Jaimovich, D. (2012), Are Free Trade Agreements Contagious?. Journal of International Economics, 88(1), 1-16.
  • Bergsten, C. F. ve Schott, J. J. (1997). A preliminary evaluation of NAFTA”, Washington DC, Peterson Institute for International Economics. http://www.iie.com/publications/ testimony/testimony.cfm?ResearchID=288. (15/09/2019)
  • Bhagwati, J. (1993). Regionalism and multilateralism: An overview. In de Melo, J. and Panagariya, A. (Eds.) New Dimensions in Regional Integration (pp. 22-50).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bown, C. (2017). Mega-regional trade agreements and the future of the WTO, Global Policy, 8(1), 107-112.
  • Candaş, U. (2010). Çok taraflılık mı i̇ki taraflılık mı? Tercihli ticaret anlaşmalarının uluslararası ticaret sistemiyle i̇lişkisine dair bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 6(22), 55-76.
  • Clausing, K. A. (2001), Trade creation and trade diversion in the Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement, Canadian Journal of Economics, 34(3), 677-696.
  • Doğan, A. ve Uzun, A. (2014). Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmalarının Türkiye’nin Dış Ticaretine Etkileri, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 15(1), 325-344.
  • Dür, A., L. Baccini, ve M. Elsig (2014). The Design of International Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset. The Review of International Organizations, 9(3), 353–375.
  • Eichengreen, B., Mehl, A. ve Chitu, L. (2019). Mars or Mercury Redux: The Geopolitics of Bilateral Trade Agreements, ECB Working Paper, No. 2246.
  • Elliott, K.A. (2018). WTO and The Regional/Bilateral Trade Agreements, Handbook of International Trade Agreements, Country, Regional and Global Approaches, Routledge https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781351046954-3. 17-28. (3/09/2019).
  • Ertürk, E. ve Yılmaz, D. (2018). Uluslararası İktisadi Birleşmeler ve Türkiye’nin İçinde Bulunduğu İktisadi Birleşme Hareketleri, (5. Baskı). Bursa: Alfa Aktüel.
  • Fernandez, R. ve Portes, J. (1998). Returns to Regionalism: Ananalysis of Nontraditional Gains from Regional Trade Agreements. World Bank Economic Review, 12(2), 197-220.
  • Frankel, J. A., Stein, E. ve Wei, S.-J. (1995), Trading Blocs and The Americas: The natural, The Unnatural and The Super-natural. Journal of Development Economics, 47(1), 61-95.
  • Freund, C. ve Ornelas, E. (2010). Regional Trade Agreements. Annual Review of Economics, 2, 136-167.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1995). The Politics of Free-Trade Agreements. American Economic Review, 85(4), 667-690.
  • Hofmann, C., Osagno, A. ve Ruta, M. (2019). The Content of Preferential Trade Agreements. World Trade Review, 18(3), 365-398.
  • Karacaovali, B. ve Limão, N. (2008). The Clash of liberalizations: Preferential vs. Multilateral Trade Liberalization in the European Union. Journal of International Economics, 74(2), 299-327.
  • Kohl, T., S. Brakman, ve H. Garretsen (2016). Do trade agreements stimulate ınternational trade differently? Evidence from 296 Trade Agreements, The World Economy, 39(1), 97–131.
  • Krugman, P. (1991), “The Move to Free Trade Zones”, paper presented at the symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Policy Implications of Trade and Currency Zones. http://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/1991/S91krugm.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 10/09/2019).
  • Limao, N. (2006). Preferential trade agreements as stumbling blocks for multilateral trade liberalization: Evidence for the United States. The American Economic Review, 96(3), 896-914.
  • Limao, N. (2016). Preferential trade agreements. NBER Working Paper, No.22138.
  • Limao, N ve Maggie, G. (2015). Uncertainty and trade agreements. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 7(4), 1-41.
  • Magee, C. (2008). New measures of trade creation and trade diversion. Journal of International Economics, 75(2), 340-362.
  • Mansfield, E. ve Reinhardt, E. (2003). Multilateral determinants of regionalism: The effects of GATT/WTO on the formation of preferential trading arrangements. International Organization, 57(4), 829-862.
  • Mattoo, A., A. Mulabdic, ve M. Ruta (2017), Trade creation and trade diversion in deep agreements. Policy Research Working Paper No. 8206, World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • McLaren, J. (2002). A theory of insidious regionalism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(2), 571-608.
  • Osnago, A., N. Rocha,ve M. Ruta (2017). Do deep trade agreements boost vertical FDI?, World Bank Economic Review, 30(1), 119–125.
  • Petri, P.A. ve Plummer, M.G. (2016). The economic effects of the Trans-Pacific partnership: New estimates. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper Series, 16-28.
  • Rodrik, D. (2018). What do trade agreements really do?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(2), 72-90.
  • Rönnback, K. (2015). Interest-group lobbying for free trade: An empirical case study of international trade policy formation. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 24(2), 281–93.
  • Ruta, M. (2017). Preferential trade agreements and global value chains: Theory, evidence, and open questions. Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of GVCs on Economic Development, WTO Global Value Chain Development Report 2017.
  • Trefler, D. (2004). The Long and Short of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. American Economic Review, 94(4), 870-895.
  • Viner, J. (1950), The customs union issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Williams, B. R. (2018). Bilateral and regional trade agreements: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45198.pdf. (10/09/2019).
  • World Trade Organization (2011). World Trade Report, Geneva: WTO.

BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 39 - 64, 28.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.695737

Öz

Tüm Dünya’da Bölgesel Ticaret Anlaşmaları(BTA)’nın sayısı özellikle 1980’lerden sonra artış göstermiştir. Ancak son yıllarda bu artış ivmelenmiştir. Küresel ticaretin yapısının değişmesi, küresel ticaretteki aktörlerin farklılaşması, yeni sorunların ortaya çıkması ve de en önemlisi Dünya Ticaret Örgütü(DTÖ)’nün bu sorunların çözümünde yetersiz kalması ülkeleri ticaret anlaşmaları yapmaya sevk etmiştir. Son dönemde yapılan anlaşmaların içeriği de yeni konuların gündeme gelmesiyle değişmiştir. Daha fazla düzenlemenin hükme bağlandığı daha fazla alanı kapsayan bu anlaşmalar Derin Ticaret Anlaşmaları olarak anılmaktadır. Türkiye’de son dönemde daha fazla BTA yapmaktadır. Türkiye’nin yürürlükte olan bir Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması ve 21 tane Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması (STA) bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da Türkiye’nin STA’larını analiz etmektir. Çalışmada ulaşılan bulgulara göre Türkiye’nin STA kapsamındaki ticareti yeterli düzeyde değildir. Ayrıca Türkiye’nin imzaladığı STA’ların derinliği de oldukça düşüktür. Türkiye’nin ticaretini arttırmak ve daha fazla yatırım çekmek için derin ticaret anlaşmaları imzalaması gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, R. (2016). Introduction - Regional Trade Agreements: Recent Developments. In Acharya, R (Ed.) Regional Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System (pp. 1-18). Cambridge Univeristy Press.
  • Akman, M. S., (2010). The European Union’s trade strategy and its reflections on Turkey: An evaluation from the perspective of free trade agreements. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(2), 17-45.
  • Bagwell, K, Bown C.P. ve R.W. Steiger (2016). Is the WTO Passé?. Journal of Economic Literature, 54(4). 1125-1231.
  • Baldwin, R. E. (1993). A Domino theory of regionalism. NBER Working Paper, No. 4465.
  • Baldwin, R. (2009). Big-think regionalism: A critical survey. In Estevadeordal, A., Suominen, K., and Teh, R. (Eds.) Regional Rules in the Global Trading System (pp. 17-95). Cambridge University Press.
  • Baldwin, R. (2014). WTO 2.0: Governance of Global Supply-chain Trade. In R. Baldwin, M. Kawai and G. Wignaraja (Eds.) A World Trade Organization for the 21st Century (pp. 12-47). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Baldwin, R. (2016). The World Trade Organization and the Futre of Multilateralism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(1), 95-116.
  • Baldwin, R. and Freund, C. (2011). Preferential Trade Agreements and Multilateral Liberalization. In Jean-Pierre Chauffour and Jean-Christophe Maur, (Eds.) Preferential Trade Agreement Policies for Development (pp. 121-141).
  • Baldwin, R. ve Jaimovich, D. (2012), Are Free Trade Agreements Contagious?. Journal of International Economics, 88(1), 1-16.
  • Bergsten, C. F. ve Schott, J. J. (1997). A preliminary evaluation of NAFTA”, Washington DC, Peterson Institute for International Economics. http://www.iie.com/publications/ testimony/testimony.cfm?ResearchID=288. (15/09/2019)
  • Bhagwati, J. (1993). Regionalism and multilateralism: An overview. In de Melo, J. and Panagariya, A. (Eds.) New Dimensions in Regional Integration (pp. 22-50).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bown, C. (2017). Mega-regional trade agreements and the future of the WTO, Global Policy, 8(1), 107-112.
  • Candaş, U. (2010). Çok taraflılık mı i̇ki taraflılık mı? Tercihli ticaret anlaşmalarının uluslararası ticaret sistemiyle i̇lişkisine dair bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 6(22), 55-76.
  • Clausing, K. A. (2001), Trade creation and trade diversion in the Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement, Canadian Journal of Economics, 34(3), 677-696.
  • Doğan, A. ve Uzun, A. (2014). Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmalarının Türkiye’nin Dış Ticaretine Etkileri, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 15(1), 325-344.
  • Dür, A., L. Baccini, ve M. Elsig (2014). The Design of International Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset. The Review of International Organizations, 9(3), 353–375.
  • Eichengreen, B., Mehl, A. ve Chitu, L. (2019). Mars or Mercury Redux: The Geopolitics of Bilateral Trade Agreements, ECB Working Paper, No. 2246.
  • Elliott, K.A. (2018). WTO and The Regional/Bilateral Trade Agreements, Handbook of International Trade Agreements, Country, Regional and Global Approaches, Routledge https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781351046954-3. 17-28. (3/09/2019).
  • Ertürk, E. ve Yılmaz, D. (2018). Uluslararası İktisadi Birleşmeler ve Türkiye’nin İçinde Bulunduğu İktisadi Birleşme Hareketleri, (5. Baskı). Bursa: Alfa Aktüel.
  • Fernandez, R. ve Portes, J. (1998). Returns to Regionalism: Ananalysis of Nontraditional Gains from Regional Trade Agreements. World Bank Economic Review, 12(2), 197-220.
  • Frankel, J. A., Stein, E. ve Wei, S.-J. (1995), Trading Blocs and The Americas: The natural, The Unnatural and The Super-natural. Journal of Development Economics, 47(1), 61-95.
  • Freund, C. ve Ornelas, E. (2010). Regional Trade Agreements. Annual Review of Economics, 2, 136-167.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1995). The Politics of Free-Trade Agreements. American Economic Review, 85(4), 667-690.
  • Hofmann, C., Osagno, A. ve Ruta, M. (2019). The Content of Preferential Trade Agreements. World Trade Review, 18(3), 365-398.
  • Karacaovali, B. ve Limão, N. (2008). The Clash of liberalizations: Preferential vs. Multilateral Trade Liberalization in the European Union. Journal of International Economics, 74(2), 299-327.
  • Kohl, T., S. Brakman, ve H. Garretsen (2016). Do trade agreements stimulate ınternational trade differently? Evidence from 296 Trade Agreements, The World Economy, 39(1), 97–131.
  • Krugman, P. (1991), “The Move to Free Trade Zones”, paper presented at the symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Policy Implications of Trade and Currency Zones. http://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/1991/S91krugm.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 10/09/2019).
  • Limao, N. (2006). Preferential trade agreements as stumbling blocks for multilateral trade liberalization: Evidence for the United States. The American Economic Review, 96(3), 896-914.
  • Limao, N. (2016). Preferential trade agreements. NBER Working Paper, No.22138.
  • Limao, N ve Maggie, G. (2015). Uncertainty and trade agreements. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 7(4), 1-41.
  • Magee, C. (2008). New measures of trade creation and trade diversion. Journal of International Economics, 75(2), 340-362.
  • Mansfield, E. ve Reinhardt, E. (2003). Multilateral determinants of regionalism: The effects of GATT/WTO on the formation of preferential trading arrangements. International Organization, 57(4), 829-862.
  • Mattoo, A., A. Mulabdic, ve M. Ruta (2017), Trade creation and trade diversion in deep agreements. Policy Research Working Paper No. 8206, World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • McLaren, J. (2002). A theory of insidious regionalism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(2), 571-608.
  • Osnago, A., N. Rocha,ve M. Ruta (2017). Do deep trade agreements boost vertical FDI?, World Bank Economic Review, 30(1), 119–125.
  • Petri, P.A. ve Plummer, M.G. (2016). The economic effects of the Trans-Pacific partnership: New estimates. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper Series, 16-28.
  • Rodrik, D. (2018). What do trade agreements really do?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(2), 72-90.
  • Rönnback, K. (2015). Interest-group lobbying for free trade: An empirical case study of international trade policy formation. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 24(2), 281–93.
  • Ruta, M. (2017). Preferential trade agreements and global value chains: Theory, evidence, and open questions. Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of GVCs on Economic Development, WTO Global Value Chain Development Report 2017.
  • Trefler, D. (2004). The Long and Short of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. American Economic Review, 94(4), 870-895.
  • Viner, J. (1950), The customs union issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Williams, B. R. (2018). Bilateral and regional trade agreements: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45198.pdf. (10/09/2019).
  • World Trade Organization (2011). World Trade Report, Geneva: WTO.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Derya Hekim Yılmaz Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2478-2305

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Hekim Yılmaz, D. (2020). BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, 7(1), 39-64. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.695737
AMA Hekim Yılmaz D. BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. Şubat 2020;7(1):39-64. doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.695737
Chicago Hekim Yılmaz, Derya. “BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 7, sy. 1 (Şubat 2020): 39-64. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.695737.
EndNote Hekim Yılmaz D (01 Şubat 2020) BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 7 1 39–64.
IEEE D. Hekim Yılmaz, “BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ”, TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 39–64, 2020, doi: 10.30626/tesamakademi.695737.
ISNAD Hekim Yılmaz, Derya. “BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 7/1 (Şubat 2020), 39-64. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.695737.
JAMA Hekim Yılmaz D. BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2020;7:39–64.
MLA Hekim Yılmaz, Derya. “BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 39-64, doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.695737.
Vancouver Hekim Yılmaz D. BÖLGESEL TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI(BTA)’NIN GELİŞİMİ VE DERİN TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI: TÜRKİYE’NİN SERBEST TİCARET ANLAŞMALARI (STA) AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2020;7(1):39-64.