ONARICI ADALET SİSTEMİ ve DOMİNİC ONGWEN DAVASI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 22 - 36, 30.11.2021

Zeynep Deniz Altınsoy

Öz

Onarıcı adalet teorisinin amacı çatışmanın taraflarının katılımı ile suçun sonucunda meydana gelen hasarın onarılmasıdır. Bu süreçte devlet organları eliyle adaletin sağlanmasından ziyade suçun asıl mağdurunun ve failin katılımı öngörülmektedir.
Böylelikle başta suçun mağduru olmak üzere fail ve toplumun da ihtiyacı olan onarıcı bir yaklaşım ortaya konulmuş ve taraflara sorumluluk bilinci yüklenerek topluma yeniden katılmaları sağlanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu hukuk yaklaşımının temelinde mağdur yer almaktadır ki mağdurun uğramış olduğu zararın giderilmesi anlayışından hareketle ortaya çıkmıştır. Hemen belirtmek gerekir, onarıcı adalet yaklaşımı aynı zamanda failin ifa ettiği zararlı eyleminin farkına varmasını, eyleminin sonuçlarını görmesini böylelikle ileride suç teşkil eden zararlı fiilleri yeniden işlememesini de hedeflemektedir.
Onarıcı adalet yaklaşımı ile suçlu ve mağdur bir araya getirilerek suçun sonuçlarından biri olan toplumsal bozulmayı, ahlaki çöküntüyü, toplum içinde yaşamanın gerektirdiği geleneksel kurallarda ve ilişkilerde meydana gelen bozulmayı da önlemek amaçlanmaktadır.
Dolayısıyla çalışmada hukuk sistemlerin de yeni bir paradigma olan onarıcı adalet sisteminin aslında ne olduğu ve bu bağlamda özellikle savaşan çocukların çatışma esnasında işlemiş oldukları suçlar için uygulanabilirliği tartışılacaktır. Çalışmada izlenen yöntem birincil kaynaklar olan yargılamanın tutanakları ve uluslararası hukukun kaynaklarından olan anlaşmaların incelenmesidir. Bu çerçevede çalışmada öncelikle onarıcı adalet perspektifinin ne olduğunun tartışıldığı ve ceza-adalet sisteminden onarıcı adalete geçişin sebep olduğu şartlar ilk başlıkta anlatılacaktır. Devam eden başlıkta Ongwen’in yargı süreci, diğer başlıkta ise onarıcı adalet perspektifinin Ongwen Davası açısından uygulanabilirliği tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Onarıcı Adalet, Dominic Ongwen, Çocuk Savaşçı, Cezalandırıcı Adalet, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, Lordun Direniş Ordusu

AN EXAMINATION ON THE RESTORATIVE JUSTICE SYSTEM and THE CASE OF DOMINIC ONGWEN

Öz

The aim of restorative justice theory is to repair the damage caused by the crime with the participation of the parties to the conflict. In this process, the participation of the main victim and the perpetrator of the crime is envisaged rather than the provision of justice by the state organs.
Thus, a restorative approach, which is needed by the perpetrator and the society and especially the victim of the crime, has been put forward and it is tried to ensure that they re-join the society by imposing a sense of responsibility on the parties. The priority of this legal approach is the victim, which has emerged from the understanding of eliminating the damage suffered by the victim. It should be noted right away that the restorative justice approach also aims to make the perpetrator aware of his harmful action, and make him see the consequences of his action, so that he does not commit harmful acts that constitute a crime in the future.
With the restorative justice approach, it is aimed to prevent social deterioration, moral collapse, and the deterioration in the traditional rules and relations required by living in society, which is one of the consequences of crime, by bringing the criminal and the victim together.
Therefore, in this study, what the restorative justice system, which is a new paradigm in legal systems, actually is and in this context, its applicability for crimes committed by warring children during conflict will be discussed. The method followed in the study is the examination of the proceedings, which are the primary sources, and the agreements, which are the sources of international law. In this context, firstly, what the restorative justice perspective and the conditions caused by the transition from the criminal-justice system to restorative justice will be discussed in the first title of the study. In the following section, Ongwen's judicial process and in the other section, the applicability of the restorative justice perspective for the Ongwen Case will be discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Restorative Justice, Dominic Ongwen, Child Warrior, Punitive Justice, International Criminal Court, Lord

Kaynakça

• Allen, T. (2005). “War and Justıce in Northern Uganda: An Assessment of the International Crımınal Court’s Interventıon, An Independent Report”. Crisis States Research Centre Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics.
• Asimakopoulos, A. (2010). Justice and Accountability: Complex Political Perpetrators: Abducted as Children by the IRA in Northern Uganda. MA in Conflict Studies & Human Rights, Utrecht University.
• Baines, E. (2009). “Complex political perpetrators: reflections on Dominic Ongwen”. in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 47.
• Bandura, A. (1990). “Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement”. (Ed. W. Reich), Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, State of Mind, Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Cambridge University Press, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
• Barton, C. (2000a). “Theories of Restorative Justice”. Australian Journal of Professional and Applied Ethics, Vol. 2, No. 1.
• Barton, C. (2000b). “Empowerment and Retribution in Criminal Justice”. In Restorative Justice: From Philosophy to Practice, Heather Strang and John Braithwaite (Eds.). Aldershot: Dartmouth. Ch. 4.
• Barton, C. (2000c). Theories of Restorative Justice. Just Peace?: Peace Making and Peace Building for the New Millennium.Proceedings of a Conference held 24 – 28, at Massey University, Albany, Aotearoa/New Zealand, (Ed.Warwick Tie), Massey University Centre for Justice and Peace Development.
• Baytaz, A. B. (2012). “Onarıcı Adalet’e Genel Bir Bakış”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, Cilt: 71.
• Beccaria, C. (2016). Suçlar ve Cezalar Hakkında. (Çev. Sami Selçuk), İmge Kitabevi, 6. Baskı.
• Boyden, J. (2003). “The Moral Development of Child Soldiers: what do adults have to fear?”. in Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology.
• Braithwaite, J. (2002). Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. Avustralya, Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
• Brett, R. ve I., Specht (2004). Young Soldiers: why they choose to fight. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
• Falk, L., J., Lenz ve P., Okuma(2004). Sleepless in Gulu: A study of the Dynamics behind the Child Night Commuting Phenomena in Gulu, Uganda, SCIU, Kampala.
• Gersony, R. (1997). “The Anguish of Northern Uganda”. Report submitted to the US Embassy, Kampala and USAID Mission, Kampala.
• Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Honwana, A. (2007). Child Soldiers in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Human Rights Watch (2010). “Trail of death: LRA atrocities in Northeastern Congo”. http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/03/29/trail-death, (12.10.2020).
• IDEA. 2008. Traditional Justice and Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, para: 6. https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/traditional-justice-and-reconciliation-after-violent-conflict-learning, (10.04.2021).
• In The Case of the Prosecutor V. Dominic Ongwen, No.: ICC-02/04-01/15 Date: 6 May 2021, https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2021_04240.PDF, (20. 05. 2021).
• Miers, D. (2001). An International Review of Restorative Justice. Crime Reduction Research Series Paper 10, London.
• Onarıcı Adalet Programları El Kitabı, https://www.stgm.org.tr/e-kutuphane/onarici-adalet-programlari-el-kitabi, (20.05.2021).
• Ongwen, D. ve T. Kwoyelo (2021). At the International Crımınal Court and Uganda International Crımes Dıvısıon. https://www.ijmonitor.org/category/lra-trials/, (20.05.2021).
• Özbek, M. S. (2018). “Onarıcı Adalet”, içinde Ceza Muhakemesi Hukukunda Uzlaştırma Eğitim Kitabı, (Ed. Mustafa Serdar Özbek, Orhan Cüni, Merve Özcan), Alternatif Çözümler Daire Başkanlığı Yayını-1, Birinci Baskı.
• Peachey, E. D. (1989). The Kitchener Experiment. In Mediation and Criminal Justice: Victims, Offenders and Community, (Authors. Martin Wright and Burt Galaway), London: Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
• Retzinger, S. M. ve T. J., Scheff (1996). “Strategy for Community Conferences: Emotions and Social Bonds”. In Restorative Justice: International Perspectives, Ed: B. Galaway and J. Hudson, Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
• Temmerman, E. D. (2001). Aboke Girls: Children Abducted in Northern Uganda. Fountain Publishers, Kampala.
• UNOCHA.http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/c1290f89727275fac1256e3c005956eb, (12.04.2021).
• Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century), 10. Birleşmiş Milletler Suçun Önlenmesi ve Faillere Yönelik Muamele Kongresi, Viyana, 10-17 Nisan 2000, A/CONF. 184/4/Rev. 3.; Bangkok Declaration—Synergies and Responses: Strategic Alliances in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Bangkok, 18-25 Nisan 2005.
• Werner, E. ve S., Henry (1995). Criminological Theory: An Analysis of Its Underlying Assumptions. Forth Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publisher.
• https://www.stgm.org.tr/sites/default/files/2020-09/onarici-adalet-programlari-el-kitabi.pdf, (22. 06.2021).