Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 323 - 346, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.1653502

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Case C-34/10 Oliver Brüstle v Greenpeace [2011] ECLI:EU:C:2011:669.
  • Case C-364/13 International Stem Cell Corporation v Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks [2014] ECLI:EU:C:2014:2451.
  • Case T-19/90 Harvard/Oncomouse [1990] ECLI:EP:BA:1990:T001990.19901003.
  • Case T-315/03 Harvard/Transgenic Animal [2005] ECLI:EP:BA:2004:T031503.20040706.
  • Case T-0356/93, Plant Genetic Systems/Glutamine synthetase inhibitors [1995] ECLI:EP:BA:1995:T035693.19950221.
  • Case T-272/95 Relaxin/Howard Florey Institute [2002] ECLI:EP:BA:2002:T027295.20021023, 540-550.
  • Case T-1374/04 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation/Stem Cells [2007] ECLI:EP:BA:2006:T137404.20060407.
  • Case T-2221/10 Culturing Stem Cells/TECHNION ECLI:EP:BA:2014:T222110.20140204.
  • G 2/06 (WARF/Stem Cells) [2009] E.P.O.R. 15 (Enlarged Board of Appeal, EPO).
  • Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980).
  • EPO Application Leland Stanford/Modified Animal [2002] EPOR 16.
  • High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Chancery Division (Patents Court) (United Kingdom), made by decision of 17 April 2013, received at the Court on 28 June 2013.
  • Armitage E, ve Davis I, Patents and Morality in Perspective (1. Baskı, Common Law Institute of Intellectual Property, 1994).
  • Bakardijeva A, ‘Stem Cell Patenting and Competition Law’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009).
  • Bently L, ve Sherman B., Intellectual Property Law (4. Baskı, Oxford University Press 2014).
  • Bonadio E, Biotech Patents and Morality after Brüstle (2012) 34 EIPR 433.
  • Colston C, ve Galloway J, Modern Intellectual Property Law (3. Baskı, Routledge, 2010).
  • Curley D, ve Sharples A, ‘Patenting Biotechnology in Europe: The Ethical Debate Moves On’ [2002] EIPR 565. Çolak U, Türk Patent Hukuku (1. Baskı, Adalet yayınları, 2022).
  • Dannreuther A, ‘The CJEU clarifies when stem cells can be patented in Europe’ (2014)
  • http://eulawanalysis.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/the-cjeu-clarifies-when-stem-cells-can.html. Drahos P, ‘Biotechnology Patents, Markets and Morality’ (1999) EIPR 441.
  • EPO, Avrupa Patenti Başvuru Kılavuzu.
  • Hellstadius A, ‘A Comparative Analysis of the National Implementation of the Directive’s Morality Clause’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009) 117.
  • Ho M. C, ‘Splicing Morality and Patent Law: Issues Arising from Mixing Mice and Men’ (2000) 2 Washington UJL 247.
  • Kamstra G, Scott-Ram N, Sheard A, Doring M, ve Wixon H, Patents on Biotechnology Inventions: The European Directive (1. Baskı, Sweet & Maxwell, 2002).
  • Levene P, ‘The structure of yeast nucleic acid’ (1919) 40 Journal of Biological Chemistry 40.
  • Meselson M, ve Stahl F, ‘The replication of DNA in Escherichia Coli’ (1958) 44 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 7. Min Y, ‘Morality: An Equivocal Area in the Patent System’ (2012) 34 EIPR 261.
  • Nordberg A, ve Minssen, ‘A Ray of Hope for European Stem Cell Patents or Out of the Smog into the Fog? An Analysis of Recent European Case Law and How It Compares to the US’ [2016] 47 IIC 138.
  • Özsoy M. A, ‘Biyoteknolojik Buluşların Korunması’ in Arslan Kaya, Baki İlkay Engin, Ali Paslı, Şehriban İpek Aşıkoğlu ve Elif Oğuz, Türk Hukukunun Avrupa Birliği Hukukuna Uyumu- Özel Hukuk (Istanbul University Press, 2020).
  • Plescia J, ‘The Development of the Doctrine of Boni Mores in Roman Law’ (1987) 34 RIDA.
  • Plomer A, ‘Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Article 6(1) of the EU Directive on Biotechnological Inventions’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009) 203.
  • Schulz F, Classical Roman Law (Oxford University Press, 1951).
  • Suluk C, Karasu R ve Nal T, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7. Baskı, Seçkin, 2023).
  • Tekinalp Ü, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5. Baskı, Vedat Yayıncılık, 2012).
  • Thomas D, ve Richards G, ‘Technical Board of Appeal Decision in the Oncomouse Case’ (2006) EIPR 57.
  • Torremans P, Holyoak & Torremans Intellectual Property Law (5. Baskı, Oxford University Press, 2008).
  • Walsh K, ve Hawkins N, ‘Expanding the Role of Morality and Public Policy in European Patent Law’ in: Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights (1. Baskı, Wolters Kluwer, 2020).
  • Warren-Jones A, ‘Finding a “common” morality codex” for biotech – a question of substance’ (2008) IIC 638. Witek R, ‘Ethics and Patentability in Biotechnology’ (2005) 11 Science and Engineering Ethics 105.
  • Zorluoğlu Yılmaz A, ‘Biyoteknolojik Buluşların Patentlenmesi’ (2021) 11 Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 2, 1078-1122.

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 323 - 346, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.1653502

Öz

Biyoteknoloji buluşlarının patent hakları ile korunması, biyoteknoloji alanındaki gelişim ve Ar&Ge çalışmalarının teşvik edilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Mehaz Avrupa Birliği Biyoteknoloji Yönergesi ile patent hukukunda biyoteknoloji buluşlarının korunması gerekliliği politika yapıcılar tarafından ön plana alınmış görülmekle beraber, biyoteknoloji buluşlarının patentlenmesi noktasında insani değerler ile teknolojinin gelişiminin dengelenmesi de amaçlanmıştır. Benzer ahlak hükümleri 6769 sayılı Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nda da yer almaktadır. Buna göre, kamu düzeni ve ahlaka aykırı buluşların patentlenmesinin önüne geçilmiştir. Fakat, bir buluşun hangi durumlarda ahlaka aykırı olacağı noktasında nesnel bir inceleme yapılması çok zordur. Fikri mülkiyet ofisleri ve mahkemelerin içtihadında bu sorun biyoteknoloji buluşları ekseninde ciddi bir biçimde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Birçok biyoteknoloji buluşunun ticarileşmesi “ahlaka aykırı” bulunduğu için ilgili buluşlar patent hakkı elde edememe tehlikesi ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu durumun önüne geçmek için ise patent başvurularında ortaya çıkan ahlak tartışmalarını patent sisteminden tamamen çıkarmak yerine patentlenebilirliğe dair ahlaki istisnaların teknolojik gelişmeye engel olmayacak şekilde dar yorumlanması gerekmektedir. Bunun altında yatan en temel neden ise, biyoteknolojinin insan medeniyeti lehine gelişmesinin teşvik edilmesi ve hukuk düzeninin kontrolü altında olması gerekliliğidir. Aynı sebeple, patent hukuku modern teknolojiye karşı bir araç olarak kullanılarak yenilik ve inovasyona da set çekilmemelidir. Öte yandan, ahlak hükümlerinin de patent hukukunun bir parçası olarak kalması gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Case C-34/10 Oliver Brüstle v Greenpeace [2011] ECLI:EU:C:2011:669.
  • Case C-364/13 International Stem Cell Corporation v Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks [2014] ECLI:EU:C:2014:2451.
  • Case T-19/90 Harvard/Oncomouse [1990] ECLI:EP:BA:1990:T001990.19901003.
  • Case T-315/03 Harvard/Transgenic Animal [2005] ECLI:EP:BA:2004:T031503.20040706.
  • Case T-0356/93, Plant Genetic Systems/Glutamine synthetase inhibitors [1995] ECLI:EP:BA:1995:T035693.19950221.
  • Case T-272/95 Relaxin/Howard Florey Institute [2002] ECLI:EP:BA:2002:T027295.20021023, 540-550.
  • Case T-1374/04 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation/Stem Cells [2007] ECLI:EP:BA:2006:T137404.20060407.
  • Case T-2221/10 Culturing Stem Cells/TECHNION ECLI:EP:BA:2014:T222110.20140204.
  • G 2/06 (WARF/Stem Cells) [2009] E.P.O.R. 15 (Enlarged Board of Appeal, EPO).
  • Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980).
  • EPO Application Leland Stanford/Modified Animal [2002] EPOR 16.
  • High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Chancery Division (Patents Court) (United Kingdom), made by decision of 17 April 2013, received at the Court on 28 June 2013.
  • Armitage E, ve Davis I, Patents and Morality in Perspective (1. Baskı, Common Law Institute of Intellectual Property, 1994).
  • Bakardijeva A, ‘Stem Cell Patenting and Competition Law’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009).
  • Bently L, ve Sherman B., Intellectual Property Law (4. Baskı, Oxford University Press 2014).
  • Bonadio E, Biotech Patents and Morality after Brüstle (2012) 34 EIPR 433.
  • Colston C, ve Galloway J, Modern Intellectual Property Law (3. Baskı, Routledge, 2010).
  • Curley D, ve Sharples A, ‘Patenting Biotechnology in Europe: The Ethical Debate Moves On’ [2002] EIPR 565. Çolak U, Türk Patent Hukuku (1. Baskı, Adalet yayınları, 2022).
  • Dannreuther A, ‘The CJEU clarifies when stem cells can be patented in Europe’ (2014)
  • http://eulawanalysis.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/the-cjeu-clarifies-when-stem-cells-can.html. Drahos P, ‘Biotechnology Patents, Markets and Morality’ (1999) EIPR 441.
  • EPO, Avrupa Patenti Başvuru Kılavuzu.
  • Hellstadius A, ‘A Comparative Analysis of the National Implementation of the Directive’s Morality Clause’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009) 117.
  • Ho M. C, ‘Splicing Morality and Patent Law: Issues Arising from Mixing Mice and Men’ (2000) 2 Washington UJL 247.
  • Kamstra G, Scott-Ram N, Sheard A, Doring M, ve Wixon H, Patents on Biotechnology Inventions: The European Directive (1. Baskı, Sweet & Maxwell, 2002).
  • Levene P, ‘The structure of yeast nucleic acid’ (1919) 40 Journal of Biological Chemistry 40.
  • Meselson M, ve Stahl F, ‘The replication of DNA in Escherichia Coli’ (1958) 44 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 7. Min Y, ‘Morality: An Equivocal Area in the Patent System’ (2012) 34 EIPR 261.
  • Nordberg A, ve Minssen, ‘A Ray of Hope for European Stem Cell Patents or Out of the Smog into the Fog? An Analysis of Recent European Case Law and How It Compares to the US’ [2016] 47 IIC 138.
  • Özsoy M. A, ‘Biyoteknolojik Buluşların Korunması’ in Arslan Kaya, Baki İlkay Engin, Ali Paslı, Şehriban İpek Aşıkoğlu ve Elif Oğuz, Türk Hukukunun Avrupa Birliği Hukukuna Uyumu- Özel Hukuk (Istanbul University Press, 2020).
  • Plescia J, ‘The Development of the Doctrine of Boni Mores in Roman Law’ (1987) 34 RIDA.
  • Plomer A, ‘Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Article 6(1) of the EU Directive on Biotechnological Inventions’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009) 203.
  • Schulz F, Classical Roman Law (Oxford University Press, 1951).
  • Suluk C, Karasu R ve Nal T, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7. Baskı, Seçkin, 2023).
  • Tekinalp Ü, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5. Baskı, Vedat Yayıncılık, 2012).
  • Thomas D, ve Richards G, ‘Technical Board of Appeal Decision in the Oncomouse Case’ (2006) EIPR 57.
  • Torremans P, Holyoak & Torremans Intellectual Property Law (5. Baskı, Oxford University Press, 2008).
  • Walsh K, ve Hawkins N, ‘Expanding the Role of Morality and Public Policy in European Patent Law’ in: Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights (1. Baskı, Wolters Kluwer, 2020).
  • Warren-Jones A, ‘Finding a “common” morality codex” for biotech – a question of substance’ (2008) IIC 638. Witek R, ‘Ethics and Patentability in Biotechnology’ (2005) 11 Science and Engineering Ethics 105.
  • Zorluoğlu Yılmaz A, ‘Biyoteknolojik Buluşların Patentlenmesi’ (2021) 11 Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 2, 1078-1122.

THE IMPACT OF THE MORALITY EXCEPTION UNDER THE EU BIOTECHNOLOGY DIRECTIVE ON PATENT LAW

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 323 - 346, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.1653502

Öz

It is of vital importance to protect biotechnology inventions through patent rights and to encourage R&D on the relevant area. While it is seen that the necessity of protecting biotechnology inventions in patent law is prioritized by policy makers with the European Union Biotechnology Directive, it is also aimed to balance human values and technological development within the framework of moral discussions regarding the patenting of inventions. Similar provisions are also included in the Industrial Property Law No. 6769. Accordingly, patenting of inventions that are against public order and morality has been prevented. However, it is very difficult to conduct an objective examination in terms of the situations in which an invention would be against morality. This problem seriously arises in the case law of intellectual property offices and courts in the axis of biotechnology inventions. Many biotechnology inventions have faced the danger of not being able to obtain patent right since their commercialisation is considered “immoral”. In order to prevent this situation, instead of completely removing moral discussions that arise in patent applications from the patent system, moral exceptions regarding patentability should be interpreted narrowly in a way that will not hinder technological development. The main reason behind this is the need to encourage the development of biotechnology in favour of human civilization. For this very reason, patent law should not be used as a tool against modern technology and should not be used to block innovation. On the other hand, morality provisions should also remain an internal part of patent law.

Kaynakça

  • Case C-34/10 Oliver Brüstle v Greenpeace [2011] ECLI:EU:C:2011:669.
  • Case C-364/13 International Stem Cell Corporation v Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks [2014] ECLI:EU:C:2014:2451.
  • Case T-19/90 Harvard/Oncomouse [1990] ECLI:EP:BA:1990:T001990.19901003.
  • Case T-315/03 Harvard/Transgenic Animal [2005] ECLI:EP:BA:2004:T031503.20040706.
  • Case T-0356/93, Plant Genetic Systems/Glutamine synthetase inhibitors [1995] ECLI:EP:BA:1995:T035693.19950221.
  • Case T-272/95 Relaxin/Howard Florey Institute [2002] ECLI:EP:BA:2002:T027295.20021023, 540-550.
  • Case T-1374/04 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation/Stem Cells [2007] ECLI:EP:BA:2006:T137404.20060407.
  • Case T-2221/10 Culturing Stem Cells/TECHNION ECLI:EP:BA:2014:T222110.20140204.
  • G 2/06 (WARF/Stem Cells) [2009] E.P.O.R. 15 (Enlarged Board of Appeal, EPO).
  • Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980).
  • EPO Application Leland Stanford/Modified Animal [2002] EPOR 16.
  • High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Chancery Division (Patents Court) (United Kingdom), made by decision of 17 April 2013, received at the Court on 28 June 2013.
  • Armitage E, ve Davis I, Patents and Morality in Perspective (1. Baskı, Common Law Institute of Intellectual Property, 1994).
  • Bakardijeva A, ‘Stem Cell Patenting and Competition Law’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009).
  • Bently L, ve Sherman B., Intellectual Property Law (4. Baskı, Oxford University Press 2014).
  • Bonadio E, Biotech Patents and Morality after Brüstle (2012) 34 EIPR 433.
  • Colston C, ve Galloway J, Modern Intellectual Property Law (3. Baskı, Routledge, 2010).
  • Curley D, ve Sharples A, ‘Patenting Biotechnology in Europe: The Ethical Debate Moves On’ [2002] EIPR 565. Çolak U, Türk Patent Hukuku (1. Baskı, Adalet yayınları, 2022).
  • Dannreuther A, ‘The CJEU clarifies when stem cells can be patented in Europe’ (2014)
  • http://eulawanalysis.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/the-cjeu-clarifies-when-stem-cells-can.html. Drahos P, ‘Biotechnology Patents, Markets and Morality’ (1999) EIPR 441.
  • EPO, Avrupa Patenti Başvuru Kılavuzu.
  • Hellstadius A, ‘A Comparative Analysis of the National Implementation of the Directive’s Morality Clause’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009) 117.
  • Ho M. C, ‘Splicing Morality and Patent Law: Issues Arising from Mixing Mice and Men’ (2000) 2 Washington UJL 247.
  • Kamstra G, Scott-Ram N, Sheard A, Doring M, ve Wixon H, Patents on Biotechnology Inventions: The European Directive (1. Baskı, Sweet & Maxwell, 2002).
  • Levene P, ‘The structure of yeast nucleic acid’ (1919) 40 Journal of Biological Chemistry 40.
  • Meselson M, ve Stahl F, ‘The replication of DNA in Escherichia Coli’ (1958) 44 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 7. Min Y, ‘Morality: An Equivocal Area in the Patent System’ (2012) 34 EIPR 261.
  • Nordberg A, ve Minssen, ‘A Ray of Hope for European Stem Cell Patents or Out of the Smog into the Fog? An Analysis of Recent European Case Law and How It Compares to the US’ [2016] 47 IIC 138.
  • Özsoy M. A, ‘Biyoteknolojik Buluşların Korunması’ in Arslan Kaya, Baki İlkay Engin, Ali Paslı, Şehriban İpek Aşıkoğlu ve Elif Oğuz, Türk Hukukunun Avrupa Birliği Hukukuna Uyumu- Özel Hukuk (Istanbul University Press, 2020).
  • Plescia J, ‘The Development of the Doctrine of Boni Mores in Roman Law’ (1987) 34 RIDA.
  • Plomer A, ‘Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Article 6(1) of the EU Directive on Biotechnological Inventions’ in Aurora Plomer and Paul Torremans, Embryonic Stem Cell Patents: European Law and Ethics (1st ed., Oxford University Press, 2009) 203.
  • Schulz F, Classical Roman Law (Oxford University Press, 1951).
  • Suluk C, Karasu R ve Nal T, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7. Baskı, Seçkin, 2023).
  • Tekinalp Ü, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5. Baskı, Vedat Yayıncılık, 2012).
  • Thomas D, ve Richards G, ‘Technical Board of Appeal Decision in the Oncomouse Case’ (2006) EIPR 57.
  • Torremans P, Holyoak & Torremans Intellectual Property Law (5. Baskı, Oxford University Press, 2008).
  • Walsh K, ve Hawkins N, ‘Expanding the Role of Morality and Public Policy in European Patent Law’ in: Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights (1. Baskı, Wolters Kluwer, 2020).
  • Warren-Jones A, ‘Finding a “common” morality codex” for biotech – a question of substance’ (2008) IIC 638. Witek R, ‘Ethics and Patentability in Biotechnology’ (2005) 11 Science and Engineering Ethics 105.
  • Zorluoğlu Yılmaz A, ‘Biyoteknolojik Buluşların Patentlenmesi’ (2021) 11 Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 2, 1078-1122.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Alptekin Koksal 0000-0002-8055-4251

Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Koksal, A. (2025). AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, 11(2), 323-346. https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.1653502
AMA Koksal A. AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ. TFM. Aralık 2025;11(2):323-346. doi:10.55027/tfm.1653502
Chicago Koksal, Alptekin. “AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ”. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 11, sy. 2 (Aralık 2025): 323-46. https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.1653502.
EndNote Koksal A (01 Aralık 2025) AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 11 2 323–346.
IEEE A. Koksal, “AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ”, TFM, c. 11, sy. 2, ss. 323–346, 2025, doi: 10.55027/tfm.1653502.
ISNAD Koksal, Alptekin. “AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ”. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 11/2 (Aralık2025), 323-346. https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.1653502.
JAMA Koksal A. AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ. TFM. 2025;11:323–346.
MLA Koksal, Alptekin. “AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ”. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 323-46, doi:10.55027/tfm.1653502.
Vancouver Koksal A. AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BİYOTEKNOLOJİ YÖNERGESİNDE YER ALAN AHLAKİLİK İSTİSNASININ PATENT HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ. TFM. 2025;11(2):323-46.