DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI

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DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI

Öz

Bu makale, uzun metrajlı filmler için bölgesel lisansların rolünü AB'deki yargı ve piyasa gelişmelerinin arka planına göre tartışmaktadır. Şu anda, bölgesel lisanslar Avrupa'da filmlerin işletilmesi ve finanse edilmesinin temel taşı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, mevcut film finansmanı modelleri, hem küresel çevrimiçi video platformlarının çalkantılı büyümesi gibi pazar gelişmelerinden hem de tek pazara ulusal-bölgesel engelleri kaldırmayı amaçlayan AB hukukundaki gelişmelerden dolayı artan bir baskı altındadır. Dağıtım hakkının birlik çapında tüketilmesi kuralı, AB Taşınabilirlik Tüzüğü ve uydu yayını ve çevrimiçi eşzamanlı yayın için menşei ülke kuralları bunlara örnek olarak verilebilir. AB rekabet hukuku, bölgesel münhasırlık verilmesine ek sınırlar koymakta ve lisanssız bölgelerdeki tüketicilere/izleyicilere "pasif" satışları engelleyen veya kısıtlayan yayıncılık ve ödemeli televizyon lisanslarına ilişkin hükümleri yasaklamaktadır. Altta yatan bölgesel haklar artık bölgesel hibeleri desteklemediğinden, hak sahiplerinin sözleşme yoluyla bölgesel münhasırlığı koruma özgürlüğü, AB rekabet hukukuna karşı giderek daha savunmasız hale gelecektir. Bölgesel münhasırlığın vazgeçilmez olduğu film sektörü için, Avrupa Komisyonu "grup muafiyetleri" şeklinde belirli rekabet hukuku kuralları oluşturabilir. Dil münhasırlığı -yani, bir filmin farklı dil versiyonları için münhasır hakların verilmesi- bölgesel lisanslamaya pratik ve yasal olarak daha güçlü bir alternatif sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Film finanse etme, Film fonlama, Bölgesellik, Telif Hakkı

FILM FINANCING IN THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET: CHALLENGES TO TERRITORIALITY

Öz

This article discusses the role of territorial licences for feature films against the background of judicial and market developments in the EU. Currently, territorial licences are deemed a cornerstone of the exploitation and financing of films in Europe. However, current models of film financing are under increasing pressure both from market developments such as the turbulent growth of global online video platforms, and from developments in EU law aimed at removing national territorial barriers to the Single Market. Examples are the rule of Union- wide exhaustion of the distribution right, the EU Portability Regulation and the country of origin rules for satellite broadcasting and online simulcasting. EU competition law sets additional limits to grants of territorial exclusivity, and pro- hibits clauses in broadcasting and pay television licences that prevent or restrict ‘‘passive’’ sales to consumers/viewers in non-licensed territories. The freedom of right holders to preserve territorial exclusivity by way of contract is likely to become increasingly vulnerable to EU competition law, as underlying territorial rights no longer support territorial grants. For the film sector where territorial exclusivity remains indispensable, the European Commission could create specific competition law rules in the form of ‘‘block exemptions’’. Language exclusivity – i.e. exclusive grants of rights for distinct language versions of a film – could provide a practical and legally more robust alternative to territorial licensing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Film financing, Film funding, Territoriality, Copyright, Presales

Öz

This article discusses the role of territorial licences for feature films against the background of judicial and market developments in the EU. Currently, territorial licences are deemed a cornerstone of the exploitation and financing of films in Europe. However, current models of film financing are under increasing pressure both from market developments such as the turbulent growth of global online video platforms, and from developments in EU law aimed at removing national territorial barriers to the Single Market. Examples are the rule of Union- wide exhaustion of the distribution right, the EU Portability Regulation and the country of origin rules for satellite broadcasting and online simulcasting. EU competition law sets additional limits to grants of territorial exclusivity, and pro- hibits clauses in broadcasting and pay television licences that prevent or restrict ‘‘passive’’ sales to consumers/viewers in non-licensed territories. The freedom of right holders to preserve territorial exclusivity by way of contract is likely to become increasingly vulnerable to EU competition law, as underlying territorial rights no longer support territorial grants. For the film sector where territorial exclusivity remains indispensable, the European Commission could create specific competition law rules in the form of ‘‘block exemptions’’. Language exclusivity – i.e. exclusive grants of rights for distinct language versions of a film – could provide a practical and legally more robust alternative to territorial licensing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Film financing, Film funding, Territoriality, Copyright, Presales

Kaynakça

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Commission European (2014) Report on the responses to the public consultation on the review of the EU copyright rules. DG Internal Market and Services, Brussels, BE
Croy W. Glen (2004) The Lord of the Rings, New Zealand, and tourism: Image building with film. Department of Management Working Paper Series No. 10/04. Monash University Business and Economics, Melbourne, AU
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European Commission (2016) Impact assessment on the modernisation of EU Copyright rules. Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright in the Digital Single Market and Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules on the exercise of copyright and related rights applicable to certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes. SWD (2016) 301 Final. Brussels, BE
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FIAD/International Federation of Film Distributors’ Associations (2017) Position Paper on the European Commission Proposal on Regulation on certain online transmissions of broadcasting organisations and retransmissions of television and radio programmes (Revisited Sat/Cab). Brussels, BE
Gomez-Herrera, Estrella & Martens, Bertin (2015) Language, copyright and geographic segmentation in the EU Digital Single Market for music and film. JRC/IPTS Digital Economy Working Paper, 2015-04. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/JRC92236_Language_Copyright.pdf s.e.t. 15.11.2019
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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Hukuk

Bölüm

Çeviri

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2021

Gönderilme Tarihi

31 Ocak 2021

Kabul Tarihi

26 Nisan 2021

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA72NB48YY

APA

DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI (E. M. Kılıç, çev.). (2021). Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, 7(1), 159-178. https://izlik.org/JA72NB48YY

AMA

1.DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI. TFM. 2021;7(1):159-178. https://izlik.org/JA72NB48YY

Chicago

Emine Meliknur Kılıç. 2021. “DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI”. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7 (1): 159-78. https://izlik.org/JA72NB48YY.

EndNote

(01 Haziran 2021) DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7 1 159–178.

IEEE

[1]E. M. Kılıç, çev., “DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI”, TFM, c. 7, sy 1, ss. 159–178, Haz. 2021, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA72NB48YY

ISNAD

Kılıç, Emine Meliknur, trc. “DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI”. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7/1 (01 Haziran 2021): 159-178. https://izlik.org/JA72NB48YY.

JAMA

1.DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI. TFM. 2021;7:159–178.

MLA

Kılıç, Emine Meliknur, çeviren. “DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI”. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, c. 7, sy 1, Haziran 2021, ss. 159-78, https://izlik.org/JA72NB48YY.

Vancouver

1.Emine Meliknur Kılıç. DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI. TFM [Internet]. 01 Haziran 2021;7(1):159-78. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA72NB48YY