TÜKETİCİLER İÇİN İYİ HABER Mİ KÖTÜ HABER Mİ?: AŞIRI FİYAT UYGULAMALARINDA AB MAHKEMELERİNİN YENİ İSTİKAMETİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 87 - 114, 25.06.2019

Eda Şahin

Öz

Tekel ya da hâkim durumda bulunan
teşebbüslerin aşırı fiyat uygulaması, tüketicileri aldıkları mal veya hizmete
rekabetçi fiyatın çok üzerinde bir fiyat ödemeye mahkûm etmektedir. Doğrudan
tüketici zararına yol açmasına rağmen aşırı fiyatın tanımı, aşırı fiyatlamanın
nasıl tespit edileceği, tespit edilmesi halinde bu fiyatlara müdahale edilip
edilmeyeceği ve müdahale edilecekse hangi pazarların müdahaleye uygun olduğu hususları
belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Çalışmamız, tüm bu hususları şu ana dek Avrupa Birliği
Adalet Divanı tarafından oluşturulan içtihatlar ve doktrindeki görüşler
kapsamında inceleyecek, aşırı fiyatlama analizi ve bu analizde yaşanan sorunlara
ışık tutacaktır. Bu noktada söz konusu sorunların rekabet hukukunun
amaçlarından olan tüketici refahını sağlamanın önündeki engellerden biri
olduğuna dikkat çekilecektir. Sonrasında Divan’ın son içtihadı ile ortaya çıkan
yaklaşım değişikliği ve bu değişikliğin tüketiciler bakımından olası
yansımaları tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sömürücü Davranışlar, Aşırı Fiyatlandırma, Tüketici Zararı

IS IT BAD NEWS OR GOOD NEWS FOR CONSUMERS?: A NEW DIRECTION OF THE EU COURTS’ JURISPRUDENCE ON EXCESSIVE PRICES

Öz

Consumers
have to pay over-competitive prices for the goods and services they purchased
due to the excessive prices charged by monopolies and dominant undertakings. Although
the infringement caused a direct loss to consumers, there has been uncertainty about
the definition of excessive prices, the proper way to identify excessive prices, the need
for intervention by competition authorities and which markets
are candidates for intervention. This article seeks address these uncertainties,
considering the EU case law and relevant literature and sheds light on the excessive
pricing analysis and the problems associated with this analysis. It draws
attention to the fact that these uncertainties make it difficult to realise one
of the goals of competition law, ie consumer welfare. Subsequently, the article
looks to the change in approach of the Court of Justice of the European Union
in its recent decision and the possible implications of this change for consumers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Exploitative Practices, Excessive Pricing, Consumer Loss

Kaynakça

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• Avrupa Komisyonu Dökümanları
• AB Komisyonu, DG Competition Discussion Paper on the Application of the Treaty to Exclusionary Abuses, (Brussels, 2005), <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/art82/discpaper2005.pdf> s.e.t. 17 Aralık 2018 (“Discussion Paper”). AB Komisyonu, Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article 82 EC Treaty to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings, (Brussels, 2009/C45/02, 2009), <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:045:0007:0020:EN:PDF> s.e.t. 17 Aralık 2018. AB Komisyonu, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, Excessive Prices (DAF/COMP/WP2/WD(2011)54, Brussels, 2011). AB Komisyonu, Staff Working Document: Practical Guide Quantifying Harm in Actions for Damages based on Breaches of Article 101 or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Accompaying the Communication from the Commission on quantifying harm in actions for damages based on breaches of Article 101 or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (SWD(2013) 205, Strasbourg, 2013). Oxera & Komninos Assimakis & others, Quantifying Antitrust Damages - Towards Non-binding Guidance for Courts, Study Prepared for the Commission (Luxembourg, 2009).
• Avrupa Komisyonu Kararları
• AB Komisyonu, 75/75/EEC General Motors Continental [1975] OJ L 29/14, [1975] 1 CMLR D20. AB Komisyonu, 76/353/EEC Chiquita [1976] OJ L 95/1. AB Komisyonu, 84/379/EEC British Leyland [1984] OJ L 207/11. AB Komisyonu, 2001/463/EC DSD (Duales System Deutschland) (COMP D3/34493) [2001] OJ L 166/1. AB Komisyonu, Deutsche Post AG — Interception of cross-border mail [2001] OJ L 331/40, [2002] 4 CMLR 598. AB Komisyonu, COMP/C-1/37.451, 37.578, 37.579 Deutsche Telekom AG [2003] OJ L263/9. AB Komisyonu, COMP/36.568/D3 Scandlines Sverige AB v Port of Helsingborg [2004]. AB Komisyonu, COMP/38.784 Wanadoo España v Telefónica [2007] OJ C 83/6. AB Komisyonu, COMP/38.636 Rambus [2009].
• ABAD Kararları
• Case 6/72 Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc. v Commission [1973] ECR 00215. Case 26/75 General Motors v Commission [1975] ECR 1367, [1976] 1 CMLR 95. Case 27/76 United Brands Company and United Brands Continentaal BV v Commission of the European Communities - Chiquita Bananas [1978] ECR 207, [1978] 1 CMLR 429. Case 226/84 British Leyland Public Limited Company v Commission [1985] ECR 3300-3306. Case 30/87 Corinne Bodson v Pompes Funebres des régions libérées SA [1988] ECR. 2479, [1989] 4 CMLR 984. Joined Cases 110/88, 241/88 and 242/88 Lucazeau and others v SACEM [1989] ECR 281. Case C-395/87 Ministère public v Jean-Louis Tournier [1989] ECR 2521, [1991] 4 CMLR 248. Joined Cases C-241/91 and C-242/91 P, Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) and Independent Television Publications Ltd (ITP) v Commission [1995] ECR 743. Case C-418/01, IMS Health GmbH & Co OHG v NDC Health GmbH & Co KG [2004] ECR I-5039. Case C 159/08 P Isabella Scippacercola ve Ioannis Terezakis v Commission [2009] ECR I-46. Case C-385/07P Der Grüne Punkt - DSD v Commission [2009] ECR I-06155. Case C-177/16 Autortiesību un komunicēšanās konsultāciju aģentūra/Latvijas Autoru apvienība’ v Konkurences padome [2017] ECLI:EU:C:2017:689 (henüz rapor edilmemiş). Kanun Sözcüsü Wahl’ın AKKA/LAA davasına ilişkin görüşü, para 8, <http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=189662&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=1273145> s.e.t. 17 Aralık 2018.
• Diğer Kaynaklar
• 4054 sayılı Kanun’un Madde Gerekçeleri, Madde 6’nın gerekçesi, <https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/tr/Sayfa/Mevzuat/4054-sayili-kanun/madde-gerekceleri> s.e.t. 17 Aralık 2018. Verizon Communications Inc v Law Offices of Curtis Trinko 540 US 398 [2004]. Attheraces Ltd v The British Horseracing Board Ltd [2005] EXCH 3015, [2005] UKCLR 757. OECD (2011), Quantification of Harm to Competition by National Courts and Competition Agencies (DAF/COMP(2011)25, <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/QuantificationofHarmtoCompetition2011.pdf> s.e.t. 17 Aralık 2018.