ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR

Nilgün Açıkalın

Araştırma Makalesi

CHALLENGING TEST FOR ETHICS AND LAW: NEW GENERATIONS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 20, 30.06.2021

Nilgün Açıkalın

Öz

Technological innovations, create some difficulties for the ethical and legal framework regulating them due to their rapid changes. These difficulties are thought to be mainly due to the mismatch of the pace of progress. The problem of proper step velocity with the regula-tory framework of such an important and criti-cal concept for welfare, is seen as an increa-singly widening dynamic gap in the literature. The main aims of this study are; to increase the usefulness of basic knowledge and theory for users, to draw attention to importance of inno-vation ethics and law, and to contribute to inc-rease the number of studies on this subject with the help of literature review.
This article; the milestones, their new comments, links, examples and quotations are formed as a summary synthesis and presented in thematic order. As a result; previous studies concentrate on the view that Utilitarian or Kantian explanations are inadequate in the face of technological innovations and a new approach is needed ethically. On the legal side, with a technical and democratic consultation approach; there is a view that some combinations of adaptive governance, soft law mechanisms and institutional reform can be beneficial.

Anahtar Kelimeler

technological innovations, innovation ethics, innovation law, regulations

Kaynakça

Abbot, Kenneth W. (2011) “An international framework agreement on scientific and technological innovation and regulation”, Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (Ed.), The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight içinde, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, s.127-156.
Ackermann, Thomas (2014) “Competition law and consumer law: why we need a common consumer model”. Varieties of European Economic Law and Regulation içinde, Cham: Springer, s. 439-458, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04903-8.
Allenby, Braden (2013) “The dynamics of emerging technology systems”. Marchant, G. E., Abbot, K. W., & Allenby, B. (Ed.), Innovative Governance Models for Emerging Technologies içinde, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, s. 19-43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782545644.
Ashford, Nicholas A./ Ayers, Christine/ Stone, Robert F. (1985) “Using regulation to change the market for innovation”. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 9(2), s. 419-466, s.e.t: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/helr9&div=19
Ashford, Nicholas A., & Hall, Ralph P. (2011) “The importance of regulation-induced innovation for sustainable development”. Sustainability, 3(1), 270-292, DOI 10.3390/su3010270.
Ayata, Zeynep (2019) “Avrupa Birliği Hukukunda Yenilik Politikalarının Düzenlenmesi ve Uyumlaştırılması”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 452-488, DOI: 10.32957/hacettepehdf.596522.
Benjamin, Stuart Minor, & Rai, Arti K. (2008) “Fixing innovation policy: structural perspective”. George Washington Law Review, 77(1), 1-88, s.e.t: 10.10.2020, https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/gwlr77&div=8&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals.
Binfield, Kevin (Ed.) (2004) “Writings of the Luddites”. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Erişim adresi: http://journals.openedition.org/rh19/957.
Braeutigam, Ronald R. (1979) “The Effect of Uncertainty in Regulatory Delay on the Rate of Innovation”. Law and Contemporary Problems, 43(1), 98. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191255.
Blind, Knut (2012) “The influence of regulations on innovation: A quantitative assessment for OECD countries”. Research Policy, 41 (2), 391-400, DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2011.08.008.
Brownsword Roger & Somsen Han (2009). “Law, Innovation and Technology: Before We Fast Forward- A Forum For Debate”. Law, Innovation and Technology, 1(1), 1-74, Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/linovte1&div=3.
Coenen, Larz & López, Fernando. J. Diaz (2010) “Comparing systems approaches to innovation and technological change for sustainable and competitive economies: an explorative study into conceptual commonalities, differences and complementarities”. Journal of cleaner production, 18(12), 1149-1160. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.04.003.
Coenen, Larz/ Hansen, Teis/Rekers, Josephine V. (2015) “Innovation policy for grand challenges. An economic geography perspective”. Geography Compass, 9(9), 483-496. DOI: 10.1111/gec3.12231.
Driver, Julia (2014) “The History of Utilitarianism”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2014, First published Fri Mar 27, 2009; substantive revision Mon Sep 22, 2014, Edward N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Erişim adresi: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/utilitarianism-history/
Drucker, Peter F. (1998). “The Discipline of Innovation”. Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 149–157, DOI https://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.2.4_484_2.
Dupuy, Jean-Pierre (2007). “Some pitfalls in the philosophical foundations of nanoethics”. The Journal of medicine and philosophy, 32(3), 237-261. DOI: 10.1080/03605310701396992.
Düwell, Marcus (2012). “Bioethics: Methods, theories, domains”. Newyork: Routledge, (s.21-30), Erişim adresi: https://www.routledge.com/Bioethics-Methods-Theories-Domains/Duwell/p/book/9781138789937.
Edelman, Benjamin G., & Geradin, Damien (2015) “Efficiencies and regulatory shortcuts: how should we regulate companies like airbnb and uber”. Stanford Technology Law Review, 19(2), 293–328, Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/stantlr19&div=15
Erkoç, Şakir (2007). Nanobilim ve nanoteknoloji. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık. Erişim adresi: https://dlscrib.com/download/nanobilim-ve-nanoteknoloji_5a134ef0e2b6f529588c320f_pdf
European Commission (2019) “High-Level Expert Group on AI present Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence”, Güvenilir Yapay Zekâ İçin Etik Kuralları Kılavuzu (Pilot Çalışma). Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai.
Fox, Nicols (2002) “Against the machine: The hidden Luddite tradition in literature, art, and individual lives”. Island Press, Shearwater Books, 24- 219. Erişim adresi: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/anadolu/detail.action?docID=3317360
Feldman, Fred (2012) “Etik nedir?”, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
French, Peter A. (1998) “Corporate ethics”. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(12), 1364-1366, DOI: 10.1023/A:1005828419280.
French, Peter A (2011) “Foreword”, Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (Ed.), The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight içinde (s.xix), Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Gault, Fred (2010) “Innovation strategies for a global economy: development, implementation, measurement and management”, Science and Public Policy, 39(1),133–134. DOI https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scr007.
Garreau, Joel (2006) “Radical evolution: the promise and peril of enhancing our minds, our bodies--and what it means to be human”. Future Survey, 27(6), 13–14. DOI 10.2146/br050006.
Glendinning, Chellis (1990) “Notes toward a neo-Luddite manifesto”. Utne Reader, 38(1), 50-3. Erişim adresi:http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/chellis-glendinning-notes-toward-a-neo luddite-manifesto.pdf.
Garoupa, Nuna, & Ulen, Thomas S. (2007) “The market for legal innovation: law and economics in europe and the united states”. Alabama Law Review, 59(5), 1555–1634. Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bamalr59&div=49.
Herkert, Joseph R. (2011) “Ethical challenges of emerging Technologies”, Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (Ed.). The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight The Pacing Problem içinde (s.35- 44), Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer.
Hospers, Gert-Jan (2005) “Joseph Schumpeter and his legacy in innovation studies”. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 18(3), 20-37. DOI: 10.1007/s12130-005-1003-1.
Jasanoff, Sheila (Ed.) (2004) “Ordering Knowledge, Ordering Society, States of knowledge: the co-production of science and the social order içinde” (s.1-14), London, New York: Routledge. Erişimadresi:https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/anadolu/reader.action?docID=200656.
Jurvetson, Steve (2004, Aralık) “Why you should care about molecular nanotechnology”. Foresight Inst. Palo Alto. Erişim adresi: https://foresight.org/nano/SteveJurvetson.html.
Kahan, Dan M./ Slovic, Paul/ Braman, Donald/ Gastil, John/ Cohen, Geoffrey L. (2007, Temmuz) “Affect, values, and nanotechnology risk perceptions: an experimental investigation” [Öz]. Ampirik Hukuk Araştırmaları Konferansı GWU Hukuk Fakültesi 261 Sayılı Kamu Hukuku Araştırma Belgesi, George Washington Üniversitesi, USA. Erişim adresi: http://ssrn.com/abstract=968652.
Khushf, George (2006). “An ethic for enhancing human performance through integrative technologies”. Bainbridge, W.S. ve Roco, M.C (Ed.), Managing nano-bio-info-cogno innovations içinde, 255-278. Dordrecht: Springer
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EINIGE ETHISCHE UND RECHTLICHE HERAUSFORDERUNGEN TECHNOLOGISCHER INNOVATIONEN

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 20, 30.06.2021

Nilgün Açıkalın

Öz

Technologische Innovationen bereiten dem ethischen und rechtlichen Rahmen, der sie regelt, aufgrund ihrer raschen Veränderungen einige Schwierigkeiten. Es wird angenommen, dass diese Schwierigkeiten hauptsächlich auf die Nichtübereinstimmung des Fortschrittstempos zurückzuführen sind. Das Problem der richtigen Schrittgeschwindigkeit mit dem regulatorischen Rahmen eines so wichtigen und kritischen Wohlfahrtskonzepts wird als zunehmend wachsende dynamische Lücke in der Literatur angesehen. Die Hauptziele dieser Studie sind: den Nutzen des Grundwissens und der Theorie für die Benutzer zu erhöhen, auf die Bedeutung der Innovationsethik und des Innovationsrechts aufmerksam zu machen und mithilfe der Literaturrecherche dazu beizutragen, die Anzahl der Studien zu diesem Thema zu erhöhen.
Dieser Artikel; Die Meilensteine, ihre neuen Kommentare, Links, Beispiele und Zitate werden als zusammenfassende Synthese gebildet und in thematischer Reihenfolge dargestellt. Als Ergebnis; Frühere Studien konzentrieren sich auf die Ansicht, dass utilitäre oder kantische Erklärungen angesichts technologischer Innovationen unzureichend sind und ein neuer ethischer Ansatz erforderlich ist. Auf der rechtlichen Seite mit einem technischen und demokratischen Konsultationsansatz; Es besteht die Ansicht, dass einige Kombinationen aus adaptiver Governance, Soft-Law-Mechanismen und institutionellen Reformen von Vorteil sein können.

Anahtar Kelimeler

technologiser innovationen, innovationsethik, Innovation Recht, Vorschriften

Kaynakça

Abbot, Kenneth W. (2011) “An international framework agreement on scientific and technological innovation and regulation”, Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (Ed.), The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight içinde, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, s.127-156.
Ackermann, Thomas (2014) “Competition law and consumer law: why we need a common consumer model”. Varieties of European Economic Law and Regulation içinde, Cham: Springer, s. 439-458, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04903-8.
Allenby, Braden (2013) “The dynamics of emerging technology systems”. Marchant, G. E., Abbot, K. W., & Allenby, B. (Ed.), Innovative Governance Models for Emerging Technologies içinde, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, s. 19-43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782545644.
Ashford, Nicholas A./ Ayers, Christine/ Stone, Robert F. (1985) “Using regulation to change the market for innovation”. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 9(2), s. 419-466, s.e.t: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/helr9&div=19
Ashford, Nicholas A., & Hall, Ralph P. (2011) “The importance of regulation-induced innovation for sustainable development”. Sustainability, 3(1), 270-292, DOI 10.3390/su3010270.
Ayata, Zeynep (2019) “Avrupa Birliği Hukukunda Yenilik Politikalarının Düzenlenmesi ve Uyumlaştırılması”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 452-488, DOI: 10.32957/hacettepehdf.596522.
Benjamin, Stuart Minor, & Rai, Arti K. (2008) “Fixing innovation policy: structural perspective”. George Washington Law Review, 77(1), 1-88, s.e.t: 10.10.2020, https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/gwlr77&div=8&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals.
Binfield, Kevin (Ed.) (2004) “Writings of the Luddites”. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Erişim adresi: http://journals.openedition.org/rh19/957.
Braeutigam, Ronald R. (1979) “The Effect of Uncertainty in Regulatory Delay on the Rate of Innovation”. Law and Contemporary Problems, 43(1), 98. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191255.
Blind, Knut (2012) “The influence of regulations on innovation: A quantitative assessment for OECD countries”. Research Policy, 41 (2), 391-400, DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2011.08.008.
Brownsword Roger & Somsen Han (2009). “Law, Innovation and Technology: Before We Fast Forward- A Forum For Debate”. Law, Innovation and Technology, 1(1), 1-74, Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/linovte1&div=3.
Coenen, Larz & López, Fernando. J. Diaz (2010) “Comparing systems approaches to innovation and technological change for sustainable and competitive economies: an explorative study into conceptual commonalities, differences and complementarities”. Journal of cleaner production, 18(12), 1149-1160. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.04.003.
Coenen, Larz/ Hansen, Teis/Rekers, Josephine V. (2015) “Innovation policy for grand challenges. An economic geography perspective”. Geography Compass, 9(9), 483-496. DOI: 10.1111/gec3.12231.
Driver, Julia (2014) “The History of Utilitarianism”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2014, First published Fri Mar 27, 2009; substantive revision Mon Sep 22, 2014, Edward N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Erişim adresi: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/utilitarianism-history/
Drucker, Peter F. (1998). “The Discipline of Innovation”. Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 149–157, DOI https://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.2.4_484_2.
Dupuy, Jean-Pierre (2007). “Some pitfalls in the philosophical foundations of nanoethics”. The Journal of medicine and philosophy, 32(3), 237-261. DOI: 10.1080/03605310701396992.
Düwell, Marcus (2012). “Bioethics: Methods, theories, domains”. Newyork: Routledge, (s.21-30), Erişim adresi: https://www.routledge.com/Bioethics-Methods-Theories-Domains/Duwell/p/book/9781138789937.
Edelman, Benjamin G., & Geradin, Damien (2015) “Efficiencies and regulatory shortcuts: how should we regulate companies like airbnb and uber”. Stanford Technology Law Review, 19(2), 293–328, Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/stantlr19&div=15
Erkoç, Şakir (2007). Nanobilim ve nanoteknoloji. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık. Erişim adresi: https://dlscrib.com/download/nanobilim-ve-nanoteknoloji_5a134ef0e2b6f529588c320f_pdf
European Commission (2019) “High-Level Expert Group on AI present Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence”, Güvenilir Yapay Zekâ İçin Etik Kuralları Kılavuzu (Pilot Çalışma). Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai.
Fox, Nicols (2002) “Against the machine: The hidden Luddite tradition in literature, art, and individual lives”. Island Press, Shearwater Books, 24- 219. Erişim adresi: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/anadolu/detail.action?docID=3317360
Feldman, Fred (2012) “Etik nedir?”, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
French, Peter A. (1998) “Corporate ethics”. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(12), 1364-1366, DOI: 10.1023/A:1005828419280.
French, Peter A (2011) “Foreword”, Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (Ed.), The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight içinde (s.xix), Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Gault, Fred (2010) “Innovation strategies for a global economy: development, implementation, measurement and management”, Science and Public Policy, 39(1),133–134. DOI https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scr007.
Garreau, Joel (2006) “Radical evolution: the promise and peril of enhancing our minds, our bodies--and what it means to be human”. Future Survey, 27(6), 13–14. DOI 10.2146/br050006.
Glendinning, Chellis (1990) “Notes toward a neo-Luddite manifesto”. Utne Reader, 38(1), 50-3. Erişim adresi:http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/chellis-glendinning-notes-toward-a-neo luddite-manifesto.pdf.
Garoupa, Nuna, & Ulen, Thomas S. (2007) “The market for legal innovation: law and economics in europe and the united states”. Alabama Law Review, 59(5), 1555–1634. Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bamalr59&div=49.
Herkert, Joseph R. (2011) “Ethical challenges of emerging Technologies”, Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (Ed.). The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight The Pacing Problem içinde (s.35- 44), Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer.
Hospers, Gert-Jan (2005) “Joseph Schumpeter and his legacy in innovation studies”. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 18(3), 20-37. DOI: 10.1007/s12130-005-1003-1.
Jasanoff, Sheila (Ed.) (2004) “Ordering Knowledge, Ordering Society, States of knowledge: the co-production of science and the social order içinde” (s.1-14), London, New York: Routledge. Erişimadresi:https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/anadolu/reader.action?docID=200656.
Jurvetson, Steve (2004, Aralık) “Why you should care about molecular nanotechnology”. Foresight Inst. Palo Alto. Erişim adresi: https://foresight.org/nano/SteveJurvetson.html.
Kahan, Dan M./ Slovic, Paul/ Braman, Donald/ Gastil, John/ Cohen, Geoffrey L. (2007, Temmuz) “Affect, values, and nanotechnology risk perceptions: an experimental investigation” [Öz]. Ampirik Hukuk Araştırmaları Konferansı GWU Hukuk Fakültesi 261 Sayılı Kamu Hukuku Araştırma Belgesi, George Washington Üniversitesi, USA. Erişim adresi: http://ssrn.com/abstract=968652.
Khushf, George (2006). “An ethic for enhancing human performance through integrative technologies”. Bainbridge, W.S. ve Roco, M.C (Ed.), Managing nano-bio-info-cogno innovations içinde, 255-278. Dordrecht: Springer
Kuhlmann, Stephan & Rip, Arie (2014, Eylül) “The challenge of addressing Grand Challenges”. Conference of Rectors and Presidents of European Universities of Technology: Universities Role and Ability to Handle Grand Societal Challenges konferansında sunulan bildiri. Twente Üniversitesi, Gothenburg: İsveç. Erişim adresi: Technology: Universities Role and Ability to Handle Grand Societal Challenges konferansında sunulan bildiri. Twente Üniversitesi, Gothenburg: İsveç.
Kuhn, Thomas S. (2018) “Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı”. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
Kurzweil, Ray (2003, 23 Eylül) “Exponential growth an illusion”. Response to Ilkka Tuomi, [Blog yazısı: deneme]. Erişim adresi: http://www. kurzweilai. net/meme/frame.html.
Kurzweil, Ray (2014) “The singularity is near. In Ethics and emerging Technologies”. 393-406, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lundstrom, Mark (2003). “Moore's law forever?”, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 299 (5604), 210-221. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3833324.
Mandel, Gregory N. (2008) “Nanotechnology Governance”. Alabama Law Review 59(1), 1323-1384. Erişim adresi http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bamalr59&div=45
Mandel, Gregory N. (2009) “Regulating emerging technologies”. Law, Innovation and Technology, 1(1), 75-92. DOI: 10.1080/17579961.2009.11428365.
Marchant, Gary E./ Sylvester, Douglas J./Abbott, Kenneth W. (2008) “Risk management principles for nanotechnology”. Nanoethics, 2(1), 43-60. DOI: 10.1007/s11569-008-0028-9
Marchant, Gary E. (Ed.) (2011) “The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and the Law”. Dordrecht: Springer.
Mill, John Stuart (1895). “Utilitarianism” (Vol. 3). Routledge. (Erişim adresi: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Ju4oAAAAYAAJ&hl=tr&pg=GBS.PA1).
Moses, Lyria Bennett (2007) “Recurring Dilemmas: The Law’s Race to Keep up with Technological Change”. University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, 2007(2), 239–285.
Moore, Gordon E. (1965) “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits”. Electronics, 38 (8), 82-85, DOI":10.1109/N-SSC.2006.4785860.
Moor, James H. (2005) “Why we need better ethics for emerging technologies”. Ethics and Information Technology, 7 (3), 111–119. DOI: 10.1007/s10676-006-0008-0.
Nelson, Richard R. & Winter, Sidney G. (1977). “In search of a useful theory of innovation”. Research Management, 20(3), 215-245. Erişim adresi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24117971
Nordmann, Alfred (2004) Converging technologies: shaping the future of European societies. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 8(1), 36–56, Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311456580_Converging_Technologies_-_Shaping_the_Future_of_European_Societies
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2018) “OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2018”, Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oecd-science-technology-and-innovation-outlook-2018/korea_sti_in_outlook-2018-71-en.
O'Reilly, James T. (2000) “Entrepreneurs and Regulators: Internet Technology, Agency Estoppel, and the Balance of Trust”. Cornell JL & Pub. Pol'y, 10, 63. Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cjlpp10&div=9.
Osborne, Thomas (1998) “Aspects of enlightenment: social theory and the ethics of truth”. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Quinton, Anthony (1973) “Utilitarian ethics”. London and Basingstoke: Springer. DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-00248.
Ranchordás, Sofia (2015) “Innovation-friendly regulation: The sunset of regulation, the sunrise of innovation”. Jurimetrics, 55(2), 201-224, Erişim Adresi: https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/juraba55&id=221&collection=journals&index=
Roco, Mihail & Ortwin Renn (2007) “Nanoteknoloji Risk Yönetişimi- Potansiyel Risklerin Yönetişimine Küresel, Koordineli Yaklaşım Önerileri”. [Politika Özeti], Uluslararası Risk Yönetişim Konseyi, Cenevre, Erişim adresi: https://irgc.org/issues/nanotechnology/nanotechnology-risk-governance/
Sundararajan, Arun (2014) “What Airbnb Gets About Culture that Uber Doesn’t”. Harvard Business Review Digital Articles, 4 (11), 2–5, Erişim adresi: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=118647998&lang=tr&site=eds-live
United Nations (2018, 8 Kasım) “Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırması 2018: Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma için Sınır Teknolojileri”. [Rapor: E/2018/50/Rev.1 ST/ESA/370], United Nations Publication, Newyork. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-andsocial-survey-2018-frontier-technologies-for-sustainable-development.
United Nations (2005, Ekim) “Biyoetik ve İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirgesi”, [Komite Raporu], UNESCO Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Kurumu Türkiye Milli Komisyonu: Ankara ile UNESCO Bilim ve Teknoloji Etiği Bölümü: Paris iş birliğiyle. Erişim adresi: https://www.unesco.org.tr/Pages/460/73/Biyoetik%20ve%20%C4%B0nsan%20Haklar%C4%B1%20Evrensel%20Bildirgesi.
Veruggio, Gianmarco (2006, Aralık) “The EURON Roboethics Roadmap”, [Öz]. 6. IEEE-RAS Uluslararası İnsansı Robotlar Konferans raporu: Cenova (s.612–617), DOI: 10.1109/ICHR.2006.321337.
Warren Jonathan M. (2020) “A too convenient transaction: bitcoin and its further regulation”. Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, 8(1), 5-29, Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26915562.
Wang, Fang & Dai, Xiaoyong (2020) “Regulation and product innovation: the intermediate role of resource reallocation”. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 30(4), 1-27, DOI: 10.1007/s00191-020-00676-6.
World Bank (2010) “Innovation policy: a guide for developing countries”.[Kılavuz: 54893] World Bank, Washington, D.C. Erişim adresi: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2460
Zizék, Slavoj (2019) “Kendini Tutamayan Boşluk”. İktisadi- Felsefi Köşelikler, İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık.

ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 20, 30.06.2021

Nilgün Açıkalın

Öz

Teknolojik yenilikler hızlı değişimleri nedeniyle onları düzenleyen etik ve hukuki çerçeveye bazı güçlükler yaratmaktadır. Bu güçlüklerin temelde, ilerleme hızlarının uyumsuzluğundan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Gönenç için böyle önemli bir kavramın, düzenleyici çerçeve ile olan uygun adım hız problemi, literatürde arayı giderek açan dinamik bir boşluk olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın ana gayeleri; literatür incelemesi yardımıyla temel bilgi ve kuramın kullanıcılar için işe yararlığının arttırmak, inovasyon etiği ve hukuku konusunun önemine dikkat çekmek ve bu konuda çalışma sayısının arttırılmasına katkıda bulunmaktır.
Bu çalışma; mihenk taşları, onların yeni yorumları, bağlantılar, örnekler ve alıntılarla bir özet sentez şeklinde oluşturularak tematik sıralamayla sunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak; geçmiş çalışmalar Faydacı veya Kantçı açıklamaların teknolojik yenilikler karşısında yetersiz kaldığı ve etik olarak yeni bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç duyulduğu görüşünde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Hukuki tarafında ise teknik ve demokratik açıdan istişare edilmiş bir yaklaşım ile birlikte; uyarlanabilir yönetişim, yumuşak hukuk mekanizmaları ve kurumsal reformun bazı kombinasyonlarının faydalı olabileceği görüşü ön plana çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

teknolojik yenilik, inovasyonda etik, inovasyon hukuku, düzenlemeler

Kaynakça

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Ackermann, Thomas (2014) “Competition law and consumer law: why we need a common consumer model”. Varieties of European Economic Law and Regulation içinde, Cham: Springer, s. 439-458, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04903-8.
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Ashford, Nicholas A./ Ayers, Christine/ Stone, Robert F. (1985) “Using regulation to change the market for innovation”. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 9(2), s. 419-466, s.e.t: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/helr9&div=19
Ashford, Nicholas A., & Hall, Ralph P. (2011) “The importance of regulation-induced innovation for sustainable development”. Sustainability, 3(1), 270-292, DOI 10.3390/su3010270.
Ayata, Zeynep (2019) “Avrupa Birliği Hukukunda Yenilik Politikalarının Düzenlenmesi ve Uyumlaştırılması”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 452-488, DOI: 10.32957/hacettepehdf.596522.
Benjamin, Stuart Minor, & Rai, Arti K. (2008) “Fixing innovation policy: structural perspective”. George Washington Law Review, 77(1), 1-88, s.e.t: 10.10.2020, https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/gwlr77&div=8&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals.
Binfield, Kevin (Ed.) (2004) “Writings of the Luddites”. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Erişim adresi: http://journals.openedition.org/rh19/957.
Braeutigam, Ronald R. (1979) “The Effect of Uncertainty in Regulatory Delay on the Rate of Innovation”. Law and Contemporary Problems, 43(1), 98. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191255.
Blind, Knut (2012) “The influence of regulations on innovation: A quantitative assessment for OECD countries”. Research Policy, 41 (2), 391-400, DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2011.08.008.
Brownsword Roger & Somsen Han (2009). “Law, Innovation and Technology: Before We Fast Forward- A Forum For Debate”. Law, Innovation and Technology, 1(1), 1-74, Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/linovte1&div=3.
Coenen, Larz & López, Fernando. J. Diaz (2010) “Comparing systems approaches to innovation and technological change for sustainable and competitive economies: an explorative study into conceptual commonalities, differences and complementarities”. Journal of cleaner production, 18(12), 1149-1160. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.04.003.
Coenen, Larz/ Hansen, Teis/Rekers, Josephine V. (2015) “Innovation policy for grand challenges. An economic geography perspective”. Geography Compass, 9(9), 483-496. DOI: 10.1111/gec3.12231.
Driver, Julia (2014) “The History of Utilitarianism”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2014, First published Fri Mar 27, 2009; substantive revision Mon Sep 22, 2014, Edward N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Erişim adresi: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/utilitarianism-history/
Drucker, Peter F. (1998). “The Discipline of Innovation”. Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 149–157, DOI https://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.2.4_484_2.
Dupuy, Jean-Pierre (2007). “Some pitfalls in the philosophical foundations of nanoethics”. The Journal of medicine and philosophy, 32(3), 237-261. DOI: 10.1080/03605310701396992.
Düwell, Marcus (2012). “Bioethics: Methods, theories, domains”. Newyork: Routledge, (s.21-30), Erişim adresi: https://www.routledge.com/Bioethics-Methods-Theories-Domains/Duwell/p/book/9781138789937.
Edelman, Benjamin G., & Geradin, Damien (2015) “Efficiencies and regulatory shortcuts: how should we regulate companies like airbnb and uber”. Stanford Technology Law Review, 19(2), 293–328, Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/stantlr19&div=15
Erkoç, Şakir (2007). Nanobilim ve nanoteknoloji. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık. Erişim adresi: https://dlscrib.com/download/nanobilim-ve-nanoteknoloji_5a134ef0e2b6f529588c320f_pdf
European Commission (2019) “High-Level Expert Group on AI present Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence”, Güvenilir Yapay Zekâ İçin Etik Kuralları Kılavuzu (Pilot Çalışma). Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai.
Fox, Nicols (2002) “Against the machine: The hidden Luddite tradition in literature, art, and individual lives”. Island Press, Shearwater Books, 24- 219. Erişim adresi: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/anadolu/detail.action?docID=3317360
Feldman, Fred (2012) “Etik nedir?”, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
French, Peter A. (1998) “Corporate ethics”. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(12), 1364-1366, DOI: 10.1023/A:1005828419280.
French, Peter A (2011) “Foreword”, Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (Ed.), The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight içinde (s.xix), Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Gault, Fred (2010) “Innovation strategies for a global economy: development, implementation, measurement and management”, Science and Public Policy, 39(1),133–134. DOI https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scr007.
Garreau, Joel (2006) “Radical evolution: the promise and peril of enhancing our minds, our bodies--and what it means to be human”. Future Survey, 27(6), 13–14. DOI 10.2146/br050006.
Glendinning, Chellis (1990) “Notes toward a neo-Luddite manifesto”. Utne Reader, 38(1), 50-3. Erişim adresi:http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/chellis-glendinning-notes-toward-a-neo luddite-manifesto.pdf.
Garoupa, Nuna, & Ulen, Thomas S. (2007) “The market for legal innovation: law and economics in europe and the united states”. Alabama Law Review, 59(5), 1555–1634. Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bamalr59&div=49.
Herkert, Joseph R. (2011) “Ethical challenges of emerging Technologies”, Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (Ed.). The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight The Pacing Problem içinde (s.35- 44), Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer.
Hospers, Gert-Jan (2005) “Joseph Schumpeter and his legacy in innovation studies”. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 18(3), 20-37. DOI: 10.1007/s12130-005-1003-1.
Jasanoff, Sheila (Ed.) (2004) “Ordering Knowledge, Ordering Society, States of knowledge: the co-production of science and the social order içinde” (s.1-14), London, New York: Routledge. Erişimadresi:https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/anadolu/reader.action?docID=200656.
Jurvetson, Steve (2004, Aralık) “Why you should care about molecular nanotechnology”. Foresight Inst. Palo Alto. Erişim adresi: https://foresight.org/nano/SteveJurvetson.html.
Kahan, Dan M./ Slovic, Paul/ Braman, Donald/ Gastil, John/ Cohen, Geoffrey L. (2007, Temmuz) “Affect, values, and nanotechnology risk perceptions: an experimental investigation” [Öz]. Ampirik Hukuk Araştırmaları Konferansı GWU Hukuk Fakültesi 261 Sayılı Kamu Hukuku Araştırma Belgesi, George Washington Üniversitesi, USA. Erişim adresi: http://ssrn.com/abstract=968652.
Khushf, George (2006). “An ethic for enhancing human performance through integrative technologies”. Bainbridge, W.S. ve Roco, M.C (Ed.), Managing nano-bio-info-cogno innovations içinde, 255-278. Dordrecht: Springer
Kuhlmann, Stephan & Rip, Arie (2014, Eylül) “The challenge of addressing Grand Challenges”. Conference of Rectors and Presidents of European Universities of Technology: Universities Role and Ability to Handle Grand Societal Challenges konferansında sunulan bildiri. Twente Üniversitesi, Gothenburg: İsveç. Erişim adresi: Technology: Universities Role and Ability to Handle Grand Societal Challenges konferansında sunulan bildiri. Twente Üniversitesi, Gothenburg: İsveç.
Kuhn, Thomas S. (2018) “Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı”. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
Kurzweil, Ray (2003, 23 Eylül) “Exponential growth an illusion”. Response to Ilkka Tuomi, [Blog yazısı: deneme]. Erişim adresi: http://www. kurzweilai. net/meme/frame.html.
Kurzweil, Ray (2014) “The singularity is near. In Ethics and emerging Technologies”. 393-406, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lundstrom, Mark (2003). “Moore's law forever?”, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 299 (5604), 210-221. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3833324.
Mandel, Gregory N. (2008) “Nanotechnology Governance”. Alabama Law Review 59(1), 1323-1384. Erişim adresi http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bamalr59&div=45
Mandel, Gregory N. (2009) “Regulating emerging technologies”. Law, Innovation and Technology, 1(1), 75-92. DOI: 10.1080/17579961.2009.11428365.
Marchant, Gary E./ Sylvester, Douglas J./Abbott, Kenneth W. (2008) “Risk management principles for nanotechnology”. Nanoethics, 2(1), 43-60. DOI: 10.1007/s11569-008-0028-9
Marchant, Gary E. (Ed.) (2011) “The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and the Law”. Dordrecht: Springer.
Mill, John Stuart (1895). “Utilitarianism” (Vol. 3). Routledge. (Erişim adresi: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Ju4oAAAAYAAJ&hl=tr&pg=GBS.PA1).
Moses, Lyria Bennett (2007) “Recurring Dilemmas: The Law’s Race to Keep up with Technological Change”. University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, 2007(2), 239–285.
Moore, Gordon E. (1965) “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits”. Electronics, 38 (8), 82-85, DOI":10.1109/N-SSC.2006.4785860.
Moor, James H. (2005) “Why we need better ethics for emerging technologies”. Ethics and Information Technology, 7 (3), 111–119. DOI: 10.1007/s10676-006-0008-0.
Nelson, Richard R. & Winter, Sidney G. (1977). “In search of a useful theory of innovation”. Research Management, 20(3), 215-245. Erişim adresi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24117971
Nordmann, Alfred (2004) Converging technologies: shaping the future of European societies. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 8(1), 36–56, Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311456580_Converging_Technologies_-_Shaping_the_Future_of_European_Societies
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2018) “OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2018”, Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oecd-science-technology-and-innovation-outlook-2018/korea_sti_in_outlook-2018-71-en.
O'Reilly, James T. (2000) “Entrepreneurs and Regulators: Internet Technology, Agency Estoppel, and the Balance of Trust”. Cornell JL & Pub. Pol'y, 10, 63. Erişim adresi: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cjlpp10&div=9.
Osborne, Thomas (1998) “Aspects of enlightenment: social theory and the ethics of truth”. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Quinton, Anthony (1973) “Utilitarian ethics”. London and Basingstoke: Springer. DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-00248.
Ranchordás, Sofia (2015) “Innovation-friendly regulation: The sunset of regulation, the sunrise of innovation”. Jurimetrics, 55(2), 201-224, Erişim Adresi: https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/juraba55&id=221&collection=journals&index=
Roco, Mihail & Ortwin Renn (2007) “Nanoteknoloji Risk Yönetişimi- Potansiyel Risklerin Yönetişimine Küresel, Koordineli Yaklaşım Önerileri”. [Politika Özeti], Uluslararası Risk Yönetişim Konseyi, Cenevre, Erişim adresi: https://irgc.org/issues/nanotechnology/nanotechnology-risk-governance/
Sundararajan, Arun (2014) “What Airbnb Gets About Culture that Uber Doesn’t”. Harvard Business Review Digital Articles, 4 (11), 2–5, Erişim adresi: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=118647998&lang=tr&site=eds-live
United Nations (2018, 8 Kasım) “Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırması 2018: Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma için Sınır Teknolojileri”. [Rapor: E/2018/50/Rev.1 ST/ESA/370], United Nations Publication, Newyork. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-andsocial-survey-2018-frontier-technologies-for-sustainable-development.
United Nations (2005, Ekim) “Biyoetik ve İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirgesi”, [Komite Raporu], UNESCO Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Kurumu Türkiye Milli Komisyonu: Ankara ile UNESCO Bilim ve Teknoloji Etiği Bölümü: Paris iş birliğiyle. Erişim adresi: https://www.unesco.org.tr/Pages/460/73/Biyoetik%20ve%20%C4%B0nsan%20Haklar%C4%B1%20Evrensel%20Bildirgesi.
Veruggio, Gianmarco (2006, Aralık) “The EURON Roboethics Roadmap”, [Öz]. 6. IEEE-RAS Uluslararası İnsansı Robotlar Konferans raporu: Cenova (s.612–617), DOI: 10.1109/ICHR.2006.321337.
Warren Jonathan M. (2020) “A too convenient transaction: bitcoin and its further regulation”. Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, 8(1), 5-29, Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26915562.
Wang, Fang & Dai, Xiaoyong (2020) “Regulation and product innovation: the intermediate role of resource reallocation”. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 30(4), 1-27, DOI: 10.1007/s00191-020-00676-6.
World Bank (2010) “Innovation policy: a guide for developing countries”.[Kılavuz: 54893] World Bank, Washington, D.C. Erişim adresi: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2460
Zizék, Slavoj (2019) “Kendini Tutamayan Boşluk”. İktisadi- Felsefi Köşelikler, İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık.

Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Hukuk
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Nilgün Açıkalın 0000-0002-1574-0904
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	25 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Açıkalın, N. (2021). ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR. Ticaret Ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, 7(1), 1-20.
AMA	Açıkalın N. ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR. TFM. Haziran 2021;7(1):1-20.
Chicago	Açıkalın, Nilgün. “ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR”. Ticaret Ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7, sy. 1 (Haziran 2021): 1-20.
EndNote	Açıkalın N (01 Haziran 2021) ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7 1 1–20.
IEEE	N. Açıkalın, “ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR”, TFM, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 1–20, 2021.
ISNAD	Açıkalın, Nilgün. “ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR”. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7/1 (Haziran 2021), 1-20.
JAMA	Açıkalın N. ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR. TFM. 2021;7:1–20.
MLA	Açıkalın, Nilgün. “ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR”. Ticaret Ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 1-20.
Vancouver	Açıkalın N. ETİK VE HUKUK İÇİN ZORLU SINAV: YENİ NESİL TEKNOLOJİK İNOVASYONLAR. TFM. 2021;7(1):1-20.

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