DİJİTAL TEK PAZARDA FİLM FİNANSMANI: BÖLGESELLİĞİN ZORLUKLARI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 159 - 178, 30.06.2021

Çevirmen: Emine Meliknur Kılıç

Öz

Bu makale, uzun metrajlı filmler için bölgesel lisansların rolünü AB'deki yargı ve piyasa gelişmelerinin arka planına göre tartışmaktadır. Şu anda, bölgesel lisanslar Avrupa'da filmlerin işletilmesi ve finanse edilmesinin temel taşı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, mevcut film finansmanı modelleri, hem küresel çevrimiçi video platformlarının çalkantılı büyümesi gibi pazar gelişmelerinden hem de tek pazara ulusal-bölgesel engelleri kaldırmayı amaçlayan AB hukukundaki gelişmelerden dolayı artan bir baskı altındadır. Dağıtım hakkının birlik çapında tüketilmesi kuralı, AB Taşınabilirlik Tüzüğü ve uydu yayını ve çevrimiçi eşzamanlı yayın için menşei ülke kuralları bunlara örnek olarak verilebilir. AB rekabet hukuku, bölgesel münhasırlık verilmesine ek sınırlar koymakta ve lisanssız bölgelerdeki tüketicilere/izleyicilere "pasif" satışları engelleyen veya kısıtlayan yayıncılık ve ödemeli televizyon lisanslarına ilişkin hükümleri yasaklamaktadır. Altta yatan bölgesel haklar artık bölgesel hibeleri desteklemediğinden, hak sahiplerinin sözleşme yoluyla bölgesel münhasırlığı koruma özgürlüğü, AB rekabet hukukuna karşı giderek daha savunmasız hale gelecektir. Bölgesel münhasırlığın vazgeçilmez olduğu film sektörü için, Avrupa Komisyonu "grup muafiyetleri" şeklinde belirli rekabet hukuku kuralları oluşturabilir. Dil münhasırlığı -yani, bir filmin farklı dil versiyonları için münhasır hakların verilmesi- bölgesel lisanslamaya pratik ve yasal olarak daha güçlü bir alternatif sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Film finanse etme, Film fonlama, Bölgesellik, Telif Hakkı

FILM FINANCING IN THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET: CHALLENGES TO TERRITORIALITY

Öz

This article discusses the role of territorial licences for feature films against the background of judicial and market developments in the EU. Currently, territorial licences are deemed a cornerstone of the exploitation and financing of films in Europe. However, current models of film financing are under increasing pressure both from market developments such as the turbulent growth of global online video platforms, and from developments in EU law aimed at removing national territorial barriers to the Single Market. Examples are the rule of Union- wide exhaustion of the distribution right, the EU Portability Regulation and the country of origin rules for satellite broadcasting and online simulcasting. EU competition law sets additional limits to grants of territorial exclusivity, and pro- hibits clauses in broadcasting and pay television licences that prevent or restrict ‘‘passive’’ sales to consumers/viewers in non-licensed territories. The freedom of right holders to preserve territorial exclusivity by way of contract is likely to become increasingly vulnerable to EU competition law, as underlying territorial rights no longer support territorial grants. For the film sector where territorial exclusivity remains indispensable, the European Commission could create specific competition law rules in the form of ‘‘block exemptions’’. Language exclusivity – i.e. exclusive grants of rights for distinct language versions of a film – could provide a practical and legally more robust alternative to territorial licensing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Film financing, Film funding, Territoriality, Copyright, Presales

Kaynakça

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