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GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 323 - 349, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.994224

Öz

Meslek birlikleri kullanıcılardan topladıkları telif bedellerini hak sahiplerine dağıtan, sui generis nitelikte özel hukuk tüzel kişileridir. Fikri hakların bireysel olarak takibindeki güçlükler bu hakların toplu biçimde yönetilmesini zorunlu kılmış, bu zaruriyet neticesinde de meslek birlikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu nedenle, meslek birlikleri yerine toplu hak yönetim organizasyonu ifadesi de kullanılmaktadır. Meslek birlikleri, toplu hak yönetiminde tekel hakkına sahip olan kuruluşlar olarak fikri haklar hukukunun en önemli aktörlerindendir. Bununla beraber, toplu hak yönetiminde zaman zaman aksaklıklar yaşanmaktadır. Öncelikle, hak sahipliği bilgilerinin tutulduğu merkezi veri tabanlarındaki eksiklikler ve hatalar nedeniyle bazı hallerde gerçek hak sahipleri tespit edilememekte ve hak sahiplerine eksik ödeme yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca, hak sahiplerine ödenen telif bedellerine ilişkin raporlar yeterince şeffaf olmadığı için hak sahipleri kendilerine ödenen meblağ doğru olsa dahi kafa karışıklığı yaşayabilmektedir. Son olarak, telif bedellerinin meslek birliklerince kullanıcılardan toplanarak hak sahiplerine dağıtılması uzun zaman almaktadır. Hızla gelişen ve etki alanını genişleten blokzincir teknolojisi müzik endüstrisini etkilemeye başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, blokzincir teknolojisi toplu hak yönetiminde yaşanan sorunlara ilişkin önemli vaatler getirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, blokzincir teknolojisinin müzik endüstrisine vaad ettikleri bağlamında müzik alanında faaliyet gösteren meslek birliklerinin olası rolünün nasıl şekilleneceğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle blokzincir teknolojisinin teknik boyutu ele alınacak, sonrasında müzik eserlerinin lisanslanması, telif bedellerinin toplanması ve dağıtımı sürecinde meslek birliklerine değinilerek müzik endüstrisindeki mevcut durum ortaya konulacaktır. Ardından, blokzincir teknolojisinin müzik endüstrisinde kullanılmasının önündeki engellere değinilecektir. Nihayetinde Türkiye’de müzik alanında faaliyet gösteren meslek birliklerinin rolüne ilişkin değerlendirmelerde bulunularak çalışma sonlandırılacaktır.

Kaynakça

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THE ROLE OF COLLECTING SOCIETIES OPERATING IN THE FIELD OF MUSIC IN TURKEY VIS A VIS THE PROMISES OF DEVELOPING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 323 - 349, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.994224

Öz

Collecting societies are private legal entities of sui generis nature that distribute the royalties they collect from users to right holders. The difficulties in the individual pursuit of intellectual rights necessitated the collective management of these rights, and as a result of this necessity, collecting societies emerged. For this reason, the term collective rights management organization is also used instead of collecting societies. Collecting societies are among the most important actors of intellectual property law as organizations that have a monopoly in collective rights management. However, there are occasional problems in collective rights management. First of all, due to deficiencies and errors in the central databases where entitlement information is kept, in some cases the real beneficiaries cannot be identified and the beneficiaries are paid incompletely. In addition, since the reports on the royalties paid to the rights holders are not transparent enough, the rights holders may experience confusion even if the amount paid to them is correct. Finally, it takes a long time for the royalties to be collected from the users by the collecting societies and distributed to the right holders. Blockchain technology, which is rapidly developing and expanding its sphere of influence, has begun to affect the music industry. In this context, blockchain technology brings important promises regarding the problems experienced in collective rights management. The main purpose of this study is to reveal how the possible role of collecting societies operating in the field of music will be shaped in the context of the promises of blockchain technology to the music industry. In this direction, first of all, the technical dimension of blockchain technology will be discussed, then the current situation in the music industry will be revealed by referring to collecting societies in the licensing of musical works, collection and distribution of royalties. Then, the barriers to the use of blockchain technology in the music industry will be addressed. Finally, the study will be concluded by making evaluations on the role of professional associations operating in the field of music in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Adhami, Saman & Giudici, Giancarlo & Martinazzi, Stefano (2018) “Why do businesses go crypto? An empirical analysis of initial coin offerings”, Journal of Economics and Business, Vol: 100, s. 64-75.
  • Agurto, Giancarlo Jorge Giraldo (2020) “Does blockchain change the music industry in a digital era? A perspective from copyrights and how it could equitably distribute the royalties and how it can enhance the protection of the rightsholders” (Yüksek Lisans), UPPSALA Universitet,Master Programme in Intellectual Property Law, s. 1-57, <https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1441754/ FULLTEXT01.pdf> s.e.t. 9.07.2021.
  • Araalan, Cem (2020) “Akıllı Sözleşmeler”, Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, S: 163, C: 15, s. 502-515.
  • Arcos, Luis Claudio, “The Blockchain Technology On The Music Industry”, Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol: 15, No: 3, s. 439-443.
  • Aşıcı, Cem (2019) Bitcoin, Filiz Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Bacon, Jean & Michels, Johan David & Millard, Christopher & Singh, Jatinder (2018) “Blockchain Demystified: A Technical and Legal Introduction to Distributed and Centralised Ledgers”, Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, V: XXV, Iss. :1, s. 1-106.
  • Bashir, Imran (2020) Mastering Blockchain, Third Edition, Packt Publishing, UK.
  • Baym, Nancy & Swartz, Lana & Alarcon, Andrea (2019) “Convening Technologies: Blockchain and the Music Industry”, International Journal of Communication, Vol: 13, s. 402-421.
  • Bodo´, Balázs & Gervais, Daniel & Quintais, Joao Pedro (2018) “Blockchain and smart contracts: the missing link in copyright licensing?”, International Journal of Law and Information Technology, Vol: 26, Iss. :4, s. 311-336.
  • Buterin, Vitalik, “Visions, Part 1: The Value of Blockchain Technology”, Ethereum Foundation Blog <https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/04/13/visions-part-1-the-value-of-blockchain-technology/> s.e.t. 13.05.2021. Büyük Özkan Feyzioğlu, Gülçin, “Teknolojide Yeni Çağın Başlangıcı: Blokzincir”: Retornaz, Eylem Aksoy & Güçlütürk, Osman Gazi (Editörler) (2020) Gelişen Teknolojiler ve Hukuk I: Blokzincir, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, On İki Levha Yayınları, s. 1-21.
  • Clark, Birgit (2018) “Blockchain and IP Law: A Match made in Crypto Heaven?”, WIPO Magazine, No: 1, s. 30-34. Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar (2021) Akıllı Sözleşmelerin Kuruluşu ve Geçerlilik Şartları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Dannen, Chris (2017) Introducing Ethereum and Solidity Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners, Newyork, APRESS.
  • Dedeoğlu, Daron (2019) A’dan Z’ye Blockchain, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, KODLAB.
  • Dural, Mustafa & Öğüz, Tufan (2013) Türk Özel Hukuku, C. II, Kişiler Hukuku, 14. Baskı, İstanbul, Filiz Kitapevi. Ergin, Numan Emre (2021) “Merkez Bankasının kripto düzenlemesi: Yassak hemşerim!” <https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/merkez-bankasinin-kripto-duzenlemesi-yassak-hemserim/618247> s.e.t. 9.07.2021.
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  • Gervais, Daniel, The Changing Role of Collecting Societies”: Gervais, Daniel (Editör) (2006) Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights, Netherlands, Kluver Law International, s. 3-36.
  • Gidron, Aviv (2019) “Beyond the Hype of Blockchain- A Scenario-Based Analysis of the Potential Applications in the Music Industry” (Yüksek Lisans), Louvain School of Management, s. 73, <https://dial.uclouvain.be/memoire/ucl/object/thesis:20817>s.e.t.05.07.2021.
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DIE ROLLE DER VERWERTUNGSGESELLSCHAFTEN IM MUSIKBEREICH IN DER TÜRKEI GEGENÜBER DEN VERSPRECHEN DER ENTWICKLUNG DER BLOCKCHAIN-TECHNOLOGIE

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 323 - 349, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.994224

Öz

Verwertungsgesellschaften sind private juristische Personen sui generis, die die von den Nutzern eingezogenen Lizenzgebühren an die Rechteinhaber verteilen. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der individuellen Wahrnehmung geistiger Rechte machten die kollektive Wahrnehmung dieser Rechte erforderlich, und aus dieser Notwendigkeit entstanden Verwertungsgesellschaften. Aus diesem Grund wird anstelle von Verwertungsgesellschaften auch der Begriff Verwertungsgesellschaft verwendet. Verwertungsgesellschaften gehören als Monopolorganisationen der kollektiven Rechtewahrnehmung zu den wichtigsten Akteuren des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes. Allerdings gibt es gelegentlich Probleme bei der kollektiven Rechtewahrnehmung. Erstens können aufgrund von Mängeln und Fehlern in den zentralen Datenbanken, in denen die Anspruchsinformationen gespeichert sind, in einigen Fällen die tatsächlichen Begünstigten nicht identifiziert werden und die Begünstigten werden unvollständig bezahlt. Da außerdem die Berichte über die an die Rechteinhaber gezahlten Lizenzgebühren nicht transparent genug sind, können die Rechteinhaber auch dann Verwirrung stiften, wenn der an sie gezahlte Betrag korrekt ist. Schließlich dauert es lange, bis die Lizenzgebühren von den Verwertungsgesellschaften bei den Nutzern eingezogen und an die Rechteinhaber verteilt werden. Die Blockchain-Technologie, die sich schnell entwickelt und ihren Einflussbereich ausdehnt, hat begonnen, die Musikindustrie zu beeinflussen. In diesem Zusammenhang bringt die Blockchain-Technologie wichtige Versprechungen hinsichtlich der Problematik der kollektiven Rechtewahrnehmung. Der Hauptzweck dieser Studie besteht darin, aufzuzeigen, wie sich die mögliche Rolle von im Musikbereich tätigen Verwertungsgesellschaften im Kontext der Versprechen der Blockchain-Technologie an die Musikindustrie gestalten wird. In diese Richtung wird zunächst die technische Dimension der Blockchain-Technologie diskutiert, dann wird die aktuelle Situation in der Musikindustrie unter Hinweis auf Verwertungsgesellschaften bei der Lizenzierung von Musikwerken, Erhebung und Verteilung von Lizenzgebühren aufgezeigt. Anschließend werden die Hindernisse für den Einsatz der Blockchain-Technologie in der Musikindustrie angesprochen. Abschließend wird die Studie mit einer Bewertung der Rolle der im Musikbereich tätigen Berufsverbände in der Türkei abgeschlossen.

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  • Sultan, Karim & Ruhi, Umar & Lakhani, Rubina (2018) “Conceptualizing Blockchains: Characteristics & Applications”, 11th IADIS International Conference Information Systems <https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03693v1>s.e.t. 25.04.2021.
  • Szabo, Nick (1996) “Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets”, s. 1-11, <https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html> s.e.t.11.05. 2021.
  • Tam, Tran Ngoc Linh (2019) “Music Copyright Management On Blockchain: Advantages and Challenges”, Albany Law Journal, Vol: 29, Iss. :1, s. 201-227.
  • Tekinalp, Ünal, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku, 5. Baskı, İstanbul, Vedat Kitapçılık.
  • Torbensen, Alexandra Cecilie Gjøl & Ciriello, Raffaele Fabio (2019) “Tuning Into Blockchain: Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain-Based Music Platforms”, In Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), June 8-14, Stockholm & Uppsala, Sweden <https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/250581432.pdf>s.e.t.04.07.2021.
  • Tresise, Annabel & Goldenfein, Jake & Hunter, Dan (2018) “What Blockchain Can and Can’t Do for Copyright”, Australian Intellectual Property Journal,Vol: 28, s. 1-14.
  • Tulsidas, Tanash Utamchandani (2018) “Smart Contracts From A Legal Perspective”, Faculty of Law, Degree In Law Final Degree Work, Universidad de Alicante, s. 1-42, <https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/78007/1/Smart_Contracts_from_a_Legal_Perspective_Utamchandani_Tulsidas_Tanash.pdf> s.e.t.15.05.2021.
  • Usta, Ahmet & Doğantekin, Serkan “Blockchain 101”, Güncellenmiş Versiyon v2, BKM Bankalararası Kart Merkezi <https://bkm.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/15082019_kitap.pdf> s.e.t.08.05.2021.
  • Üstün, Ece Su (2021) TTK Kapsamında Geleneksel Sözleşmeler ile Mukayeseli Olarak Akıllı Sözleşmeler, Blokzincir Teknolojisi, 1. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Walch, Angela (2017) “The Path of Blockchain Lexicon (And The Law)”, Review of Banking & Financial Law, Vol: 36, s. 713-765.
  • Werbach, Kevin (2021) Blokzinciri ve Yeni Güven Mimarisi, 1. Baskı., İstanbul, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Williams, Stephen P. Blockchain: Blokzinciri: Gelecekteki Her Şey, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Witzig, Pascal & Salomon, Victoriya (2018) “Cutting out the middleman: a case study of blockchain-induced reconfigurations in the swiss financial services industry” Working Paper 1-2018/E, s. 1-27 <https://www.research gate.net/publication/323906964_ Cutting_out_ the_middleman_a_case_study_of_blockchain-induced_reconfigurations_in_the_swiss _financial_services_industry> s.e.t.23.07. 2021.
  • Wright, Aaron & De Flippi, Primavera (2015) “Decentralized Blockchain Technology and The Rise of Lex Cryptographia”, SSRN Electronic Journal, s. 1-58, <https://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2580664> s.e.t. 23.04.2021.
  • Yusufoğlu Bilgin Fülürya, “Blokzincir Teknolojisinin Bitcoin Dışında Bazı Uygulama Alanları”: Retornaz, Eylem Aksoy & Güçlütürk, Osman Gazi (Editörler) (2020) Gelişen Teknolojiler ve Hukuk I: Blokzincir, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, On İki Levha Yayınları, s. 73-111.
  • <https://blog.ujomusic.com/> s.e.t.10.07.2021.
  • <https://newsroom.spotify.com/company-info/>s.e.t. 06.07. 2021.
  • <https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9ddd7abc-9e1b-471d-8031-583 bc6bc8be9/releases> s.e.t. 04.07.2021.
  • <https://www.prsformusic.com>s.e.t. 30.06.2021.
  • <https://www.sacem.fr/en> s.e.t. 30.06.2021.
  • <https://www.telifhaklari. gov.tr/Turkiye-de-Meslek-Birlikleri-Muzik> s.e.t. 1.08.2021.
  • <https://www.tsmb.gen.tr/>s.e.t.1.08.2021.
  • <https://ethereum.org/en/eth/>s.e.t. 14.05.2021.
  • <https://ethereum.org/en/what-is-ethereum/>s.e.t.11.05.2021.
  • <https://www.mesam.org.tr/sik-sorulan-sorular/diger/kota-nedir>s.e.t. 01.06.2021.
  • 7 Nisan 2017 tarihli ASCAP basın açıklaması <https://www.ascap.com/press/2017/04-07-ascap-sacem-prs-blockchain>s.e.t. 30.06.2021.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Barış Gözübüyük 0000-0002-5362-2757

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gözübüyük, B. (2021). GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ. Ticaret Ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, 7(2), 323-349. https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.994224
AMA Gözübüyük B. GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ. TFM. Aralık 2021;7(2):323-349. doi:10.55027/tfm.994224
Chicago Gözübüyük, Barış. “GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ”. Ticaret Ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 323-49. https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.994224.
EndNote Gözübüyük B (01 Aralık 2021) GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7 2 323–349.
IEEE B. Gözübüyük, “GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ”, TFM, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 323–349, 2021, doi: 10.55027/tfm.994224.
ISNAD Gözübüyük, Barış. “GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ”. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi 7/2 (Aralık 2021), 323-349. https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.994224.
JAMA Gözübüyük B. GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ. TFM. 2021;7:323–349.
MLA Gözübüyük, Barış. “GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ”. Ticaret Ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 323-49, doi:10.55027/tfm.994224.
Vancouver Gözübüyük B. GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ. TFM. 2021;7(2):323-49.