Öz
NFT (non-fungible tokens) terimi, misli olmayan kripto varlıkları ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Son günlerde bir yatırım aracı olarak oldukça yaygın hale gelen NFT’leri kripto paralar olarak da bilinen “fungible tokens” yani misli kripto varlıklardan ayıran yönü biri diğerinin yerine geçmeyen, eşsiz kripto varlıklar olmalarıdır. Her ikisinin ortak noktası ise blokzincir teknoloji altyapısını kullanması ve transferlerinin ağ üzerinden akıllı sözleşmeler vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilmesidir. NFT’ler için bu durum Ethereum ERC 721 standardı ile mümkün hale gelmiştir. Her ne kadar dijitalleştirilebilen her şeyden NFT meydana getirmek mümkün olsa da bu teknoloji özellikle dijital eserler için yeni bir mecra sunmaktadır. Eserlerin yaygın bir şekilde NFT meydan getirmede kullanılması ise teknolojinin fikri mülkiyet hukuku ile kesiştiği ve hukukçular tarafından da değerlendirilmesi gereken yeni bir alan ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türk fikri haklar hukuku açısından söz konusu alana ilişkin değerlendirmeler içermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aksu, Mustafa, ‘İnternet Üzerinden Yayılan Eserlerde Tükenme İlkesi? (Dijital Tükenme İlkesi?)’, Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, 1-22.
- Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar (2021) Akıllı Sözleşmelerin Kuruluşu ve Geçerlilik Şartları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Onikilevha Yayınları.
- Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar &Özkan Üner, Zehra (2021) ‘NFTs and Copyright: Challenges and Opportunities’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 1-12.
- DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) ‘Smart Contracts and Contract Law’; DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) The Cambridge Handbook of Smart Contracts, Blockchain Technology and Digital Platforms, 1. Baskı, Oxford University Press.
- Eren, Fikret (2019) Borçlar Hukuku Özel Hükümler, 7. Baskı, Ankara, Yetkin Yayınları.
- Gatteschi, Valentina & Lamberti, Fabrizio & Demartini, Claudio (2019) ‘Techology of Smart Contracts’: DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) The Cambridge Handbook of Smart Contracts, Blockchain Technology and Digital Platforms, 1. Baskı, Oxford University Press.
- Guadamuz, Andres (2021) ‘The Treachery of Images: Non-fungible Tokens and Copyright’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 1-19.
- Suluk, Cahit & Karasu, Rauf & Nal, Temel (2021) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku, 5. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Taşatan, Caner, Sözleşmenin Kurulması, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Onikilevha Yayınları.
- Tekinalp, Ünal (2012) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku, 5. Baskı, İstanbul, Vedat Kitapçılık. Yavuz, Levent & Alıcı, Türkay & Merdivan, Fethi (2013) Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu Yorumu Cilt 1, 1. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Böhme, Rainer & Christin, Nicolas & Edelman, Benjamin & Moore, Tyler (2015) ‘Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance’ Journal of Economic Perspectives <https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.29.2.213> s. 216. s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Christidis, Konstantinos & Devetsikiotis, Michael (2016) Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things, <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7467408> s. 2293. s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Gencer, Adem Efe & Basu, Soumya Basu & Eyal, Ittay & Renesse, Robbert van & Sirer, Emin Gün (2018) ‘Decentralization in Bitcoin and Ethereum Networks’ < https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.03998.pdf).> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Kastrenakes, Jacop (2021) ‘Your Million-Dollar NFT Can Break Tomorrow If You’re Not Careful’ <Your million-dollar NFT can break tomorrow if you’re not careful - The Verge> s.e.t 04.03.2022. Natarajan, Harish & Krause, Solvej & Gradstein, Helen (2017) Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Blockchain <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29053/WP-PUBLIC- Distributed-Ledger-Technology-and-Blockchain-Fintech-Notes.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Omote, Kazumasa & Yano, Makoto ‘Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology’: Yano, Makoto & Dai Chris & Kenichi Masuda & Kishimoto (2020) Yoshio Blockchain and Crypt Currency < https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37713/2020_Book_BlockchainAndCryp tCurrency.pdf?sequence=1#page=138> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Rennock, Michael J. & Cohn, Alan & Butcher, Jared R. (2018) Blockchain Technology and Regulatory < https://www.steptoe.com/images/content/1/7/v3/171269/LIT-FebMar18- Feature_Blockchain.pdf> s.e.t 04.03.2022
- Sbazo, Nick (1994) Smart Contracts <https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinter school2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart.contracts.html > s.e.t 04.03.2022.
Öz
NFT is the abbreviation for “non-fungiable tokens”. NFTs, which have recently become popular as a financial instrument, differ from the fungible tokens, which are also known as crypto currencies, as they are non-interchangeable and each one is unique. Both, however, use the ground of blockchain technology and are transferred via smart contracts. For NFTs, this became possible with the launch of ERC 721 standard by Ethereum. Although anything that can be digitalized may be used to mint an NFT, this technology offers a new world especially for digital art works. With the common use of art works to mint NFTs, a brand new subject matter in which the intellectual property law and technology intersect has arisen for assessment. This paper aims to explore the subject matter in terms of Turkish copyright law.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aksu, Mustafa, ‘İnternet Üzerinden Yayılan Eserlerde Tükenme İlkesi? (Dijital Tükenme İlkesi?)’, Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, 1-22.
- Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar (2021) Akıllı Sözleşmelerin Kuruluşu ve Geçerlilik Şartları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Onikilevha Yayınları.
- Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar &Özkan Üner, Zehra (2021) ‘NFTs and Copyright: Challenges and Opportunities’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 1-12.
- DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) ‘Smart Contracts and Contract Law’; DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) The Cambridge Handbook of Smart Contracts, Blockchain Technology and Digital Platforms, 1. Baskı, Oxford University Press.
- Eren, Fikret (2019) Borçlar Hukuku Özel Hükümler, 7. Baskı, Ankara, Yetkin Yayınları.
- Gatteschi, Valentina & Lamberti, Fabrizio & Demartini, Claudio (2019) ‘Techology of Smart Contracts’: DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) The Cambridge Handbook of Smart Contracts, Blockchain Technology and Digital Platforms, 1. Baskı, Oxford University Press.
- Guadamuz, Andres (2021) ‘The Treachery of Images: Non-fungible Tokens and Copyright’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 1-19.
- Suluk, Cahit & Karasu, Rauf & Nal, Temel (2021) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku, 5. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Taşatan, Caner, Sözleşmenin Kurulması, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Onikilevha Yayınları.
- Tekinalp, Ünal (2012) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku, 5. Baskı, İstanbul, Vedat Kitapçılık. Yavuz, Levent & Alıcı, Türkay & Merdivan, Fethi (2013) Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu Yorumu Cilt 1, 1. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Böhme, Rainer & Christin, Nicolas & Edelman, Benjamin & Moore, Tyler (2015) ‘Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance’ Journal of Economic Perspectives <https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.29.2.213> s. 216. s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Christidis, Konstantinos & Devetsikiotis, Michael (2016) Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things, <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7467408> s. 2293. s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Gencer, Adem Efe & Basu, Soumya Basu & Eyal, Ittay & Renesse, Robbert van & Sirer, Emin Gün (2018) ‘Decentralization in Bitcoin and Ethereum Networks’ < https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.03998.pdf).> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Kastrenakes, Jacop (2021) ‘Your Million-Dollar NFT Can Break Tomorrow If You’re Not Careful’ <Your million-dollar NFT can break tomorrow if you’re not careful - The Verge> s.e.t 04.03.2022. Natarajan, Harish & Krause, Solvej & Gradstein, Helen (2017) Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Blockchain <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29053/WP-PUBLIC- Distributed-Ledger-Technology-and-Blockchain-Fintech-Notes.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Omote, Kazumasa & Yano, Makoto ‘Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology’: Yano, Makoto & Dai Chris & Kenichi Masuda & Kishimoto (2020) Yoshio Blockchain and Crypt Currency < https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37713/2020_Book_BlockchainAndCryp tCurrency.pdf?sequence=1#page=138> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Rennock, Michael J. & Cohn, Alan & Butcher, Jared R. (2018) Blockchain Technology and Regulatory < https://www.steptoe.com/images/content/1/7/v3/171269/LIT-FebMar18- Feature_Blockchain.pdf> s.e.t 04.03.2022
- Sbazo, Nick (1994) Smart Contracts <https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinter school2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart.contracts.html > s.e.t 04.03.2022.
Öz
NFT is the abbreviation for “non-fungiable tokens”. NFTs, which have recently become popular as a financial instrument, differ from the fungible tokens, which are also known as crypto currencies, as they are non-interchangeable and each one is unique. Both, however, use the ground of blockchain technology and are transferred via smart contracts. For NFTs, this became possible with the launch of ERC 721 standard by Ethereum. Although anything that can be digitalized may be used to mint an NFT, this technology offers a new world especially for digital art works. With the common use of art works to mint NFTs, a brand new subject matter in which the intellectual property law and technology intersect has arisen for assessment. This paper aims to explore the subject matter in terms of Turkish copyright law.
Anahtar Kelimeler
NFT copyrights intellectual rights smart contract blockchain
Kaynakça
- Aksu, Mustafa, ‘İnternet Üzerinden Yayılan Eserlerde Tükenme İlkesi? (Dijital Tükenme İlkesi?)’, Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, 1-22.
- Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar (2021) Akıllı Sözleşmelerin Kuruluşu ve Geçerlilik Şartları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Onikilevha Yayınları.
- Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar &Özkan Üner, Zehra (2021) ‘NFTs and Copyright: Challenges and Opportunities’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 1-12.
- DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) ‘Smart Contracts and Contract Law’; DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) The Cambridge Handbook of Smart Contracts, Blockchain Technology and Digital Platforms, 1. Baskı, Oxford University Press.
- Eren, Fikret (2019) Borçlar Hukuku Özel Hükümler, 7. Baskı, Ankara, Yetkin Yayınları.
- Gatteschi, Valentina & Lamberti, Fabrizio & Demartini, Claudio (2019) ‘Techology of Smart Contracts’: DiMatteo, Larry A. & Cannarsa, Michel & Poncibo, Cristina (2019) The Cambridge Handbook of Smart Contracts, Blockchain Technology and Digital Platforms, 1. Baskı, Oxford University Press.
- Guadamuz, Andres (2021) ‘The Treachery of Images: Non-fungible Tokens and Copyright’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 1-19.
- Suluk, Cahit & Karasu, Rauf & Nal, Temel (2021) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku, 5. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Taşatan, Caner, Sözleşmenin Kurulması, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Onikilevha Yayınları.
- Tekinalp, Ünal (2012) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku, 5. Baskı, İstanbul, Vedat Kitapçılık. Yavuz, Levent & Alıcı, Türkay & Merdivan, Fethi (2013) Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu Yorumu Cilt 1, 1. Baskı, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Böhme, Rainer & Christin, Nicolas & Edelman, Benjamin & Moore, Tyler (2015) ‘Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance’ Journal of Economic Perspectives <https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.29.2.213> s. 216. s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Christidis, Konstantinos & Devetsikiotis, Michael (2016) Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things, <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7467408> s. 2293. s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Gencer, Adem Efe & Basu, Soumya Basu & Eyal, Ittay & Renesse, Robbert van & Sirer, Emin Gün (2018) ‘Decentralization in Bitcoin and Ethereum Networks’ < https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.03998.pdf).> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Kastrenakes, Jacop (2021) ‘Your Million-Dollar NFT Can Break Tomorrow If You’re Not Careful’ <Your million-dollar NFT can break tomorrow if you’re not careful - The Verge> s.e.t 04.03.2022. Natarajan, Harish & Krause, Solvej & Gradstein, Helen (2017) Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Blockchain <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29053/WP-PUBLIC- Distributed-Ledger-Technology-and-Blockchain-Fintech-Notes.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Omote, Kazumasa & Yano, Makoto ‘Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology’: Yano, Makoto & Dai Chris & Kenichi Masuda & Kishimoto (2020) Yoshio Blockchain and Crypt Currency < https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37713/2020_Book_BlockchainAndCryp tCurrency.pdf?sequence=1#page=138> s.e.t 04.03.2022.
- Rennock, Michael J. & Cohn, Alan & Butcher, Jared R. (2018) Blockchain Technology and Regulatory < https://www.steptoe.com/images/content/1/7/v3/171269/LIT-FebMar18- Feature_Blockchain.pdf> s.e.t 04.03.2022
- Sbazo, Nick (1994) Smart Contracts <https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinter school2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart.contracts.html > s.e.t 04.03.2022.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Aralık 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Mart 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
