Klinik Araştırma
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Investigation of Anger Expression Styles in Patients with Schizophrenia and Their Clinical and Demographic Predictors

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 142 - 149, 30.09.2025

Öz

Objective:
This descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to examine the anger expression styles of inpatients with schizophrenia and the factors influencing these styles. Specifically, it investigated the associations between anger expression styles and demographic variables (e.g., gender, age, marital status), clinical characteristics (e.g., illness duration, medication adherence), and symptom severity (positive and negative symptoms).

Methods:
The study sample consisted of 70 inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia for at least six months according to DSM-5 criteria and receiving treatment in a university hospital psychiatric ward. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the Personal Information Form, the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Clinical information was cross-validated with medical records. The reliability of the scales was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H) were used for data analysis.

Results:
The mean score for trait anger was 25.88±5.36; the delusions subscale score was 14.45±11.35; and the anhedonia/asociality subscale score was 14.62±5.22. Significant differences were observed: anger-in was associated with gender and illness duration, while anger-out was associated with employment status and family structure. Trait anger and anger-out were significantly related to a history of violent behavior.
Patients with more prominent positive symptoms had lower anger control levels. Those with a history of violence and poor medication adherence were more likely to express their anger outwardly. A positive, low-level significant correlation was found between positive formal thought disorder and anger-out (r = 0.286; p = 0.016), while a negative correlation was found between hallucination severity and anger control (r = –0.276; p = 0.021).

Discussion:
Patients with predominant positive symptoms demonstrated lower anger control. The tendency to express anger outwardly was more common among patients with a history of violence and poor medication adherence. This may be explained by cognitive distortions, impaired impulse control, and environmental stressors. The relationships between anger expression styles and symptom dimensions provide important implications for understanding psychopathology and designing individualized interventions.

Conclusion:
Anger expression styles in patients with schizophrenia are closely associated with individual, social, and clinical factors. Integrating structured anger management programs, psychosocial support, and interventions to improve medication adherence into treatment plans is recommended. Psychiatric nurses should be actively involved in providing training to enhance patients’ anger regulation and stress management skills, which can help reduce the risk of relapse and improve treatment engagement.

Kaynakça

  • Bo, S., Abu-Akel, A., & Bertelsen, A. (2023). Violence in patients with schizophrenia: The role of anger and psychotic symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 315, 114789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114789
  • Engin, E., Özgür, G., & Kurçer, M. A. (2022). Trait anger and anger expression styles in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 36, 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2021.10.005
  • Ergin, T., Yıldız, M., & Öztürk, F. (2006). Relationship between unemployment and aggression in psychiatric patients. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7(3), 143–150.
  • Fassino, S., Amianto, F., & Ferrero, A. (2023). Family dynamics and externalized anger in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 211(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001550
  • Gadea, M., Espert, R., & Salvador, A. (2023). Panic, anxiety, and anger regulation in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 120, 152345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152345
  • Gulec, M. Y., Ustun, B., & Arikan, K. (2022). Clinical challenges in schizophrenia management. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 33(2), 120–127.
  • Kaya, B., Gençöz, T., & Savaşır, I. (2007). Gender differences in anger expression among Turkish adults. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 22(60), 25–34.
  • Kassinove, H., & Tafrate, R. C. (2023). Anger-related aggression in clinical populations: Assessment and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 150– 163. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23375
  • Köşger, F., Demir, S., & Ertekin, H. (2014). Social withdrawal and delusion in schizophrenia: Their effect on anger expression. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25(3), 157–164.
  • Kristof, M., Bauer, J., & Seifert, D. (2018). Aggression in schizophrenia: The impact of positive symptoms. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 103, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.011
  • Lee, M. H., Kim, J. S., & Choi, H. J. (2023). The relationship between social functioning and symptom profiles in schizophrenia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 81, 103463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103463
  • Modestin, J. (2023). Positive symptoms and violence in schizophrenia: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 25(4), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023- 01447-6
  • Ozturk, M. O., & Ulusahin, A. (2023). Ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Özmen, D., Erbay, F., & Arıkan, N. (2016). Gender and aggression in Turkish psychiatric settings. Cinsiyet ve Davranış Dergisi, 12(2), 85–92.
  • Reddy, M. S. (2023). Managing aggression in schizophrenia: Clinical strategies. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(2), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_831_22
  • Ringer, J. M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2023). Anger regulation in schizophrenia: Implications for functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 49(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbac112
  • Ruocco, A. C., Amirthavasagam, S., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2023). Anger experience and expression in clinical populations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 64, 101792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2022.101792
  • Rzewuska, M. (2002). Nonadherence to treatment in schizophrenia: Causes and consequences. European Psychiatry, 17(7), 330–337.
  • Schwabe, T., Junger, J., & Weber, H. (2022). Anger suppression and emotional stagnation in chronic psychiatric disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 298, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.057
  • Song, J. Y., & Min, S. K. (2023). Violence in schizophrenia: Symptom severity and social predictors. Psychiatry Investigation, 20(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2022.0201
  • Tani, P., Lindberg, N., & Appelberg, B. (2018). Medication adherence and aggression in schizophrenia: A followup study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1412107
  • Toth, A., Horvath, L., & Farkas, P. (2024). Positive symptoms and externalized anger: A predictive model in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 31(1), e12560. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12560
  • Yildiz, M., & Cerit, C. (2021). Interpersonal functioning in schizophrenia and impact on quality of life. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 19(3), 450– 458. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.450
  • Yılmaz, D., Aydın, N., & Sezer, H. (2023). Internalized anger in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid depression. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 77(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13447
  • Yöndem, Z., & Bıçak, B. (2008). Gender differences in anger expression: A Turkish perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 43(5), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701700503

Şizofreni Hastalarında Öfke İfade Tarzlarının ve Bunların Klinik ve Demografik Yordayıcılarının İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 142 - 149, 30.09.2025

Öz

Amaç:
Bu tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel çalışma, psikiyatri servisinde yatarak tedavi gören şizofreni hastalarında öfke ifade tarzlarını ve bu tarzları etkileyen demografik (örn. cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum), klinik (örn. hastalık süresi, ilaç uyumu) ve semptom şiddeti (pozitif ve negatif semptomlar) gibi faktörleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Yöntem:
Araştırma örneklemini, DSM-5 tanı kriterlerine göre en az altı aydır şizofreni tanısı almış, bir üniversite hastanesinde yatarak tedavi görmekte olan 70 hasta oluşturmuştur. Veriler; Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Sürekli Öfke ve Öfke İfade Tarzı Ölçeği, Pozitif Semptomları Değerlendirme Ölçeği ve Negatif Semptomları Değerlendirme Ölçeği kullanılarak yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Klinik bilgiler hasta dosyalarıyla teyit edilmiştir. Ölçeklerin güvenilirliği Cronbach’s alfa katsayısı ile değerlendirilmiş; veri analizinde parametrik olmayan testler (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H) kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular:
Sürekli öfke puan ortalaması 25,88±5,36; sanrı alt boyutu ortalaması 14,45±11,35 ve anhedoni/sosyal çekilme alt boyutu ortalaması 14,62±5,22 olarak bulunmuştur. Öfke-içe düzeyi cinsiyet ve hastalık süresiyle; öfke-dışa düzeyi mesleki durum ve aile yapısıyla anlamlı ilişkili bulunmuştur. Sürekli öfke ve öfke-dışa düzeyleri ise şiddet davranışı öyküsü ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkilidir.
Pozitif semptomları baskın olan bireylerin öfke kontrol düzeylerinin daha düşük olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Şiddet öyküsü olan ve ilaç uyumu zayıf bireylerde öfkenin daha çok dışa vurulduğu tespit edilmiştir. Pozitif düşünce bozukluğu alt boyutu ile öfke-dışa arasında pozitif yönlü, düşük düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (r = 0,286; p = 0,016). Halüsinasyon düzeyi ile öfke kontrolü arasında ise negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (r = –0,276; p = 0,021).

Tartışma:
Pozitif semptomların baskın olduğu şizofreni hastalarında öfke kontrolünün daha zayıf olduğu görülmektedir. Şiddet öyküsü olan ve tedaviye uyumsuz bireylerin öfkelerini dışa vurma eğilimi daha fazladır. Bu durum, bilişsel çarpıtmalar, dürtü kontrol bozuklukları ve çevresel stres etkenleriyle ilişkili olabilir. Elde edilen bulgular, öfke ifade tarzlarının semptom profiliyle ilişkili olduğunu göstermekte ve kişiye özel tedavi yaklaşımları açısından değerli ipuçları sunmaktadır.

Sonuç:
Şizofreni hastalarında öfke ifade tarzları; bireysel, sosyal ve klinik faktörlerle yakından ilişkilidir. Tedavi süreçlerinde bireyin semptom profiline uygun yapılandırılmış öfke yönetimi programlarının, psikososyal desteklerin ve ilaç uyumunu artırmaya yönelik girişimlerin entegre edilmesi önerilmektedir. Psikiyatri hemşirelerinin öfke yönetimi ve stresle baş etme becerilerini destekleyecek eğitimler planlaması, nükslerin önlenmesinde ve tedaviye bağlılığın artırılmasında etkili olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Bo, S., Abu-Akel, A., & Bertelsen, A. (2023). Violence in patients with schizophrenia: The role of anger and psychotic symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 315, 114789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114789
  • Engin, E., Özgür, G., & Kurçer, M. A. (2022). Trait anger and anger expression styles in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 36, 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2021.10.005
  • Ergin, T., Yıldız, M., & Öztürk, F. (2006). Relationship between unemployment and aggression in psychiatric patients. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7(3), 143–150.
  • Fassino, S., Amianto, F., & Ferrero, A. (2023). Family dynamics and externalized anger in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 211(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001550
  • Gadea, M., Espert, R., & Salvador, A. (2023). Panic, anxiety, and anger regulation in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 120, 152345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152345
  • Gulec, M. Y., Ustun, B., & Arikan, K. (2022). Clinical challenges in schizophrenia management. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 33(2), 120–127.
  • Kaya, B., Gençöz, T., & Savaşır, I. (2007). Gender differences in anger expression among Turkish adults. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 22(60), 25–34.
  • Kassinove, H., & Tafrate, R. C. (2023). Anger-related aggression in clinical populations: Assessment and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 150– 163. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23375
  • Köşger, F., Demir, S., & Ertekin, H. (2014). Social withdrawal and delusion in schizophrenia: Their effect on anger expression. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25(3), 157–164.
  • Kristof, M., Bauer, J., & Seifert, D. (2018). Aggression in schizophrenia: The impact of positive symptoms. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 103, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.011
  • Lee, M. H., Kim, J. S., & Choi, H. J. (2023). The relationship between social functioning and symptom profiles in schizophrenia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 81, 103463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103463
  • Modestin, J. (2023). Positive symptoms and violence in schizophrenia: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 25(4), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023- 01447-6
  • Ozturk, M. O., & Ulusahin, A. (2023). Ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Özmen, D., Erbay, F., & Arıkan, N. (2016). Gender and aggression in Turkish psychiatric settings. Cinsiyet ve Davranış Dergisi, 12(2), 85–92.
  • Reddy, M. S. (2023). Managing aggression in schizophrenia: Clinical strategies. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(2), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_831_22
  • Ringer, J. M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2023). Anger regulation in schizophrenia: Implications for functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 49(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbac112
  • Ruocco, A. C., Amirthavasagam, S., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2023). Anger experience and expression in clinical populations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 64, 101792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2022.101792
  • Rzewuska, M. (2002). Nonadherence to treatment in schizophrenia: Causes and consequences. European Psychiatry, 17(7), 330–337.
  • Schwabe, T., Junger, J., & Weber, H. (2022). Anger suppression and emotional stagnation in chronic psychiatric disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 298, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.057
  • Song, J. Y., & Min, S. K. (2023). Violence in schizophrenia: Symptom severity and social predictors. Psychiatry Investigation, 20(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2022.0201
  • Tani, P., Lindberg, N., & Appelberg, B. (2018). Medication adherence and aggression in schizophrenia: A followup study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1412107
  • Toth, A., Horvath, L., & Farkas, P. (2024). Positive symptoms and externalized anger: A predictive model in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 31(1), e12560. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12560
  • Yildiz, M., & Cerit, C. (2021). Interpersonal functioning in schizophrenia and impact on quality of life. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 19(3), 450– 458. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.450
  • Yılmaz, D., Aydın, N., & Sezer, H. (2023). Internalized anger in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid depression. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 77(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13447
  • Yöndem, Z., & Bıçak, B. (2008). Gender differences in anger expression: A Turkish perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 43(5), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701700503
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İç Hastalıkları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Meral Kelleci

Ertan Türe 0000-0002-0612-6179

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kelleci, M., & Türe, E. (2025). Investigation of Anger Expression Styles in Patients with Schizophrenia and Their Clinical and Demographic Predictors. Turkish Journal of Science and Health, 6(3), 142-149. https://doi.org/10.51972/tfsd.1708929