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Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riski

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 75 Sayı: 2, 195 - 212, 01.06.2018

Öz

Kozmetik ürünlerinin yapımında, 5.000’in üstünde kimyasal kullanımı söz konusudur. Kuaförlük mesleği çalışanları, başlıca saç ürünleri ve yanı sıra tırnak ve cilt bakımında kullanılan çok sayıda kozmetik ürüne mesleki olarak maruz kalmaktadır. Bu ürünlerin mesleki olarak kullanımı esnasında başlıca deri ve solunum yolu ile çok sayıda tahriş edici irritan , alerjik ve karsinojenik potansiyeli olan kimyasallara örn; amino nitro fenoller, hidrojen peroksit, para-fenilendiamin, orto ve metatoluidin, N-nitrozodietanolamin, etanol, aseton, toluen, ksilen, amonyak, terpenler, metilizotiyazolinon, rezorsinol, hidrokinon, metilmetakrilat, tiyoglikolik asit ve formaldehit gibi maruziyet söz konusu olup, bu mesleki maruziyetlerin kişisel maruziyetlere göre çok daha fazla ve uzun süreli olduğu bilinmektedir. Uluslararası Kanser Araştırma Kurumu IARC ’nun yaptığı değerlendirmede, kuaförlük ya da berberlik mesleği, mesane kanseri risk verileri esas alındığında Grup 2A’ da insanda muhtemelen karsinojenik yer almaktadır. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda, bazı saç boyası ve saç şekillendirici ürünlerde insan karsinojeni Grup 1 olarak sınıflandırılan orto-toluidin kimyasalının tespit edilmesi ve yanı sıra saç düzleştirme çözeltileri içerisinde bulunan formaldehit’in Grup 1 çalışma ortamında izin verilen limitlerin çok üstünde bulunduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra diğer bazı kozmetik ürün içeriklerinin oksidatif stres ve DNA hasar göstergelerinde, düzensizliklere neden olduğu deneysel sistemlerde gösterilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu tip kozmetik ürünleri profesyonel olarak kullanan bireylerin sağlık risklerinin değerlendirilmesi daha önemli hale gelmektedir. Ülkemizde yaklaşık 160.000 bireyin kuaförlük mesleğinde olduğu ve bu bireylerin mesleki olarak yüzlerce kimyasal etkene potansiyel maruziyetlerinin söz konusu olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ancak ülkemizde bu meslek grubunun çeşitli kimyasallara maruziyetlerinin ve buna bağlı lokal ve sistemik toksik etkilerin değerlendirildiği, geniş kapsamlı çalışmalar bulunmamaktadır. Gerek araştırıcıların ve gerekse meslek mensuplarının bu konudaki farkındalıklarının artması gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede, kuaförlük mesleğinde çalışanların potansiyel olarak maruz kaldığı kimyasallar tanıtılarak, özellikle insan karsinojeni olarak sınıflandırılmış kimyasalların orto-toluidin ve formaldehit lokal ve sistemik toksik etkileri, ulusal ve uluslararası yasal düzenlemelerdeki durumu ve mesleki maruziyet ile ilişkili sağlık risklerine dikkat çekilmiş ve diğer bazı kozmetik ürün içeriklerinin toksik etkileri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir

Kaynakça

  • 1. Anonymous. Barbers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists. https://www.bls.gov/ ooh/ personal care-and-service/barbershairdressersand- cosmetologists, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 2. Anonymous. ‘How to Get Along Code’. Europe/ Uni-Europa. Code of Conduct. Guidelines for European Hairdressers. 2001.
  • 3. Anonymous. Esnaf ve Sanatkâr İstatistikleri Bülteni, T.C. Gümrük ve Ticaret Bakanlığı Esnaf ve Sanatkârlar Genel Müdürlüğü, http:// esnaf. gtb. gov. tr/ data/ 531d84fe487c8ebb2c3883ba /%C5%9Eubat_2014_esnaf.pdf., (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 4. Anonymous. Occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colourants. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 1993;57:43118.
  • 5. Silverman DT, Morrison AS, Devesa SS. Bladder Cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996:1156-79.
  • 6. Babish JG, Scarlett JM, Voekler SE, Gutenmann WH, Lisk DJ. Urinary mutagens in cosmetologists and dental personnel. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1991; 34: 197-206.
  • 7. Ameille J, Pauli G, Calastreng-Crinquand A, Vervloët D, Iwatsubo Y, PopinE, et al. Occupational asthma in France, 1996–99: the ONAP programme. Occup Environ Med, 2003; 60: 136-41.
  • 8. O’Connell RL, White IR, Mc Fadden JP, White JML. Hairdressers with dermatitis should always be patch tested regardless of atopy status. Contact Dermatitis, 2010; 62: 177-81.
  • 9. Esin MN, Bulduk S, Ince H. Work related risksand health problems of working children in urban Istanbul, Turkey. J Occup Health, 2005; 47 (5): 431-6.
  • 10. Anonymous. Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 2010; 99: 1-678.
  • 11. Cote TR, Dosemeci M, Rothman N, Banks, RB, Biggar RJ. Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma and occupational exposure to hair dyes among people with AIDS. Am J Public Health, 1993; 83: 598-99.
  • 12. Anonymous. European Union Open Data Portal. Cosmetic ingredient database (Cosing). List of substances prohibited in cosmetic products. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/ cosing/pdf/COSING_Annex%20II_v2.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 13. Turesky RJ, Freeman JP, Holland RD, Nestorick DM, Miller DW, Ratnasinghe DL, Kadlubar FF. Identification of aminobiphenyl derivatives in commercial hair dyes. Chem Res Toxicol, 2003; 16: 1162-73.
  • 14. Akyuz M, Ata S. Determination of aromatic amines in hair dye and henna samples by ionpair extraction and gas chromatographymass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2008; 47:68-80.
  • 15. Johansson GM, Jönsson BA, Axmon A, Lindh CH, Lind ML, Gustavsson M, et al. Exposure of hairdressers to ortho- and meta-toluidine in hair dyes. Occup Environ Med, 2015; 72: 57-63.
  • 16. Durgam S, Page E, Formaldehyde Exposures During Brazilian Blowout Hair Smoothing Treatment at a Hair Salon – Ohio. Health Hazard Evaluation Report, HETA 2011-0014-3147, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Department of Health and Human Services. 2011.
  • 17. Mbulelo HM, Peter S, Nonhlanhla PK. Elevated formaldehyde concentration in ‘‘Brazilian keratin type’’ hair-straightening products: a cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2014;70: 276-80.
  • 18. Peteffi GP, Antunes MV, Carrer C, Valandro ET, Santos S, Glaeser J, et al. Environmental and biological monitoring of occupational formaldehyde exposure resulting from the use of products for hair straightening. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2016; 23 (1): 908-17.
  • 19. Anonmyous. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. Vol.100F. A review of human Carcinogens. France: Lyon. 2012; 401-30, http:// monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/ vol100F/ mono100F.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 20. Sollund BE, Moen BE. Chemical exposure in hairdresser salons: effect of local exhaust ventilation. Ann Occup Hyg, 1998; 42 (4): 277- 81.
  • 21. Deschamps F, Langrand J, Lesage FX. Health assessment of self-employed hairdressers in France. J Occup Health, 2014; 56 (2): 157-63.
  • 22. Mandiracioglu A, Kose S, Gozaydin A, Turken M, Kuzucu L. Occupational health risks of barbers and coiffeurs in Izmir. Indian J Occup Environ Med, 2009; 13 (2): 92-6.
  • 23. Bahi T, Carlos RM, Agustı´n MM. Risk of cancer among hairdressers and related workers: a metaanalysis. Int J Epidemiol, 2009; 38: 1512- 31.
  • 24. Dario C, Sara De M, Jay HL, Sholom W, Margaret T, Angela CP, et al. Lung cancer and occupation in a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol, 2010; 171: 323-33.
  • 25. Melanie H, Anja S, Grita S, Madeleine D, Albert N. Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a metaanalysis. Occup Environ Med, 2010; 67: 351-8.
  • 26. Sardaş S, Aygün N, Karakaya AE. Genotoxicity studies on professional hair colorists exposed to oxidation hair dyes. Mutat Res, 1997; 394 (1-3): 153-61.
  • 27. İlbars H. Kuaförlerde ve kozmetik üretim yerinde çalışan bireylerde olası genotoksik etkilerin mikroçekirdek testi ile araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1997.
  • 28. Mai´ra PG, Priscila K, Gisele M, Gilka FG. Assessment of occupational genotoxic risk among brazilian hairdressers. Ann Occup Hyg, 2008; 52 (7): 645–51.
  • 29. Rickes LN, Alvarengo MC, Souza TM, Garcias GL, Martino-Roth MG. Increased micronucleus frequency in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa in hairdressers. Genet Mol Res, 2010; 9 (3): 1921-8.
  • 30. Huiqi L, Gabriella K, Carola L, Ayman A, Tomasz KW, Karin B, Maria A. Alterations of Telomere Length and DNA Methylation in Hairdressers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Environ Mol Mutagen, 2016; 57: 159-67.
  • 31. Aslantürk ÖS, Aşkin Çelik T. Genotoxic risk assessment in professionals working hairdressers area using buccal micronucleus assay, in Aydın City, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017; 24 (17): 14700-5.
  • 32. Alexandra T, Argyro L, Stavroula C, Athena L, Nikos E, Evangelos CA. Indoor air in beauty salons and occupational health exposure of cosmetologists to chemical substances. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2010; 7: 314-24.
  • 33. Michelle S, Trevor B, Kazukiyo K, Mark N. Formaldehyde exposure during simulated use of a hair straightening product. J Occup Environ Hyg, 2013; 10: 104–10.
  • 34. Peter G, Maciej S, Magdalena BK, Radosław Ś, Anna SP, Ewa T, et al. Dysregulation of markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage among nail technicians despite low exposure to volatile organic compounds. Scand J Work Environ Health, 2015; 41 (6): 579–93.
  • 35. Anonymous. National Toxicology Program (NTP).o-Toluidine and o-toluidine hydrochloride. Report on Carcinogens, 2004; 11: 258–9. https:// ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 36. English JC, Bhat VS, Ball GL, McLellan CJ. Establishing a total allowable concentration of o-toluidine in drinking water incorporating early lifestage exposure and susceptibility. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2012; 64 (2): 269-284.
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  • 43. Carreón T, Hein MJ, Viet SM, Hanley KW, Ruder AM, Ward EM. Increased bladder cancer risk among workers exposed to o-toluidine and aniline: a re-analysis. Occup Environ Med, 2014; 67: 348–350.
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Occupational Exposure to the Chemicals in Hairdressing Salons and Health Risk

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 75 Sayı: 2, 195 - 212, 01.06.2018

Öz

More than 5000 chemicals are used in cosmetic products. Hairdressers have been occupationally exposed to a great number of products involving mainly hair as well as nail and skin care products. Professionals using these products have been exposed to a number of chemicals e.g. aminonitrophenols, hydrogen peroxide, para-phenylenediamine, orthoand meta toluidine, N-nitrosodiethanolamine, ethanol, acetone, toluene, xylene, ammonia, terpenes, methylisothiazolinone, resorcinol, hydroquinone, methyl metacrylate, thioglycolic acid and formaldehyde, etc. which are irritant, allergic and potential carcinogenic through primarily dermal and inhalation routes and these occupational exposures have known to be much higher and long term than individual ones. Occupational exposures as a hairdresser or barber are probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2A to the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC evaluation based on bladder cancer risk data. Recent studies have indicated that ortho-toluidine classified as a human carcinogen Group 1 has been found in some of hair dyes and hair conditioner products, furthermore, formaldehyde Group 1 used in hair straightener üstünde bulunduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra diğer bazı kozmetik ürün içeriklerinin oksidatif stres ve DNA hasar göstergelerinde, düzensizliklere neden olduğu deneysel sistemlerde gösterilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu tip kozmetik ürünleri profesyonel olarak kullanan bireylerin sağlık risklerinin değerlendirilmesi daha önemli hale gelmektedir. Ülkemizde yaklaşık 160.000 bireyin kuaförlük mesleğinde olduğu ve bu bireylerin mesleki olarak yüzlerce kimyasal etkene potansiyel maruziyetlerinin söz konusu olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ancak ülkemizde bu meslek grubunun çeşitli kimyasallara maruziyetlerinin ve buna bağlı lokal ve sistemik toksik etkilerin değerlendirildiği, geniş kapsamlı çalışmalar bulunmamaktadır. Gerek araştırıcıların ve gerekse meslek mensuplarının bu konudaki farkındalıklarının artması gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede, kuaförlük mesleğinde çalışanların potansiyel olarak maruz kaldığı kimyasallar tanıtılarak, özellikle insan karsinojeni olarak sınıflandırılmış kimyasalların orto-toluidin ve formaldehit lokal ve sistemik toksik etkileri, ulusal ve uluslararası yasal düzenlemelerdeki durumu ve mesleki maruziyet ile ilişkili sağlık risklerine dikkat çekilmiş ve diğer bazı kozmetik ürün içeriklerinin toksik etkileri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir

Kaynakça

  • 1. Anonymous. Barbers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists. https://www.bls.gov/ ooh/ personal care-and-service/barbershairdressersand- cosmetologists, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 2. Anonymous. ‘How to Get Along Code’. Europe/ Uni-Europa. Code of Conduct. Guidelines for European Hairdressers. 2001.
  • 3. Anonymous. Esnaf ve Sanatkâr İstatistikleri Bülteni, T.C. Gümrük ve Ticaret Bakanlığı Esnaf ve Sanatkârlar Genel Müdürlüğü, http:// esnaf. gtb. gov. tr/ data/ 531d84fe487c8ebb2c3883ba /%C5%9Eubat_2014_esnaf.pdf., (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 4. Anonymous. Occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colourants. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 1993;57:43118.
  • 5. Silverman DT, Morrison AS, Devesa SS. Bladder Cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996:1156-79.
  • 6. Babish JG, Scarlett JM, Voekler SE, Gutenmann WH, Lisk DJ. Urinary mutagens in cosmetologists and dental personnel. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1991; 34: 197-206.
  • 7. Ameille J, Pauli G, Calastreng-Crinquand A, Vervloët D, Iwatsubo Y, PopinE, et al. Occupational asthma in France, 1996–99: the ONAP programme. Occup Environ Med, 2003; 60: 136-41.
  • 8. O’Connell RL, White IR, Mc Fadden JP, White JML. Hairdressers with dermatitis should always be patch tested regardless of atopy status. Contact Dermatitis, 2010; 62: 177-81.
  • 9. Esin MN, Bulduk S, Ince H. Work related risksand health problems of working children in urban Istanbul, Turkey. J Occup Health, 2005; 47 (5): 431-6.
  • 10. Anonymous. Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 2010; 99: 1-678.
  • 11. Cote TR, Dosemeci M, Rothman N, Banks, RB, Biggar RJ. Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma and occupational exposure to hair dyes among people with AIDS. Am J Public Health, 1993; 83: 598-99.
  • 12. Anonymous. European Union Open Data Portal. Cosmetic ingredient database (Cosing). List of substances prohibited in cosmetic products. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/ cosing/pdf/COSING_Annex%20II_v2.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 13. Turesky RJ, Freeman JP, Holland RD, Nestorick DM, Miller DW, Ratnasinghe DL, Kadlubar FF. Identification of aminobiphenyl derivatives in commercial hair dyes. Chem Res Toxicol, 2003; 16: 1162-73.
  • 14. Akyuz M, Ata S. Determination of aromatic amines in hair dye and henna samples by ionpair extraction and gas chromatographymass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2008; 47:68-80.
  • 15. Johansson GM, Jönsson BA, Axmon A, Lindh CH, Lind ML, Gustavsson M, et al. Exposure of hairdressers to ortho- and meta-toluidine in hair dyes. Occup Environ Med, 2015; 72: 57-63.
  • 16. Durgam S, Page E, Formaldehyde Exposures During Brazilian Blowout Hair Smoothing Treatment at a Hair Salon – Ohio. Health Hazard Evaluation Report, HETA 2011-0014-3147, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Department of Health and Human Services. 2011.
  • 17. Mbulelo HM, Peter S, Nonhlanhla PK. Elevated formaldehyde concentration in ‘‘Brazilian keratin type’’ hair-straightening products: a cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2014;70: 276-80.
  • 18. Peteffi GP, Antunes MV, Carrer C, Valandro ET, Santos S, Glaeser J, et al. Environmental and biological monitoring of occupational formaldehyde exposure resulting from the use of products for hair straightening. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2016; 23 (1): 908-17.
  • 19. Anonmyous. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. Vol.100F. A review of human Carcinogens. France: Lyon. 2012; 401-30, http:// monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/ vol100F/ mono100F.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 20. Sollund BE, Moen BE. Chemical exposure in hairdresser salons: effect of local exhaust ventilation. Ann Occup Hyg, 1998; 42 (4): 277- 81.
  • 21. Deschamps F, Langrand J, Lesage FX. Health assessment of self-employed hairdressers in France. J Occup Health, 2014; 56 (2): 157-63.
  • 22. Mandiracioglu A, Kose S, Gozaydin A, Turken M, Kuzucu L. Occupational health risks of barbers and coiffeurs in Izmir. Indian J Occup Environ Med, 2009; 13 (2): 92-6.
  • 23. Bahi T, Carlos RM, Agustı´n MM. Risk of cancer among hairdressers and related workers: a metaanalysis. Int J Epidemiol, 2009; 38: 1512- 31.
  • 24. Dario C, Sara De M, Jay HL, Sholom W, Margaret T, Angela CP, et al. Lung cancer and occupation in a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol, 2010; 171: 323-33.
  • 25. Melanie H, Anja S, Grita S, Madeleine D, Albert N. Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a metaanalysis. Occup Environ Med, 2010; 67: 351-8.
  • 26. Sardaş S, Aygün N, Karakaya AE. Genotoxicity studies on professional hair colorists exposed to oxidation hair dyes. Mutat Res, 1997; 394 (1-3): 153-61.
  • 27. İlbars H. Kuaförlerde ve kozmetik üretim yerinde çalışan bireylerde olası genotoksik etkilerin mikroçekirdek testi ile araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1997.
  • 28. Mai´ra PG, Priscila K, Gisele M, Gilka FG. Assessment of occupational genotoxic risk among brazilian hairdressers. Ann Occup Hyg, 2008; 52 (7): 645–51.
  • 29. Rickes LN, Alvarengo MC, Souza TM, Garcias GL, Martino-Roth MG. Increased micronucleus frequency in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa in hairdressers. Genet Mol Res, 2010; 9 (3): 1921-8.
  • 30. Huiqi L, Gabriella K, Carola L, Ayman A, Tomasz KW, Karin B, Maria A. Alterations of Telomere Length and DNA Methylation in Hairdressers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Environ Mol Mutagen, 2016; 57: 159-67.
  • 31. Aslantürk ÖS, Aşkin Çelik T. Genotoxic risk assessment in professionals working hairdressers area using buccal micronucleus assay, in Aydın City, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017; 24 (17): 14700-5.
  • 32. Alexandra T, Argyro L, Stavroula C, Athena L, Nikos E, Evangelos CA. Indoor air in beauty salons and occupational health exposure of cosmetologists to chemical substances. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2010; 7: 314-24.
  • 33. Michelle S, Trevor B, Kazukiyo K, Mark N. Formaldehyde exposure during simulated use of a hair straightening product. J Occup Environ Hyg, 2013; 10: 104–10.
  • 34. Peter G, Maciej S, Magdalena BK, Radosław Ś, Anna SP, Ewa T, et al. Dysregulation of markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage among nail technicians despite low exposure to volatile organic compounds. Scand J Work Environ Health, 2015; 41 (6): 579–93.
  • 35. Anonymous. National Toxicology Program (NTP).o-Toluidine and o-toluidine hydrochloride. Report on Carcinogens, 2004; 11: 258–9. https:// ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 36. English JC, Bhat VS, Ball GL, McLellan CJ. Establishing a total allowable concentration of o-toluidine in drinking water incorporating early lifestage exposure and susceptibility. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2012; 64 (2): 269-284.
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  • 38. Weisburger EK, Russfield AB, Homburger F, Weisburger JH, Boger E, Van Dongen CG, et al. Testing of twenty-one environmental aromatic amines or derivatives for long-term toxicity or carcinogenicity. J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1978; 2: 325–56.
  • 39. Jodynis-Liebert J, Murias M. Modulation of antioxidant defence system by dietary fat in rats intoxicated with o-toluidine. Hum Exp Toxicol, 2002; 21: 659-65.
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  • 41. Sorahan T. Bladder cancer risks in workers manufacturing chemicals for the rubber industry. Occup Med (Lond), 2008; 58: 496–501.
  • 42. Gaber K, Harreus UA, Matthias C, Kleinsasser NH, Richter E. Hemoglobin adducts of the human bladder carcinogen o-toluidine after treatment with the local anesthetic prilocaine. Toxicology 2007; 229(12): 157-164.
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  • 45. Anonymous. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS): Opinion on methylene glycol. SCCS/1483/12, 2012.
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  • 47. Tulpule K, Hohnholt MC, Dringen R. Formaldehyde metabolism and formaldehydeinduced stimulation of lactate production and glutathione export in cultured neurons. J Neurochem, 2013; 125 (2): 260-72.
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  • 51. Burgaz S, Erdem O, Cakmak G, Erdem N, Karakaya A, Karakaya AE. Cytogenetic analysis of buccal cells from shoe-workers and pathology and anatomy laboratory workers exposed to n-hexane, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone and formaldehyde. Biomarkers, 2002; 7 (2): 151- 61. Erratum in: Biomarkers, 2006; 11 (4): 383.
  • 52. Shaham J, Gurvich R, Kaufman Z. Sister chromatid exchange in pathology staff occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat Res, 2002; 514: 115–23.
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  • 54. Attia D, Mansour N, Taha F, Seif El Dein A. Assessment of lipid peroxidation and p53 as a biomarker of carcinogenesis among workers exposed to formaldehyde in the cosmetic industry. Toxicol Ind Health, 2016; 32 (6): 1097- 105.
  • 55. Gan HF,Meng XS,Song CH,Li BX. A survey on health effects in a human population exposed to permanent-waving solution containing thioglycolic acid. J Occup Health, 2003; 45 (6): 400-4.
  • 56. Zanoni TB, Hudari F, Munnia A, Peluso M, Godschalk RW, Zanoni MV, et al. The oxidation of p-phenylenediamine, an ingredient used for permanent hair dyeing purposes, leads to the formation of hydroxyl radicals: oxidative stress and DNA damage in human immortalized keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett, 2015, 15; 239 (3): 194-204.
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  • 58. Anonmyous. ÇASGEM, Meslek Hastalıkları. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık. 2013.
  • 59. Anonymous. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Faaliyet Raporu, Şubat 2015. http://www.sp. gov.tr/ upload/xSPRapor/ files /vYbQW+2014_faaliyet_ raporu.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017).
  • 60. Burgaz S. Türkiye’de sağlık çalışanlarının mesleki riskleri-kimyasal tehlikeler. Sağlık ve Toplum, 2004, 14 (1): 16-25.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ayça Aktaş Şüküroğlu Bu kişi benim

Sema Burgaz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 75 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aktaş Şüküroğlu, A., & Burgaz, S. (2018). Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riski. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 75(2), 195-212.
AMA Aktaş Şüküroğlu A, Burgaz S. Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riski. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. Haziran 2018;75(2):195-212.
Chicago Aktaş Şüküroğlu, Ayça, ve Sema Burgaz. “Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet Ve Sağlık Riski”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 75, sy. 2 (Haziran 2018): 195-212.
EndNote Aktaş Şüküroğlu A, Burgaz S (01 Haziran 2018) Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riski. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 75 2 195–212.
IEEE A. Aktaş Şüküroğlu ve S. Burgaz, “Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riski”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, c. 75, sy. 2, ss. 195–212, 2018.
ISNAD Aktaş Şüküroğlu, Ayça - Burgaz, Sema. “Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet Ve Sağlık Riski”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 75/2 (Haziran 2018), 195-212.
JAMA Aktaş Şüküroğlu A, Burgaz S. Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riski. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2018;75:195–212.
MLA Aktaş Şüküroğlu, Ayça ve Sema Burgaz. “Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet Ve Sağlık Riski”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, c. 75, sy. 2, 2018, ss. 195-12.
Vancouver Aktaş Şüküroğlu A, Burgaz S. Kuaför Salonlarındaki Kimyasallara Mesleki Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riski. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2018;75(2):195-212.