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Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment

Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı 30 Kasım 2025
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Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment

Öz

Ṣūfī orders played a central role in shaping popular religiosity in the Indian subcontinent, fostering social cohesion, and advancing the spread of Islam through peaceful means. This study analyzes the transformative contributions of the Chishtiyya, Suhrawardiyya, Qādiriyya, and Naqshbandiyya from a sociological perspective by combining Max Weber’s theory of charismatic authority with Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, religious capital, and field. This research aims to reveal how orders constructed a distinctive religious habitus through interaction with local culture, generated social transformation through charismatic leadership and the accumulation of religious capital, and offered egalitarian discourses against the rigid caste hierarchy, thereby creating bridges between diverse religious communities. This study contributes to the literature by holistically evaluating the spiritual and social effects of orders, synthesizing the theoretical concepts of Weber and Bourdieu. Employing document analysis based on a comprehensive literature review, the research focuses primarily on the early period and the Mughal era (11th–16th centuries), while deliberately excluding the British colonial and modern contexts. The findings demonstrate that Ṣūfī orders were effective on three levels: first, they shaped popular religiosity by blending Islamic teachings with local cultural elements, producing a form of religiosity with mystical and practical dimensions; second, they developed egalitarian discourses against the rigid hierarchy of the caste system, thereby facilitating conversion to Islam among lower castes and assuming a unifying role among different religious groups; and third, they spread Islam through peaceful methods of daʿwa based on exemplary conduct rather than coercion. The study concludes that Ṣūfī orders were not merely religious institutions but pivotal agents of social transformation. Their inclusive and tolerant approaches enabled the peaceful expansion of Islam in a multi-religious and multicultural environment. This process, grounded in charismatic leadership, religious capital, and the creation of a unique habitus, highlights the enduring significance of Ṣūfī traditions for understanding the dynamics of religion and society in the Indian subcontinent.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Algar, Hamid. “Bahâeddi̇n Zekeri̇yyâ”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 4/462-463. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1991.
  2. Algar, Hamid. “Nakşi̇bendi̇yye”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 32/335-342. TDV Yayınları: İstanbul, 2006.
  3. Anjum, Tanvir. “‘Be Hell for Those Who Call Me Saiyyid’: Social Stratification among the South Asian Muslims and the Sufi Worldview”. Pakistan Journal of History and Culture 32/2 (2011), 43-64.
  4. Anjum, Tanvir. “Vernacularization of Islam and Sufism in South Asia: A study of the production of sufi literature in local languages”. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 54/1 (2017), 190-207.
  5. Atalay, Mehmet. “İmâm Rabbânî’ni̇n Efzali̇yyeti̇ Meselesi̇ ve ‘Şehîd’ Kavramı Eksenli̇ Çözümü”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 2/43 (2019), 41-53.
  6. Aydınlı, Ayşenur - Tosun, Necdet. “Hind Alt Kıtası Sühreverdiyye Literatürü (XIII-XV. Yüzyıl)”. Tasavvuf İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 25/49 (2022), 55-91.
  7. Azamat, Nihat. “Kādi̇ri̇yye”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 24/131-136. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2001.
  8. Baltacı, Ali. “Habitus: Dini İnanç Habitusunun Oluşumu Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme”. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 5/2 (2018), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.30803/adusobed.411797

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Kasım 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

16 Ağustos 2025

Kabul Tarihi

3 Kasım 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

APA
Zavalsiz, M. (2025). Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 281-304. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1764321
AMA
1.Zavalsiz M. Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment. TİD. 2025;12(Özel Sayı):281-304. doi:10.33718/tid.1764321
Chicago
Zavalsiz, Mesut. 2025. “Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12 (Özel Sayı): 281-304. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1764321.
EndNote
Zavalsiz M (01 Kasım 2025) Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12 Özel Sayı 281–304.
IEEE
[1]M. Zavalsiz, “Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment”, TİD, c. 12, sy Özel Sayı, ss. 281–304, Kas. 2025, doi: 10.33718/tid.1764321.
ISNAD
Zavalsiz, Mesut. “Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12/Özel Sayı (01 Kasım 2025): 281-304. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1764321.
JAMA
1.Zavalsiz M. Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment. TİD. 2025;12:281–304.
MLA
Zavalsiz, Mesut. “Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, c. 12, sy Özel Sayı, Kasım 2025, ss. 281-04, doi:10.33718/tid.1764321.
Vancouver
1.Mesut Zavalsiz. Sufi Orders and the Social Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent: A Theoretical Assessment. TİD. 01 Kasım 2025;12(Özel Sayı):281-304. doi:10.33718/tid.1764321

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