Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Küresel Göç Krizi ve Kurumsal Şiddet: ABD-Meksika Sınırı Örneği

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 4-5, 307 - 323, 15.06.2020

Öz

Göç ve iltica nedenlerinin iç içe geçmesiyle günümüz dünyasında hukuki boyuttaki göçmen ve mülteci ayrımı pratikteki önemini giderek yitirmektedir. Soğuk Savaş sonrasında göç hareketliliğinde büyük artış yaşanırken, öncelikli göç destinasyonları olan G20 ülkelerinin önemli kısmı iltica ve göç politikalarını hukuki ve insani kaygılar yerine ekonomik kaygılar ve toplumsal talepler çerçevesinde şekillendirmektedirler. Bu yaklaşım gelişmiş ülkeleri insan haklarını; ulusal ve uluslararası hukuki düzenlemeleri yadsıyan iltica hakkını tanımamak, göçmenleri kamplara ve gözetim merkezlerine hapsetmek, çocukları ebeveynlerinden ayırmak gibi uygulamalara yöneltmektedir. ABD’nin Meksika sınırında uygulamakta olduğu sıfır tolerans politikası, bu eğilime somut bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Bu ve benzeri kurumsal şiddet uygulamaları, göçmenlere yönelik doğrudan şiddete giden yolu kısaltmakta ve kültürel şiddetten beslenirken ona zemin de hazırlamaktadır. Göçmenlere yönelik kurumsal şiddetin küresel düzeydeki yansımalarının ele alınması, Türkiye’nin güncel ve gelecekteki göç politikalarının insan hakları bağlamında belirlenmesine ve ülkenin hâlihazırda barındırdığı göçmen nüfusa yaklaşımı üzerine inşa ettiği yumuşak güçten daha etkin bir diplomasi aracı olarak yararlanmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • “Al final México pagará por el muro, afirma Trump; nunca, responde Peña Nieto”, Expansión, 29.03.2018, https://expansion.mx/mundo/2018/05/29/al-final-mexico-pagara-por-el-muro-afirma-trump-nunca-dice-pena-nieto (29.08.2019).
  • Androff, David K. ve Tavassoli, Kyoko Y. “Deaths in the Desert: The Human Rights Crisis on the U.S. Mexico Border”, Social Work, Vol. 57, No. 2, April 2012, s. 165-173.
  • Bäck, Allan. “Thinking Clearly about Violence”, Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, Vol. 117, No. 1/2, Selected Papers from the American Philosophical Association, Pacific Division, 2003 Meeting (Jan., 2004), s. 219-230.
  • Bargiacchi, Paolo. “Are European Security Policies Learning Some Lessons from the United States on Migration and Human Rights?”, Marko Novakovic (ed.), Common Law and Civil Law Today: Convergence and Divergence, Deleware: Vernon Press, 2019.
  • Bender, Steven W. ve Arrocha, William F. “Introduction”, Compassionate Migration and Regional Policy in the Americas, Steven W. Bender, William F. Arrocha (eds.), London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  • Border Angels. “Water Drops”, https://www.borderangels.org/water-drops.html (09.02.2020).
  • Felbab-Brown, Vanda. “The Wall: The Real Costs of a Barrier Between the United States and Mexico”, The Brookings Essay, August 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/essay/the-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico/ (08.08.2019).
  • Galtung, Johan. “Cultural Violence”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 27, No. 3., Aug., 1990, s. 291-305.
  • Galtung, Johan. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1969, s. 167-191 Herweck, Stefanie ve Nicols, Scott. “Death, Damage, and Failure: Past, Present, and Future Impacts of Walls on the U.S.-Mexico Border”, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Border Rights Center, 2018.
  • Hipsman, Faye ve Meissner, Doris. “Trump Executive Order and DHS Implementation Memo on Border Enforcement: A Brief Review”, Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2017.
  • Isaacson, Adam ve Meyer, Maureen. “Lessons From San Diego's Border Wall: The Limits to Using Walls for Migration, Drug Traficking Challenges.” WOLA Research Report, 2017, https://www.wola.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SDborderwallREPORT_3.pdf (02.09.2019).
  • Isaacson, Adam, Meyer, Maureen ve Hite, Adeline. “WOLA Report: The Zero Tolerance Policy”, 16 July 2018, https://www.wola.org/analysis/wola-report-zero-tolerance-policy/ (02.09.2019).
  • Jácome, Felipe. “Trans-Mexican Migration: a Case of Structural Violence”, Working Paper Series No. 2, Georgetown University Center for Latin American Studies, 2008, http://pdba.georgetown.edu/CLAS%20RESEARCH/Working%20Papers/WP2.pdf (29.09.2019)
  • Kahraman, Selçuk, Örselli, Erhan ve Bayrakçı, Erdal. “Syrian Refugees in Turkey and Governance of Refugee Camps”, Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2017, s. 34-43.
  • Kandel, William A. “The Trump Administration’s “Zero Tolerance” Immigration Enforcement Policy.” Congressional Research Service, R45266, February 26, 2019, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45266(24.09.2019).
  • Kelly, John. “Implementing the President’s Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements Policies”, Department of Homeland Security Memorandum, February 20, 2017, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/17_0220_S1_Implementing-the-Presidents-Border-Security-Immigration-Enforcement-Improvement-Policies.pdf (09.92.2020);
  • Lowenthal, Abraham F. “The Obama Administration and the Americas”, Abraham F. Lowenthal, Theodore J. Piccone, Laurence Whitehead (eds.), Shifting the Balance: Obama and the Americas, Washington D.C., Brookings Institution Press, 2011, s. 1-29.
  • OECD, ILO, IOM ve UNHCR. G20 International Migration Trends Report 2018, September 2018, http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/G20-international-migration-and-displacement-trends-report-2018.pdf (29.09.2019).
  • OECD, ILO, IOM ve UNHCR. International Migration and Displacement Trends and Policies Report to the G20, 2019, https://www.oecd.org/migration/mig/G20-migration-and-displacement-trends-and-policies-report-2019.pdf (29.11.2019)
  • Qiu, Linda. “The Many Ways Trump Has Said Mexico Will Pay for the Wall”, The New York Times, January 11, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/11/us/politics/trump-mexico-pay-wall.html (09.01.2020).
  • Ručman, Aleš Bučar. “Structural Violence and Migration: Explaining Global and Local Total Institutions”, Inter Faculty, Fragmentation and Divergence, Vol. 7, 2016, s. 37-55,
  • Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly. “Trump Demands Border Wall in the Face of Evidence Documenting Harms to Migrants, Border Communities, and the Environment”, The Torch, National Immigration Law Center, 07.05.2019, https://www.nilc.org/2019/05/07/border-wall-harms-migrants-communities-wildlife-environment/ (08.11.2019)
  • Taylor, Susannah. “Structural Violence, Oppression, and the Place-Based Marginality of Homelessness”, Canadian Social Work Review / Revue Canadienne de Service Social, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2013, s. 255-273.
  • The UN Refugee Agency. “Tragic image of drowned father and child must propel prevention measures”, 26.06.2019, https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/6/5d134c674/tragic-image-drowned-father-child-must-propel-prevention-measures.html (09.02.2020).
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division International Migration Flows to and from Selected Countries: The 2015 Revision (POP/DB/MIG/Flow/Rev.2015), 2015.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, International Migration Report 2017: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/404), 2017.
  • United States. Congress, House, Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Border and Maritime Security. “Securing Our Borders: Operational Control and the Path Forward: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Border and Maritime Security of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, February 15, 2011”, Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
  • UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). Global Study on Homicide 2019, Vienna, 2019.
  • U.S.-Mexico Border and Immigration Task Force. “U.S.-Mexico Border Policy Report: Effective Border Policy: Security, Responsibility and Human Rights at the U.S.-Mexico Border”, Washington, DC: Border Network for Human Rights, the Border Action Network, and the U.S.-Mexico Border and Immigration Task Force, 2008, https://law.utexas.edu/humanrights/borderwall/communities/municipalities-US-Mexico-Border-Policy-Report.pdf (02.09.2019).
  • Vorobej, Mark. “Structural Violence”, Peace Research, Vol. 40, No. 2, 2008, s. 84-98.
  • White House. “Executive Order 13767 of January 25, 2017, Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements”, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-border-security-immigration-enforcement-improvements/ (10.10.2019).
  • WOLA. What WOLA Experts Saw at the U.S-Mexico Border: ‘Zero Tolerance’ Policy is Creating a Mess, 28 June 2018, https://www.wola.org/2018/06/wola-experts-saw-u-s-mexico-border-zero-tolerance-policy-creating-mess (02.09.2019).
  • Wusten, H. Van der. “Galtungs Peaces: How to Deal with Various Forms of Violence”, GeoJournal, Postmodernity and the Territorial Discourse of Peace, Vol. 39, No. 4, August 1996, s. 405-407.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Segâh Tekin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 4-5

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekin, S. (2020). Küresel Göç Krizi ve Kurumsal Şiddet: ABD-Meksika Sınırı Örneği. Türkiye İnsan Hakları Ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi(4-5), 307-323.