Araştırma Makalesi
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Nitelikli ve Yeterli Eğitim Hakkının Karşılaştırmalı Hukuk Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 12, 159 - 197, 29.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.59162/tihek.1373729

Öz

Ülkenin dönüşmesi, kalkınması ve bireyin kendini gerçekleştirmesi amacıyla bireyler ve toplum açısından temel eğitime verilen önem, eğitim hakkının sadece okula kaydolma hakkını değil, aynı zamanda bu hakkın gereklerini yerine getirecek belirli standartlar ve kriterlere sahip yeterli eğitimi de içerdiği tezini de ön plana çıkarmıştır. Güney Afrika, Hindistan ve ABD'deki ayrımcılık ve refah eşitsizliğinin tarihi, bu konuyu daha da önemli hale getirmiştir. Bu ülkelerin mahkemeleri, özellikle bu hakkın belirli bir eğitim standardını garanti edip etmediğini ve eğer ediyorsa bu standardın ne olduğu gibi temel eğitimin yeterliliğine ilişkin hukuki soruları yeknesak bir şekilde yanıtlamamıştır. Bu makalede, söz konusu yargı alanlarındaki mahkemelerin yeterli temel eğitim hakkına ilişkin anlayışlarını karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bu karşılaştırma, bu hakkın gerçekleştirilmesinde devletlerin yükümlülüklerini belirlemek amacıyla ilgili ülkelerin anayasalarının ve uluslararası hukuk belgelerinin yorumlanması yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmektedir. Analizin ilk sorusu, mahkemelerin eğitim hakkının yeterli eğitim hakkını içerip içermediğine karar vermek için yasal belgeleri, özellikle de anayasalarını nasıl yorumladıklarıdır. İkinci nokta ise mahkemelerin temel eğitimin yeterlilik standartlarını nasıl belirlediği ve gerekçelendirdiğidir. Hindistan, Kentucky ve New Jersey yüksek mahkemelerinin temel eğitimin belirli anayasal standartlara tabi olduğunu belirttikleri, ancak bu mahkemelerin yeterlilik konusunda farklı anlayışlar sergiledikleri ileri sürülecektir. Kentucky Mahkemesi kapsamlı bir yeterlilik kriteri sağlamak için eğitim hakkının içeriğini incelerken, New Jersey Mahkemesi okulların maddi açıdan eşit finansmanına odaklanmıştır. Hindistan ve Güney Afrika Mahkemeleri ise yeterlilik kavramını içerik veya finansmandan ziyade okul tesislerinin yeterliliği açısından ele almıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Almeida, F. A. (2019). Right to Education in India - A Dream or A Reality?. International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 1(5), 1-15.
  • Areto, A. I. (2019). Enforcing the Right to Public Education. Arkansas Law Review, 72(2), 443-466.
  • Bajaj, R. (2021). Indian Supreme Court Strengthens Right to Education for Children with Disabilities, Oxford Human Rights Hub, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/indian-supreme-court-strengthens-right-to-education-for-children-with-disabilities/
  • Baker, B. D., Carlo, D. M., Weber, M. (2022). Ensuring Adequate Education Funding for All: A New Federal Foundation Aid Formula, Albert Shanker Institute, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED625864
  • Baxi, U. (1987). Taking suffering seriously: Social action litigation in the Supreme Court of India. In N. Thiruchelvam & R. Coomaraswamy, The Role of Judiciary in Plural Societies (s. 29-37). London: Frances Pinter.
  • Berger, E. (2003). The right to education under the South African Constitution, Columbia Law Review, 103, 614-661.
  • Berger, J. (2008). Litigating for social justice in post-apartheid South Africa: A focus on health and education. In V. Gauri, Courting Social Justice: Judicial Enforcement of Social and Economic Rights in the Developing World (s. 38-99). Cambridge University Press.
  • Black, D. W. (2019). The Fundamental Right to Education, Notre Dame Law Review, 94(3), 1059-1114. Buthelezi, M. C. (2022). The Impact of the Komape Judgment on the South African Common Law of Delict: An Analytical Review Komape v Minister of Basic Education [2020] 1 All SA 651 (SCA); 2020 (2) SA 347 (SCA). Obiter, 43(3), s. 630-641.
  • Calderhead, V. (2011). The right to an 'adequate' and 'equal' education in South Africa [Draft for Section 27 and Equal Education]. On 9 October 2023 accessed at: https://section27.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/The-Right-to-a-Basic-Education.pdf.
  • Chatterjee, C., Hanushek, E. A., Mahendiran, S. (2020). Can Greater Access to Education Be Inequitable? New Evidence from India’s Right to Education Act. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers. 27377.
  • Das, S. K. (2013). India's Rights Revolution: Has It Worked for the Poor? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dinan, J. (2010). School finance litigation: The third wave recedes. In J. M. Dunn & M. R. West, From Schoolhouse to Courthouse: The Judiciary's Role in American Education (s. 96-120). Brookings Institution Press.
  • Dubey, M. (2009). The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, Social Change, 40(1), 1-13.
  • Dyer, C., Sriprakash, A., Jacob, S., Thomas, N. (2022). The Social Contract and India’s Right to Education. Development and Change. 53(4), 889-911.
  • Feasley, A. (2014). Recognizing education rights in India and the United States: All roads lead to the courts? Pace International Law Review, 26(2), 1-31.
  • Fredman, S. (2008). Human Rights Transformed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Fredman, S. (2016). Procedure or Principle: The Role of Adjudication in Achieving the Right to Education, Constitutional Court Review, VI, 165-198.
  • Friedman, B., & Solow, S. (2013). The federal right to an adequate education, Washington Law Review, 81, 92-156.
  • Gillespie, L. N. (2010). The fourth wave of education finance litigation: Pursuing a federal right to an adequate education, Cornell Law Review, 95, 989-1020.
  • Goldin, C. (1999). A brief history of education in the United States, NBER Historical Working Papers, No 0119, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Harris, N. L. (2019). Adequate Education: The Disregarded Fundamental Right and Resurgence of Segregation of Public Schools, Mitchell Hamline Law Review, 45(1), 237-265.
  • Hershkoff, H., Yaffe, N. (2020). Unequal Liberty and a Right to Education, North Carolina Central Law Review, 43(1), 1-76.
  • Iyer, G., Counihan, C. (2018). When a Right Goes Wrong: The Unintended Consequences of India's Right to Education Act. Economic Affairs. 38(3), 367-379.
  • Jaffe, M., Kersch, M. (1991). Guaranteeing a state right to a quality education: The judicial-political dialogue in New Jersey, Journal of Law and Education, 20(3), 271-313.
  • Jamil, S. (2020). Impact of Justiciability of the Right to Education on its Enforcement in India and Pakistan. Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/node/12801
  • Kothari, J. (2004). Social rights and the Indian Constitution, Law, Social Justice & Global Development Journal, 2004(2). On 9 October 2023 accessed at: https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2004_2/kothari/.
  • Legal Resources Central. (2020). Litigating the Right to Education in SA – An Overview of Some of The Most Important Cases of The Last 10 Years, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://iafrica.com/litigating-the-right-to-education-in-sa-an-overview-of-some-of-the-most-important-cases-of-the-last-10-years/
  • Lichtenstein, J. S. (1991). Abbott v Burke: Reaffirming New Jersey's constitutional commitment to equal educational opportunity, Hofstra Law Review, 20, 429-494.
  • Liebenberg, S. (2010). Socio-economic rights: Adjudication under a transformative constitution, Claremont: Juta.
  • Martell, J. A. (1977). School finance reform: Robinson v Cahill. Urb L Ann, 13, 139-166.
  • Mcconnachie, C., & Mcconnachie, C. (2012). Concretising the right to a basic education, South African Law Journal, 129, 554-590.
  • Mondal, A., Islam, N. (2023) The Right to Education Act, 2009 in India after a decade: appraising achievements and exploring unkept promises. Education 3-13, 51(1), 87-106.
  • Moses, R. P. (2009). An earned insurgency: Quality education as a constitutional right. Harvard Educational Review, 79(2), 370-381.
  • Newman, A. (2013). Realizing Educational Rights: Advancing School Reform through Courts and Communities. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Nornes, A. (2022). Education is fundamental right, Public Interest Law Reporter, 28(1), 74-80.
  • Open Society Foundations. (2017). Strategic Litigation Impacts: Equal Access to Quality Education, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58e23de30.html
  • Pal, C., Chauhan, S. (2008). Education and caste in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 28(3), 217-234.
  • Plosia, J. (1987). Equal educational opportunity revisited: Abbott v Burke and the "thorough and efficient" law in New Jersey, Rutgers Law Review, 40, 193-215.
  • Rabin, Y. (2007). The many faces of the right to education. In D. Barak-Erez & A. Gross, Exploring Social Rights: Between Theory and Practice (s. 265-268). Hart.
  • Rebell, M. A. (2002). Educational adequacy, democracy, and the courts. In Ready, T., Edley, C.F., Achieving High Educational Standards for All: Conference Summary (s. 218-270), Washington: National Academies Press.
  • Rebell, M. A. (2019). The Right to Education in the American State Courts. In K. G. Young, The Future of Economic and Social Rights. Globalization and Human Rights (s. 137-157), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Reschovsky, A. (2006). Financing Schools in the New South Africa. Comparative Education Review, 50(1), 21-45.
  • Safier, K. (2001). The Question of a Fundamental Right to a Minimally Adequate Education. U Cin L Rev, 69, 993, 1018-1020.
  • Sciarra, D. G. (2009). Enhancing Court Capacity to Enforce Education Rights: Judicial Tools Used in Abbott v. Burke. Foundation for Law, Justice and Society. 9 Ekim 2023 tarihinde . https://www.fljs.org/sites/www.fljs.org/files/publications/Sciarra.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Seleoane, M. (2003). The Right to Education: Lessons from Grootboom, Law, Democracy, Development, 7, 137-169.
  • Shankar, S., Mehtain, P. B. (2008). Courts and Socioeconomic Rights in India. In V. Gauri, Courting Social Justice: Judicial Enforcement of Social and Economic Rights in the Developing World (s. 1-20). Cambridge University Press.
  • Skelton, A. (2013). The Role of the Courts in Ensuring the Right to a Basic Education in a Democratic South Africa: A Critical Evaluation of Recent Education Case Law. De Jure Law Journal, 46, 1, 1-23.
  • Skelton, A. (2014). Leveraging Funds for School Infrastructure: The South African "mud schools" Case Study, International Journal of Educational Development, 39, 59, 1-5.
  • Sripati, V., Thiruvengadam, A. K. (2004). Constitutional Amendment Making the Right to Education a Fundamental Right, Int J Const Law, 2(1), 148-158.
  • State Report of South Africa to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (1997).
  • Stewart, L. (2009). Adjudicating Socio-Economic Rights Under a Transformative Constitution. Penn State International Law Review, 28(3), 487-512.
  • Strauss, V. (2020). Federal court delivers holy grail of education advocacy: A fundamental right to basic education. Don’t count on Supreme Court to uphold it. The Washington Post. on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/04/29/federal-court-delivers-holy-grail-education-advocacy-fundamental-right-basic-education-dont-count-supreme-court-uphold-it/
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Social and Economic Rights? Lessons from South Africa, John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper, No. 124.
  • Terman, D. L., Behrman, R. E. (1997). Financing Schools: Analysis and Recommendation. The Future of Children, 7(3), 4-23.
  • Tomasevksi, K. (1999), Preliminary report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education.
  • Tractenberg, P. L. (1974). Robinson v Cahill: The "Thorough and Efficient" Clause. Law and Contemporary Problems, 38, 312-332.
  • Tractenberg, P. L. (2011). New Jersey's School Funding Litigation, Robinson v. Cahill and Abbott v. Burke.
  • Tractenberg, P. İçinde, Courting Justice: Ten New Jersey Cases that Shook the Nation (s. 1-20). Rutgers University Press.
  • Tron, E. (1982). Adequate Education: Issues in Its Definition and Implementation. School Finance Project Working Papers. Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED). On 9 October 2023 accessed at: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED226489.pdf
  • United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1999), General Comment 13: The Right to Education, E/C.12/1999/10.
  • Veriava, F., Coomans, F. (2005). The Right to Education. In Brand, D., Heyns, C., Socio-economic Rights in South Africa, (s. 57-78), Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.
  • Weber, T. A. (2020). Processing a Right to Education, SSRN, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3596462 Weishart, J. (2019). Protecting a Federal Right to Educational Equality and Adequacy. In K. Robinson, A Federal Right to Education: Fundamental Questions for Our Democracy, (a. 303-326). New York: New York University Press.
  • Weishart, J. E. (2021). The Constitutionally Anomalous Right to Education. In K. L. Bowman, The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Education Law (s. 67-80), Oxford University Press.
  • Weishart, J. E. (2018). The Compromised Right to Education?, Stanford Law Review, 71, 123-131.
  • Welner, K. (2010). Education Rights and Classroom-Based Litigation: Shifting the Boundaries of Evidence. Review of Research in Education, 34, 85-112.
  • Woolman, S., Bishop, M. (2008). Education. In Woolman, S., M. Bishop, Constitutional Law of South Africa (2nd ed., s. 1-20), Capetown: JUTA.
  • Woolman, S., Fleisch, B. (2009). The Constitution in the Classroom: Law and Education in South Africa 1994-2008. Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.
  • Zhang, Q. (2022). Constitutional Guarantee of Citizens' Right to Education from the Perspective of the State's Protection Obligation, Journal of Higher Education Research, 3(2), s.151-154.

A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE AND QUALITY EDUCATION

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 12, 159 - 197, 29.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.59162/tihek.1373729

Öz

By virtue of the importance attributed to basic education for individuals and society to transform and develop the country as well as the self-fulfilment of individuals brought forward that right to education contains not only a right of enrolment to a school but also adequate education which fulfil certain standards and criteria. The history of segregation and disparity in welfare in South Africa, India and the USA make this issue more important. The courts have not answered the legal questions on the adequacy in a uniform way, particularly whether this right guarantees a certain standard of education, and if yes, what standard is this. This essay will compare and contrast the courts’ understandings of the right to adequate basic education in these jurisdictions. This will be done through the analysis of the interpretations given to the constitutions and international instruments to determine the responsibilities of the states to realise this right. The first question of the analysis is how the courts interpret the legal instruments, particularly their constitutions, to decide whether the right to education includes a right to adequate education. The second point is how the courts determine and reason the adequacy standards of the basic education. It will be argued that the apex courts of India, Kentucky and New Jersey provided that basic education is subject to certain constitutional standards; however, these courts displayed different understandings of the adequacy. Kentucky Court examined the content of the right to education to provide a comprehensive adequacy criteria, whereas, New Jersey Court focused on substantively equal funding of schools. Indian and South African Courts considered the concept of adequacy in terms of the adequacy of school facilities rather than its content or finance.

Kaynakça

  • Almeida, F. A. (2019). Right to Education in India - A Dream or A Reality?. International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 1(5), 1-15.
  • Areto, A. I. (2019). Enforcing the Right to Public Education. Arkansas Law Review, 72(2), 443-466.
  • Bajaj, R. (2021). Indian Supreme Court Strengthens Right to Education for Children with Disabilities, Oxford Human Rights Hub, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/indian-supreme-court-strengthens-right-to-education-for-children-with-disabilities/
  • Baker, B. D., Carlo, D. M., Weber, M. (2022). Ensuring Adequate Education Funding for All: A New Federal Foundation Aid Formula, Albert Shanker Institute, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED625864
  • Baxi, U. (1987). Taking suffering seriously: Social action litigation in the Supreme Court of India. In N. Thiruchelvam & R. Coomaraswamy, The Role of Judiciary in Plural Societies (s. 29-37). London: Frances Pinter.
  • Berger, E. (2003). The right to education under the South African Constitution, Columbia Law Review, 103, 614-661.
  • Berger, J. (2008). Litigating for social justice in post-apartheid South Africa: A focus on health and education. In V. Gauri, Courting Social Justice: Judicial Enforcement of Social and Economic Rights in the Developing World (s. 38-99). Cambridge University Press.
  • Black, D. W. (2019). The Fundamental Right to Education, Notre Dame Law Review, 94(3), 1059-1114. Buthelezi, M. C. (2022). The Impact of the Komape Judgment on the South African Common Law of Delict: An Analytical Review Komape v Minister of Basic Education [2020] 1 All SA 651 (SCA); 2020 (2) SA 347 (SCA). Obiter, 43(3), s. 630-641.
  • Calderhead, V. (2011). The right to an 'adequate' and 'equal' education in South Africa [Draft for Section 27 and Equal Education]. On 9 October 2023 accessed at: https://section27.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/The-Right-to-a-Basic-Education.pdf.
  • Chatterjee, C., Hanushek, E. A., Mahendiran, S. (2020). Can Greater Access to Education Be Inequitable? New Evidence from India’s Right to Education Act. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers. 27377.
  • Das, S. K. (2013). India's Rights Revolution: Has It Worked for the Poor? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dinan, J. (2010). School finance litigation: The third wave recedes. In J. M. Dunn & M. R. West, From Schoolhouse to Courthouse: The Judiciary's Role in American Education (s. 96-120). Brookings Institution Press.
  • Dubey, M. (2009). The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, Social Change, 40(1), 1-13.
  • Dyer, C., Sriprakash, A., Jacob, S., Thomas, N. (2022). The Social Contract and India’s Right to Education. Development and Change. 53(4), 889-911.
  • Feasley, A. (2014). Recognizing education rights in India and the United States: All roads lead to the courts? Pace International Law Review, 26(2), 1-31.
  • Fredman, S. (2008). Human Rights Transformed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Fredman, S. (2016). Procedure or Principle: The Role of Adjudication in Achieving the Right to Education, Constitutional Court Review, VI, 165-198.
  • Friedman, B., & Solow, S. (2013). The federal right to an adequate education, Washington Law Review, 81, 92-156.
  • Gillespie, L. N. (2010). The fourth wave of education finance litigation: Pursuing a federal right to an adequate education, Cornell Law Review, 95, 989-1020.
  • Goldin, C. (1999). A brief history of education in the United States, NBER Historical Working Papers, No 0119, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Harris, N. L. (2019). Adequate Education: The Disregarded Fundamental Right and Resurgence of Segregation of Public Schools, Mitchell Hamline Law Review, 45(1), 237-265.
  • Hershkoff, H., Yaffe, N. (2020). Unequal Liberty and a Right to Education, North Carolina Central Law Review, 43(1), 1-76.
  • Iyer, G., Counihan, C. (2018). When a Right Goes Wrong: The Unintended Consequences of India's Right to Education Act. Economic Affairs. 38(3), 367-379.
  • Jaffe, M., Kersch, M. (1991). Guaranteeing a state right to a quality education: The judicial-political dialogue in New Jersey, Journal of Law and Education, 20(3), 271-313.
  • Jamil, S. (2020). Impact of Justiciability of the Right to Education on its Enforcement in India and Pakistan. Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/node/12801
  • Kothari, J. (2004). Social rights and the Indian Constitution, Law, Social Justice & Global Development Journal, 2004(2). On 9 October 2023 accessed at: https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2004_2/kothari/.
  • Legal Resources Central. (2020). Litigating the Right to Education in SA – An Overview of Some of The Most Important Cases of The Last 10 Years, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://iafrica.com/litigating-the-right-to-education-in-sa-an-overview-of-some-of-the-most-important-cases-of-the-last-10-years/
  • Lichtenstein, J. S. (1991). Abbott v Burke: Reaffirming New Jersey's constitutional commitment to equal educational opportunity, Hofstra Law Review, 20, 429-494.
  • Liebenberg, S. (2010). Socio-economic rights: Adjudication under a transformative constitution, Claremont: Juta.
  • Martell, J. A. (1977). School finance reform: Robinson v Cahill. Urb L Ann, 13, 139-166.
  • Mcconnachie, C., & Mcconnachie, C. (2012). Concretising the right to a basic education, South African Law Journal, 129, 554-590.
  • Mondal, A., Islam, N. (2023) The Right to Education Act, 2009 in India after a decade: appraising achievements and exploring unkept promises. Education 3-13, 51(1), 87-106.
  • Moses, R. P. (2009). An earned insurgency: Quality education as a constitutional right. Harvard Educational Review, 79(2), 370-381.
  • Newman, A. (2013). Realizing Educational Rights: Advancing School Reform through Courts and Communities. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Nornes, A. (2022). Education is fundamental right, Public Interest Law Reporter, 28(1), 74-80.
  • Open Society Foundations. (2017). Strategic Litigation Impacts: Equal Access to Quality Education, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58e23de30.html
  • Pal, C., Chauhan, S. (2008). Education and caste in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 28(3), 217-234.
  • Plosia, J. (1987). Equal educational opportunity revisited: Abbott v Burke and the "thorough and efficient" law in New Jersey, Rutgers Law Review, 40, 193-215.
  • Rabin, Y. (2007). The many faces of the right to education. In D. Barak-Erez & A. Gross, Exploring Social Rights: Between Theory and Practice (s. 265-268). Hart.
  • Rebell, M. A. (2002). Educational adequacy, democracy, and the courts. In Ready, T., Edley, C.F., Achieving High Educational Standards for All: Conference Summary (s. 218-270), Washington: National Academies Press.
  • Rebell, M. A. (2019). The Right to Education in the American State Courts. In K. G. Young, The Future of Economic and Social Rights. Globalization and Human Rights (s. 137-157), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Reschovsky, A. (2006). Financing Schools in the New South Africa. Comparative Education Review, 50(1), 21-45.
  • Safier, K. (2001). The Question of a Fundamental Right to a Minimally Adequate Education. U Cin L Rev, 69, 993, 1018-1020.
  • Sciarra, D. G. (2009). Enhancing Court Capacity to Enforce Education Rights: Judicial Tools Used in Abbott v. Burke. Foundation for Law, Justice and Society. 9 Ekim 2023 tarihinde . https://www.fljs.org/sites/www.fljs.org/files/publications/Sciarra.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Seleoane, M. (2003). The Right to Education: Lessons from Grootboom, Law, Democracy, Development, 7, 137-169.
  • Shankar, S., Mehtain, P. B. (2008). Courts and Socioeconomic Rights in India. In V. Gauri, Courting Social Justice: Judicial Enforcement of Social and Economic Rights in the Developing World (s. 1-20). Cambridge University Press.
  • Skelton, A. (2013). The Role of the Courts in Ensuring the Right to a Basic Education in a Democratic South Africa: A Critical Evaluation of Recent Education Case Law. De Jure Law Journal, 46, 1, 1-23.
  • Skelton, A. (2014). Leveraging Funds for School Infrastructure: The South African "mud schools" Case Study, International Journal of Educational Development, 39, 59, 1-5.
  • Sripati, V., Thiruvengadam, A. K. (2004). Constitutional Amendment Making the Right to Education a Fundamental Right, Int J Const Law, 2(1), 148-158.
  • State Report of South Africa to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (1997).
  • Stewart, L. (2009). Adjudicating Socio-Economic Rights Under a Transformative Constitution. Penn State International Law Review, 28(3), 487-512.
  • Strauss, V. (2020). Federal court delivers holy grail of education advocacy: A fundamental right to basic education. Don’t count on Supreme Court to uphold it. The Washington Post. on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/04/29/federal-court-delivers-holy-grail-education-advocacy-fundamental-right-basic-education-dont-count-supreme-court-uphold-it/
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Social and Economic Rights? Lessons from South Africa, John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper, No. 124.
  • Terman, D. L., Behrman, R. E. (1997). Financing Schools: Analysis and Recommendation. The Future of Children, 7(3), 4-23.
  • Tomasevksi, K. (1999), Preliminary report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education.
  • Tractenberg, P. L. (1974). Robinson v Cahill: The "Thorough and Efficient" Clause. Law and Contemporary Problems, 38, 312-332.
  • Tractenberg, P. L. (2011). New Jersey's School Funding Litigation, Robinson v. Cahill and Abbott v. Burke.
  • Tractenberg, P. İçinde, Courting Justice: Ten New Jersey Cases that Shook the Nation (s. 1-20). Rutgers University Press.
  • Tron, E. (1982). Adequate Education: Issues in Its Definition and Implementation. School Finance Project Working Papers. Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED). On 9 October 2023 accessed at: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED226489.pdf
  • United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1999), General Comment 13: The Right to Education, E/C.12/1999/10.
  • Veriava, F., Coomans, F. (2005). The Right to Education. In Brand, D., Heyns, C., Socio-economic Rights in South Africa, (s. 57-78), Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.
  • Weber, T. A. (2020). Processing a Right to Education, SSRN, on January 10th, 2024 accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3596462 Weishart, J. (2019). Protecting a Federal Right to Educational Equality and Adequacy. In K. Robinson, A Federal Right to Education: Fundamental Questions for Our Democracy, (a. 303-326). New York: New York University Press.
  • Weishart, J. E. (2021). The Constitutionally Anomalous Right to Education. In K. L. Bowman, The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Education Law (s. 67-80), Oxford University Press.
  • Weishart, J. E. (2018). The Compromised Right to Education?, Stanford Law Review, 71, 123-131.
  • Welner, K. (2010). Education Rights and Classroom-Based Litigation: Shifting the Boundaries of Evidence. Review of Research in Education, 34, 85-112.
  • Woolman, S., Bishop, M. (2008). Education. In Woolman, S., M. Bishop, Constitutional Law of South Africa (2nd ed., s. 1-20), Capetown: JUTA.
  • Woolman, S., Fleisch, B. (2009). The Constitution in the Classroom: Law and Education in South Africa 1994-2008. Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.
  • Zhang, Q. (2022). Constitutional Guarantee of Citizens' Right to Education from the Perspective of the State's Protection Obligation, Journal of Higher Education Research, 3(2), s.151-154.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yurtiçi İnsan Hakları Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Onur Başol 0000-0003-3636-1054

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Şubat 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 9 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Başol, O. (2024). A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE AND QUALITY EDUCATION. Türkiye İnsan Hakları Ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi, 7(12), 159-197. https://doi.org/10.59162/tihek.1373729