Nitelikli ve Yeterli Eğitim Hakkının Karşılaştırmalı Hukuk Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 12, 159 - 197, 29.02.2024

Onur Başol

https://doi.org/10.59162/tihek.1373729

Öz

Ülkenin dönüşmesi, kalkınması ve bireyin kendini gerçekleştirmesi amacıyla bireyler ve toplum açısından temel eğitime verilen önem, eğitim hakkının sadece okula kaydolma hakkını değil, aynı zamanda bu hakkın gereklerini yerine getirecek belirli standartlar ve kriterlere sahip yeterli eğitimi de içerdiği tezini de ön plana çıkarmıştır. Güney Afrika, Hindistan ve ABD'deki ayrımcılık ve refah eşitsizliğinin tarihi, bu konuyu daha da önemli hale getirmiştir. Bu ülkelerin mahkemeleri, özellikle bu hakkın belirli bir eğitim standardını garanti edip etmediğini ve eğer ediyorsa bu standardın ne olduğu gibi temel eğitimin yeterliliğine ilişkin hukuki soruları yeknesak bir şekilde yanıtlamamıştır. Bu makalede, söz konusu yargı alanlarındaki mahkemelerin yeterli temel eğitim hakkına ilişkin anlayışlarını karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bu karşılaştırma, bu hakkın gerçekleştirilmesinde devletlerin yükümlülüklerini belirlemek amacıyla ilgili ülkelerin anayasalarının ve uluslararası hukuk belgelerinin yorumlanması yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmektedir. Analizin ilk sorusu, mahkemelerin eğitim hakkının yeterli eğitim hakkını içerip içermediğine karar vermek için yasal belgeleri, özellikle de anayasalarını nasıl yorumladıklarıdır. İkinci nokta ise mahkemelerin temel eğitimin yeterlilik standartlarını nasıl belirlediği ve gerekçelendirdiğidir. Hindistan, Kentucky ve New Jersey yüksek mahkemelerinin temel eğitimin belirli anayasal standartlara tabi olduğunu belirttikleri, ancak bu mahkemelerin yeterlilik konusunda farklı anlayışlar sergiledikleri ileri sürülecektir. Kentucky Mahkemesi kapsamlı bir yeterlilik kriteri sağlamak için eğitim hakkının içeriğini incelerken, New Jersey Mahkemesi okulların maddi açıdan eşit finansmanına odaklanmıştır. Hindistan ve Güney Afrika Mahkemeleri ise yeterlilik kavramını içerik veya finansmandan ziyade okul tesislerinin yeterliliği açısından ele almıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nitelikli Eğitim Hakkı, Yeterli Eğitim Hakkı, Eğitim Hukuku, Sosyo-Ekonomik Haklar, Eğitim Hakkı

A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE AND QUALITY EDUCATION

Öz

By virtue of the importance attributed to basic education for individuals and society to transform and develop the country as well as the self-fulfilment of individuals brought forward that right to education contains not only a right of enrolment to a school but also adequate education which fulfil certain standards and criteria. The history of segregation and disparity in welfare in South Africa, India and the USA make this issue more important. The courts have not answered the legal questions on the adequacy in a uniform way, particularly whether this right guarantees a certain standard of education, and if yes, what standard is this. This essay will compare and contrast the courts’ understandings of the right to adequate basic education in these jurisdictions. This will be done through the analysis of the interpretations given to the constitutions and international instruments to determine the responsibilities of the states to realise this right. The first question of the analysis is how the courts interpret the legal instruments, particularly their constitutions, to decide whether the right to education includes a right to adequate education. The second point is how the courts determine and reason the adequacy standards of the basic education. It will be argued that the apex courts of India, Kentucky and New Jersey provided that basic education is subject to certain constitutional standards; however, these courts displayed different understandings of the adequacy. Kentucky Court examined the content of the right to education to provide a comprehensive adequacy criteria, whereas, New Jersey Court focused on substantively equal funding of schools. Indian and South African Courts considered the concept of adequacy in terms of the adequacy of school facilities rather than its content or finance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Right to Quality Education, Right to Adequate Education, Education Law, Socio-Economic Rights, Right to Education

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