Manavgat Havzasının (Antalya, Türkiye) Neojen Litostratigrafisi ve Yapısal Unsurları

Öz

Toroslar bindirme-kıvrım kuşağı, Afrika ve Avrasya plakalarının Kretase’den günümüze değin devam eden yaklaşık K-G yönlü yakınsama hareketine bağlı olarak oluşmuştur. Bu hareket aynı zamanda Isparta Büklümü olarak bilinen karmaşık tektonik yapının gelişmesine de neden olmuştur. Neojen’de ise, Batı ve Orta Toroslar ile Isparta Büklümü’nün iç kesimleri, kırıntılı sedimanlar ve karbonatlarla karakterize edilen denizel tortul birimler ile örtülmüştür (Antalya Havza Kompleksi). Bu denizel havzalardan biri olan Manavgat Havzası, kuzeyde Toroslar üzerine aşmalı uyumsuzluk ile yerleşmiştir. Temel olarak Manavgat Havzası, Erken Miyosen’den Pliyosen’e kadar geçen süre içerisinde 1 km’den fazla istif kalınlığına sahip olmuştur. Dolayısı ile bu döneme ait litostratigrafik kayıtlara ek olarak kabuksal deformasyona ait jeolojik kayıtları da tutması beklenmektedir. Manavgat Havzası’nda litostratigrafik olarak 7 temel birim saptanmıştır ve bunlar; önceki çalışmalar ile uyumlu olarak 1) Tepekli Formasyonu (Burdigaliyen-E. Langiyen), 2) Oymapınar Kireçtaşı (G. Burdigaliyen-Langiyen), 4) Çakallar Breşi (Langiyen), 4) Geceleme Formasyonu (G. Langiyen-Serravaliyen), 5) Karpuzçay Formasyonu (Geç Langiyen-Tortoniyen), 6) Pliyosen birimler (Yenimahalle ve Kurşunlu formasyonları) ve 7) Belkıs Konglomerası (Kuvaterner) şeklinde adlandırılmıştır. Karpuzçay Formasyonuna ait 2 farklı ölçülü kesitten paleontolojik amaçlı örnekler alınmış ve yaş tayini yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar, Karpuzçay Formasyonu’nun G. Langiyen-Tortoniyen dönemde, derin denizel dış neritik-batiyal bir ortamda çökeldiğini göstermiştir. Litostratigrafik özelliklerin yanı sıra, Manavgat Havzası’nı şekillendiren yapısal unsurlar da çalışılmış ve Tortoniyen yaşlı Çardakköy Bindirmesi ilk defa bu çalışmada tanımlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bölgede iki farklı tektonik rejimin varlığı belirlenmiştir. Buna göre, bölgede Tortoniyen öncesinde genişlemeli bir tektonik rejim mevcutken, Tortoniyen sonrasında ise sıkışmalı bir rejimin varlığı söz konusudur. Bu çalışmada elde edilen paleogerilim fazları, bölgede etkin olanAfrika ve Avrasya arasındaki K-G yönlü yakınsama hareketi ile birlikte Isparta Büklümü altındaki parçalı dalan levha kinematiğinin yeniden değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Isparta Büklümü
• Kabuk deformasyonu
• Manavgat Havzası
• Miyosen denizel havzalar

Structural Elements and Neogene Lithostratigraphy of the Manavgat Basin (Antalya, Turkey)

Öz

The Tauride fold-thrusts belt has formed under ~S–N convergence between the Africa and Eurasian plates since Cretaceous time. This movement also resulted in the development of the complex tectonic structure known as the Isparta Angle. In the Neogene period, the western and central Taurides and the inner part of the Isparta Angle became overlain by marine sedimentary basins (Antalya Basin Complex). The Manavgat Basin is one of these marine basins, and unconformably rests on the Tauride in the north. Basically, the Manavgat Basin has a sedimentation thickness of more than 1 km from the Early Miocene to Pliocene. Hence, it is expected to keep the geological records regarding the crustal deformation, besides the lithostratigraphic records during this time. Lithostratgraphically, seven basic units have been identified in the Manavgat Basin. These are, in line with previous studies; 1) Tepekli Formation (Burdigalian-E. Langhian), 2) Oymapınar Limestone (G. Burdigalian-Langhian), 3) Çakallar Breccia (Langhian), 4) Geceleme Formation (G. Langhian-Serravalian), 5) Karpuzçay Formation (G. Langhian-Tortonian), 6) Pliocene units (Yenimahalle and Kurşunlu formations), and 7) Belkıs Conglomerate (Quaternary). Biosamples were collected from two different measured sections of the Karpuzçay Formation, and the age of the formation was determined. These show that the Karpuzçay Formation was deposited in a deep marine outer neritic-bathyal environment from the Late Langhian to Tortonian. In addition to lithostratigraphic features, structural elements forming the Manavgat Basin were also studied, and the Tortonian aged Çardakköy Fault was described for the first time in this study. As a result, the presence of two different tectonic regimes in the region was determined. Accordingly, the Manavgat Basin developed under the influence of an extensional tectonic regime before the Tortonian, and of a compressional system during the post-Tortonian. This study indicated that N-S directional convergence between Eurasia and Africa and the kinematics of the fragmented subducted plate under the Isparta Angle should be re-evaluated based on these paleostress phases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Crustal deformation.
• Isparta Angle
• Manavgat Basin
• Miocene marine basins

Kaynakça

1. Akay, E. ve Uysal, Ş. (1984). Stratigraphy, sedimentology and structural geology of Neogene deposits in the west of the central Taurides (Antalya) (Report No. 2147). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, (in Turkish; Unpublished).
2. Akay, E., Uysal, S., Poisson, A., Cravatte, J. ve Muller, C. (1985). Antalya Neojen Havzasının Stratigrafisi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 28(2), 105-119. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/a816fcbb327dfbb_ek.pdf
3. Akay, E. ve Uysal, S. (1985). Orta Torosların batısındaki (Antalya) Neojen çökellerinin stratigrafisi, sedimantolojisi ve yapısal jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, (Yayımlanmamış Rapor).
4. Akbulut, A. (1977). Etude Geologique dune partie du Taurus occidentale au sud d'Eğridir (Turquie) (Thesis). Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay.
5. Altınlı, E., 1944. Etude stratigraphique de la région d'Antalya. Rev. Fac. Sci. Univ. Istanbul, B IX, 3, 27-38.
6. Barrier, E. & Vrielynck, B. (2008). Palaeotectonic map of the Middle East, Atlas of 14 maps, Tectonosedimentary–Palinspastic maps from Late Norian to Pliocene. Commission for the Geologic Map of the World (CCMW, CCGM), Paris.
7. Biryol, C. B., Beck, S. L., Zandt, G. & Özacar, A. A. (2011). Segmented African lithosphere beneath the Anatolian region inferred from teleseismic P-wave tomography. Geophysical Journal International, 184: 1037-1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04910.x
8. Blumenthal, M. (1951). Recherches geologiques dans le Taurus occidental dans l'arrierepays d'Alanya. Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü Publications, no. D5, 134: 1955.

9. Clark, M. & Robertson, A. (2002). The role of the Early Tertiary Ulukisla Basin, southern Turkey, in suturing of the Mesozoic Tethys ocean. Journal of the Geological Society, 159(6), 673-690.
10. Collins, A. S. & Robertson, A. H. (1997). Lycian melange, southwestern Turkey: an emplaced Late Cretaceous accretionary complex. Geology, 25(3), 255-258.
11. Collins, A. S. & Robertson, A. H. (1998). Processes of Late Cretaceous to Late Miocene episodic thrust-sheet translation in the Lycian Taurides, SW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 155(5), 759-772.
12. Collins, A. S. & Robertson, A. H. (2003). Kinematic evidence for Late Mesozoic–Miocene emplacement of the Lycian Allochthon over the western Anatolide belt, SW Turkey. Geological Journal, 38(3‐4): 295-310.
13. Cosentino, D., Schildgen, T. F., Cipollari, P., Faranda, C., Gliozzi, E., Hudackova, N., Lucifora, S. & Strecker, M. R. (2012). Late Miocene surface uplift of the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Central Taurides, Turkey. GSA Bulletin 124(1– 2):133–145 https://doi.org/10.1130/B30466.1
14. Çiner A., Karabıyıkoğlu M., Monod O., Deynoux, M. & Tuzcu, S. (2008). Late Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the Antalya basin, southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 1-41.
15. de Boorder, H., Spakman, W., White, S. H. & Wortel, M. (1998). Late Cenozoic mineralization, orogenic collapse and slab detachment in the European Alpine Belt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 164(3-4):569–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00247-7
16. Deynoux, M., Çiner, A., Monod, O., Karabıyıkoglu, M., Manatschal, G. & Tuzcu, S. (2005). Facies architecture and depositional evolution of alluvial fan to fan-delta complexes in the tectonically active Miocene Köprüçay Basin, Isparta Angle, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology, 173(1-4): 315-343.
17. Dilek, Y., Thy, P., Hacker, B. & Grundvig, S. (1999). Structure and petrology of Tauride ophiolites and mafic dike intrusions (Turkey): Implications for the Neotethyan ocean. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111(8), 1192-1216.
18. Dumont, J. F. & Kerey, K. (1975). Basement geological study in the south of Egirdir lake. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 18(2), 169-174. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/fe2d4655b7cd3ed_ek.pdf
19. Faccenna, C., Bellier, O., Martinod, J., Piromallo, C. & Regard, V. (2006). Slab detachment beneath eastern Anatolia: A possible cause for the formation of the North Anatolian fault. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 242(1-2): 85-97.
20. Faccenna, C., Becker, T. W., Auer, L., Billi, A., Boschi, L., Brun, J. P., ... & Serpelloni, E. (2014). Mantle dynamics in the Mediterranean. Reviews of Geophysics, 52(3), 283-332.
21. Flecker, R. (1995). Miocene Basin Evolution of The Isparta Angle, Southern Turkey [Phd thesis]. University of Edinburgh
22. Flecker, R., Ellam, R. M., Müller, C., Poisson, A., Robertson, A. H. F. & Turner, J. (1998). Application of Sr isotope stratigraphy and sedimentary analysis to the origin and evolution of the Neogene basins in the Isparta Angle, southern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 298(1-3), 83-101.
23. Flecker, R., Poisson, A. & Robertson, A. H. F. (2005). Facies and palaeogeographic evidence for the Miocene evolution of the Isparta Angle in its regional eastern Mediterranean context. Sedimentary Geology, 173(1-4), 277-314.
24. Gans, C. R., Beck, S. L., Zandt, G., Biryol, C. B. & Ozacar, A. A. (2009). Detecting the limit of slab break-off in central Turkey: new high-resolution Pn tomography results. Geophysical Journal International, 179(3), 1566-1572.
25. Glover, C. P. & Robertson, A. H. (1998). Role of regional extension and uplift in the Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the Aksu Basin, SW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 155(2), 365-387. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.155.2.0365
26. Govers, R. & Wortel, M. J. R. (2005). Lithosphere tearing at STEP faults: response to edges of subduction zones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 236(1-2),505–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.022
27. Göncüoğlu, M. C. & Dirik, K. (1996). Neotectonic characteristics of central Anatolia. International Geology Review, 38(9), 807-817.
28. Göncüoğlu, M. C., Dirik, K. & Kozlu, H. (1997). General characteristics of pre-Alpine and Alpine Terranes in Turkey: Explanatory notes to the terrane map of Turkey. In Annales Geologique de Pays Hellenique, 3, 515-536.
29. Görür, N., Oktay, F. Y., Seymen, I. & Şengör, A. M. C. (1984). Palaeotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, Central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neo- Tethyan closure. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17(1), 467-482.
30. Gülyüz, E., Kaymakçi, N., Meijers, M. J., van Hinsbergen, D. J., Lefebvre, C., Vissers, R. L. & Peynircioğlu, A. A. (2012). Late Eocene evolution of the Çiçekdağı Basin (central Turkey): Syn-sedimentary compression during microcontinent continent collision in central Anatolia. Tectonophysics, 602, 286-299.
31. Güvercin, S. E., Konca, A. Ö., Özbakır, A. D., Ergintav, S. & Karabulut, H. (2021). New focal mechanisms reveal fragmentation and active subduction of the Antalya slab in the Eastern Mediterranean. Tectonophysics, 805, Article 228792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.22879
32. Hadımlı, L. (1968). Manavgat-Akkuşlar bentleri ve rezervuarının jeolojisi. İ. Ü. F. F. Tatbiki Jeoloji Kürsüsü diploma çalışması, yayınlanmamış.
33. Hall, J., Aksu, A. E., King, H., Gogacz, A., Yaltırak, C. & Çifçi, G. (2014). Miocene-Recent evolution of the western Antalya Basin and its linkage with the Isparta Angle, eastern Mediterranean. Marine Geology, 349, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.12.009
34. Hayward, A. B. (1984). Miocene clastic sedimentation related to the emplacement of the Lycian Nappes and the Antalya Complex, SW Turkey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17(1), 287-300.
35. Hüsing, S. K., Zachariasse, W. J., Van Hinsbergen, D. J., Krijgsman, W., Inceöz, M., Harzhauser, M. & Kroh, A. (2009). Oligocene–Miocene basin evolution in SE Anatolia, Turkey: constraints on the closure of the eastern Tethys gateway. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311(1), 107-132.
36. İslamoğlu, Y. (2002). Antalya Miyosen Havzasının mollusk faunası ile stratigrafisi. MTA Dergisi,123-124, 27-58.
37. Janecke, U. S., Vandenburg, J. C., Blankenau, J. J. (1998). Geometry, mechanisms and significance of extensional folds from examples in the Rocky Mountain Basin and Range province, U.S.A. Journal of Structural Geology 20(7), 841–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00016-9
38. Kalyoncuoğlu, Ü. Y., Elitok, Ö., Dolmaz, M. N. & Anadolu, N. C. (2011). Geophysical and geological imprints of southern Neotethyan subduction between Cyprus and the Isparta Angle, SW Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics 52(1), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2010.12.001
39. Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Çiner, A., Monod, O., Deynoux, M., Tuzcu, S. & Örçen, S. (2000). Tectonosedimentary evolution of the Miocene Manavgat Basin, western Taurides, Turkey. In: E. Bozkurt, J. A. Winchester & J. D. A. Piper (Eds.), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 173, 271-294. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.14
40. Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Tuzcu, S., Çiner, A., Deynoux, M., Örçen, S. & Hakyemez, A. (2005). Facies and environmental setting of the Miocene coral reefs in the late-orogenic fill of the Antalya Basin, western Taurides, Turkey: implications for tectonic control and sea-level changes. Sedimentary Geology, 173(1-4), 345-371.
41. Kaymakçı, N., Langereis, C., Özkaptan, M., Özacar, A. A., Gülyüz, E., Uzel, B. & Sözbilir, H. (2018). Paleomagnetic evidence for upper plate response to a STEP fault, SW Anatolia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 498, 101-115.
42. Keskin, M. (2003). Magma generation by slab steepening and breakoff beneath a subduction‐accretion complex: An alternative model for collision‐related volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), Article 8046. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018019
43. Khair, K. & Tsokas, G. N. (1999). Nature of the Levantine (eastern Mediterranean) crust from multiple‐source Werner deconvolution of Bouguer gravity anomalies. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 104(B11): 25469-25478.
44. Koç, A., Kaymakçı, N., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. & Kuiper, K. F. (2017). Miocene tectonic history of the Central Tauride intramontane basins, and the paleogeographic evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau. Global and Planetary Change, 158, 83- 102.
45. Koç, A., Kaymakçı, N., van Hinsbergen, D. J., Kuiper, K. F. & Vissers, R. L. (2012). Tectono-Sedimentary evolution and geochronology of the Middle Miocene Altınapa Basin, and implications for the Late Cenozoic uplift history of the Taurides, southern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 532, 134-155
46. Koç, A., Kaymakçı, N., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. & Vissers, R. L. (2016a). A Miocene onset of the modern extensional regime in the Isparta Angle: constraints from the Yalvaç Basin (southwest Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 105(1), 369-398.
47. Koç, A., van Hinsbergen, D. J., Kaymakçı, N. & Langereis, C. G. (2016b). Late Neogene oroclinal bending in the central Taurides: A record of terminal eastward subduction in southern Turkey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 434, 75-90.
48. Koçyİğİt, A., ünay, E., & Saraç, G. (2000). Episodic graben formation and extensional neotectonic regime in west Central Anatolia and the Isparta Angle: a case study in the Akşehir-Afyon Graben, Turkey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 173(1), 405-421.
49. Meijers, M. J., Kaymakçı, N., Van Hinsbergen, D. J., Langereis, C. G., Stephenson, R. A. & Hippolyte, J. C. (2010). Late Cretaceous to Paleocene oroclinal bending in the central Pontides (Turkey). Tectonics, 29(4). TC4016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002620
50. Monod, O. (1977). Recherches Geologiques dans le Taurus occidental au Sud de Beyşehir (Turquie) [Yayımlanmamış, Tez]. These d'Etat Univ. Paris Sud (Orsay).
51. Oberhänsli, R., Bousquet, R., Candan, O. & Okay, A. I. (2012). Dating Subduction Events in East Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1006-26
52. Oberhänsli, R., Candan, O., Bousquet, R., Rimmele, G., Okay, A. & Goff, J. (2010). Alpine high pressure evolution of the eastern Bitlis complex, SE Turkey. In M. Sosson, N. Kaymakci, R. A. Stephenson, F. Bergerat, V. Starostenko (Eds.), Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 340 (1), 461-483. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp340.20
53. Okay, A. I. (1986). High-Pressure/low-Temperature Metamorphic Rocks of Turkey. B. W. Evans & E. H. Brown (Eds.), Blueschists and Eclogites. Geological Society of America, Vol:164 https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM164-p333
54. Okay, A. I., Satır, M., Maluski, H., Siyako, M., Monie, P., Metzger, R. & Akyüz, S. (1996) Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan events in northwest Turkey: geological and geochronological constraints. In A. Yin & M. Harrison (Eds.), Tectonics of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 420–441.
55. Okay, A. I. & Özgül, N. (1984). HP/LT metamorphism and the structure of the Alanya Massif, Southern Turkey: an allochthonous composite tectonic sheet. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17(1), 429-439.
56. Okay, A. I., Zattin, M. & Cavazza, W. (2010). Apatite fission-track data for the Miocene Arabia-Eurasia collision. Geology, 38(1), 35-38.
57. Okay. A. I., Tüysüz, O. (1999) Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In D. B. Jolivet, L. Horváth, F, Séranne M (eds.) The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 156, 475–515. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22
58. Papazachos, B. C. & Papaioannou, C. A. (1999). Lithospheric boundaries and plate motions in the Cyprus area. Tectonophysics, 308(1-2), 193-204.
59. Parlak, O. & Robertson, A. (2004). The ophiolite-related Mersin Melange, southern Turkey: its role in the tectonic–sedimentary setting of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geological Magazine, 141(3): 257-286.
60. Poisson, A. (1977). Recherches géologiques dans les Taurides occidentales (Turquie) [Doctorat d’état thesis]. Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
61. Poisson, A., Orszag-Sperber, F., Kosun, E., Bassetti, M. A., Müller, C., Wernli, R. & Rouchy, J. M. (2011). The Late Cenozoic evolution of the Aksu basin (Isparta Angle; SW Turkey). New insights. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 182(2), 133-148.
62. Poisson, A., Wernli, R., Sagular, E. K. & Temiz, H. (2003). New data concerning the age of the Aksu Thrust in the south of the Aksu valley, Isparta Angle (SW Turkey): consequences for the Antalya Basin and the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Journal, 38, 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.958
63. Pourteau, A., Candan, O. & Oberhänsli, R. (2010). High‐pressure metasediments in central Turkey: Constraints on the Neotethyan closure history. Tectonics, 29(5), TC5004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002650
64. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., ... & Karam, G. (2006). GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa‐Arabia‐Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111(B5), B05411. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004051
65. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Paradissis, D., Ergintav, S. & Vernant, P. (2010). Geodetic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Aegean region and strain accumulation along the Hellenic subduction zone. Tectonophysics 488(1–4), 22–30.
66. Robertson, A. H. F. & Dixon, J. E. (1984). Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17(1), 1-74.
67. Robertson, A. H. F. & Woodcock, N. H. (1982). Sedimentary history of the southwestern segment of the Mesozoic-Tertiary Antalya continental margin, southwestern Turkey. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 75(3), 517-562.
68. Robertson, A. H. F. & Woodcock, N. H. (1984). The SW segment of the Antalya Complex, Turkey as a Mesozoic-Tertiary Tethyan continental margin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17(1): 251-271.
69. Robertson, A. H. & Mountrakis, D. (2006). Tectonic development of the Eastern Mediterranean region: an introduction. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 260(1): 1-9.
70. Robertson, A. H. & Ustaömer, T. (2009). Formation of the Late Palaeozoic Konya Complex and comparable units in southern Turkey by subduction–accretion processes: Implications for the tectonic development of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Tectonophysics, 473(1-2): 113-148.
71. Robertson, A. H., Ustaömer, T., Pickett, E. A., Collins, A. S., Andrew, T. & Dixon, J. E. (2004). Testing models of Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic orogeny in Western Turkey: support for an evolving open-Tethys model. Journal of the Geological Society, 161(3): 501-511.
72. Schildgen, T. F., Cosentino, D., Caruso, A., Buchwaldt, R., Yıldırım, C., Bowring, S. A. & Strecker, M. R. (2012). Surface expression of eastern Mediterranean slab dynamics: Neogene topographic and structural evolution of the southwest margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey. Tectonics, 31(2), TC2005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC003021
73. Stampfli, G. M. & Borel, G. D. (2002). A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 196(1-2), 17-33.
74. Storetvedt, K. M. (1990). The Tethys Sea and the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt; mega-elements in a new global tectonic system. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 62(1–2), 141-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(90)90198-7
75. Şengör, A. M. C. & Yılmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181–241.
76. Şengör, A. M. C., Özeren, S., Genç, T. & Zor, E. (2003). East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle‐supported, north‐south shortened domal structure. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), Artcile 8045. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017858
77. Şengör, A. C., Lom, N., Sunal, G., Zabcı, C. & Sancar, T. (2019). The phanerozoic palaeotectonics of Turkey. Part I: an inventory. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 1, 91-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-019-00007-3
78. Şengör, A. C. & Yazıcı, M. (2020). The aetiology of the neotectonic evolution of Turkey. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 2, 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-020-00039-0
79. Van Hinsbergen, D. J., Dekkers, M. J. & Koc, A. (2010). Testing Miocene remagnetization of Bey Dağları: Timing and amount of Neogene rotations in SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 19(2), 123-156.
80. Wasoo, M. H., Özkaptan, M. & Koç, A. (2020). New insights on the Neogene tectonic evolution of the Aksu Basin (SE Turkey) from the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) and paleostress data. Journal of Structural Geology, 139, 104-137.
81. Wasoo, M. H. & Koç, A. (2021). Aksu Havzası'nın (Antalya, Türkiye) Neojen Stratigrafisi ve Yapısal Unsurları. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 64(1), 83-128. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.682776
82. Yılmaz, Y. (1993). New evidence and model on the evolution of the southeast Anatolian orogen. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 105(2), 251-271.