Investigation of Anthropogenic Heavy Metal Pollution in Core Sediments from the Eckernförder and Geltinger Bays in the Western Baltic Sea, Germany

Öz

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing human activities (agriculture, urbanization, settlement, wars, industrialization) and cold climatic periods that occurred pre-and post-1800 in and around the western Baltic Sea. To investigate this, sediment box cores were collected onboard the R/V SENCKENBERG in 1978 from two bights of Eckernförder (EB) and Geltinger (GB). Vibration hammer technology was used to obtain undisturbed core sediments and grain size, carbonate, organic carbon, element, SEM-EDAX and Pb-210 dating analysis were carried out. The results were then interpreted using statistical methods.

The greyish to black colored mud (“schlick”) sediments deposited under suboxic to anoxic. conditions in the bights mainly consists of silicate-aluminosilicate minerals. Carbonate contents in both cores are low (generally <3%) but EB sediments are finer grained than the GB sediments. Regional characteristic source and depositional conditions caused the accumulation of high organic matter (2-6%) in core sediments from both bights. Major element concentrations (Si, Al, K, Mg, Fe, P) largely do not display any significant changes throughout the cores and indicate lithogenic-geogenic sources. The downcore changes in Mn, Co and in part, P, concentrations can be related to sediment diagenesis in the cores. Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Hg contents showed increases towards the upper core sections. The contamination factors obtained from division of metal concentrations in the upper sections to those from the lowest sections of the cores were 18-76 for Hg (very high contamination), 3.5-4.7 for Cd (considerable, high contamination), 2.1-2.9 for Zn and Pb (low to moderate pollution), and 0.7-1.7 for Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn and Fe (very low to no contamination). In particular, high contamination factors (CF>2) showed the effects of anthropogenic activities present in the region since the 1800s. The presence of coal, ash and metallic slag particles in the sandfractions of the upper 4-22 cm core sections also confirmed anthropogenic effects in the two bights.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Baltic Sea,Germany,Sediment,Anthropogenic,Pollution

Eckernförder ve Geltinger Körfezlerinin Antropojenik Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Karot Sedimentlerinde Araştırılması, Batı Baltık Denizi, Almanya

Öz

Bu çalışma, Baltık Denizi’nin batısında 1800’lü yıllardan önce ve sonra artarak gelişen insan faaliyetlerinin (tarım, ziraat, kentleşme, yerleşim, savaşlar, sanayileşme gibi) ve soğuk iklimsel dönemlerin izlerini araştırmak amacı ile yapılmış olup, 1978 yılında Almanya’nın Eckernförder (EB) ve Geltinger (GB) körfezlerinden “SENCKENBERG” Araştırma Gemisi ile sediment örnekleri alınmıştır. Vibrasyon çekiçleme yöntemi ile alınan bozulmamış 2 kutu karotun sedimentleri üzerinde tane boyu, karbonat, organik karbon, element, Pb-210 tarihlendirme ve SEM-EDAX analizleri yapılmış ve sonuçlar istatiksel yöntemler ile de yorumlanıp tartışılmıştır.

Körfezlerin zaman zaman suboksik-anoksik koşullarında çökelen gri-siyahımsı balçık çamuru (“schlick”) çoğunlukla silikat-aluminyum silikat minerallerinden oluşmaktadır. Karbonat miktarları her iki karotda da düşük (çoğunlukla <%3) iken, EB sedimentleri GB sedimentlerine göre nisbeten daha ince tanelidir. Bölgesel özgün kaynak ve ortamsal koşullar her iki körfez sedimentlerinde de yüksek organik madde birikimine (%2-6) neden olmaktadır. Ana element miktarlarının çoğu (Si, Al, K, Mg, Fe, P) karotlar boyunca önemli değişimler göstermemekte ve litojenik-jeojenik kaynağa işaret etmektedir. Mn, Co ve kısmen P miktarlarının karot boyunca değişimi ise, sedimentde diyajenez ile izah edilmektedir. Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn,Cd ve Hg miktarları karotların üst seviyelerine doğru artış göstermektedir. Karotlarda üst seviye metal miktarlarının alt seviye değerlerine bölünmesi ile hesaplanan kirlilik faktörleri Hg için 18-76 (çok yüksek kirlilik); Cd için 3,5-4,7 (belirgin, yüksek kirlilik); Zn ve Pb için 2,1-2,9 (orta-az derecede kirlilik) ve Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe için 0,7-1,7 (çok az derecede kirlilik) arasında değişen değerlere işaret etmektedir. Özelliklede yüksek metal miktarları (CF>2) bölgede 1800’li yıllardan itibaren antropojenik etkilerin varlığını göstermektedir. Karotların üst 4-22 cm derinliklerinde tesbit edilen kömür, kül ve metalik cürufların varlığıda bu görüşü desteklemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Baltık Denizi,Almanya,Sediment,Antropojen,Kirlilik

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