A Geological Overview of Historical Development of the Anthropogene and Anthropocene Concepts

Öz

Humanities efforts to exist in nature have brought man from being a part of the ecosystem to the point of shaping nature. This struggle of humanity undoubtedly causes destruction at different scales in nature. Traces of this destruction are recorded by geological processes. Negative environmental changes caused by human effects on nature are called anthropogenic pollution today. The beginning of the most serious scientific studies to describe the permanent traces of man on nature dates back to the mid-19th century. However, this awareness is known to be much older, especially in the works of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and writers. Many researchers argue that with the introduction of scientific methods to investigate these effects, the Holocene should be separated from the Anthropocene with a time boundary as a new geological series. Although this theory was mentioned many times in the 19th century, it was later forgotten. It returned to the agenda since the early 2000s and its popularity has increased. After the suggestion of this time-boundary separation, scientific studies about the existence and the beginning of the Anthropocene have considerably increased, and it has become a multidisciplinary issue discussed by many researchers. There are two main factors that need to be addressed in order to clarify and elaborate the concepts of anthropogene and Anthropocene in the future. These are; (1) problems in setting standards for measuring anthropogenic effects especially geogenic and the steps to be taken to solve this, and (2) the necessity to produce studies that can be supported by absolute age data rather than conceptual discussion of the temporal separation of the Anthropocene. Scientific studies in different regions where these elements are taken into consideration will undoubtedly reveal the extent of the anthropogenic effect and the temporal separation of the Anthropocene boundary in a much more realistic manner.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anthropogenic pollution,Anthropocene,geogenic,geological time

Antropojen ve Antroposen Kavramlarının Tarihsel Gelişimine Yerbilimsel Bir Bakış

Öz

İnsanın doğa içerisinde var olma çabası, kendisini ekosistemin bir parçası olmaktan çıkarıp doğayı kendi ihtiyacına uygun bir hâle getirme noktasına sürüklemiştir. İnsanın doğa ile olan bu mücadelesi şüphesiz doğada farklı ölçeklerde tahribatlara sebep olmaktadır. Ortaya çıkan bu tahribatın izleri ise jeolojik süreçler içerisinde kayıt altına alınmaktadır. İnsanın doğaya etkileri ile ortaya çıkan çevresel değişiklikler ise günümüzde “antropojenik kirlilik” olarak isimlendirilmektedir. İnsanın doğa üzerindeki kalıcı izlerini tanımlamak amacıyla yapılan en ciddi çalışmaların başlangıcı 19. yüzyılın ortalarına dayanmakta olsa da özellikle antik Yunan ve Romalı yazarların ve filozofların günümüze ulaşan eserlerinden de bu farkındalığın çok daha eskiye dayandığı bilinmektedir. Bu etkilerin yapılan gözlemler ve bilimsel metotlarla araştırılmaya başlanarak evrildiği son döneme doğru birçok araştırmacı, içinde bulunduğumuz jeolojik seri olan Holosen’in zamansal olarak ayrılması ve Holosen’den sonra yeni bir jeolojik seri olarak Antroposen’e girilmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır. Aslında bu görüş 19. yüzyılda defaatle dile getirilmiş olsa da sonradan unutulmuş ve 2000’li yılların başından itibaren tekrar gündeme getirilerek popülaritesi artırılmıştır. Bu zamansal ayrımın tekrar önerilmesinin ardından, Antroposen’in varlığı ve başlangıcı ile ilgili çalışmalar nispeten yoğunlaşmış ve birçok araştırmacı tarafından tartışılan ve multidisipliner bir kapsamda irdelenen bilimsel bir konu hâline gelmiştir. Gelecekte Antropojen ve Antroposen kavramlarının netleştirilmesi ve detaylandırılması adına ele alınması gereken 2 ana unsur bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; (1) antropojenik etki/katkının ölçülmesindeki standartların belirlenmesindeki özellikle jeojenik problemler ve çözümü için uygulanması gereken adımlar ve (2) Antroposen’in zamansal olarak ayrılmasının artık kavramsal olarak tartışmasından çok, mutlak yaş verileri ile desteklenebilecek çalışmaların üretilmesinin gerekliliğidir. Bu unsurların dikkate alınarak yapıldığı farklı bölgelerdeki çalışmalar hiç şüphesiz antropojenik etkinin boyutunu ve Antroposen sınırının zamansal ayrımını daha net bir biçimde ortaya koyacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antropojenik kirlilik,Antroposen,jeolojik zaman,jeojenik

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