Cihanpaşa (Yozgat) Bölgesinin Güney Kesimindeki Manganez Cevherleşmesinin Jeokimyasal Özellikleri ve Kökeni

Yıl 2022, , 1 - 34, 30.09.2021

Selman Aydoğan

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.975220

Cited By: 2

Öz

Türkiye’de Neotetis Okyanusu’nun kuzey kolunun kalıntısı olan İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan kenet zonunun (İAESZ) ofiyolitik melanj kompleksleri birçok manganez oksit yataklarına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bu yataklar, melanj ünitelerine ait olan kırmızı-menekşe renkli radyolaryalı çört blokları içerisinde gözlenmektedir. Bu melanj birliklerinden, Artova melanjı Kırşehir Masifi (Orta Türkiye)’nin kuzey kesiminde İAESZ boyunca yayılım sunmaktadır ve aynı zamanda altere serpantinit ve radyolaryalı çört blokları, yastık lav, pelajik kireçtaşı bloklarından meydana gelmektedir. Cihanpaşa (Yozgat, İç Anadolu) bölgesinden Mn-oksit cevherleşmeleri, bu oluşumların kökeni, paleoredoks özellikleri ve depolanma ortamlarını ortaya koymak için analiz edilmiştir. Cevherleşmelerinin mineral parajenezi yaygın olarak braunit, pirolusit, psilomelan ve kuvars minerallerinden oluşmaktadır. Jeokimyasal olarak, yüksek Mn/Fe (60,2), düşük ΣNYE (15,75 ppm), Cu+Ni+Co (730 ppm), negatif Ce anomalisi ve hafif negatif Y/Y* anomalisi (0,87) Cihanpaşa manganez cevherleşmelerinin denizaltı bir hidrotermal sistem ile oluştuğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Negatif Ce/Ce* anomalisi (0,33), düşük Ceanom değerleri (< − 0,54), redoks göstergeler [V/(V + Ni) = 0,43; Ni/Co = 0,51, V/Mo = 6,15)] çalışılan manganez cevherleşmelerinin hidrotermal sistem tarafından oksijenli bir sedimanter ortamda oluştuğuna işaret etmektedir. Dahası, hafif pozitif ve negatif Eu anomalisi (0,84), yüksek Lasn/Cesn (3,96), düşük Al/(Al + Fe) (0,34) ve ΣNYE/Fe (30,7x10-4) oranları Cihanpaşa manganez oksit cevherleşmelerinin Neotetis Okyanusu’nun yaklaşık yayılma sırtına nispeten yakın düşük sıcaklıklı hidrotermal sistemin etkisi ile şekillenmiş olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

radyolaryalı çört, manganez oksit cevherleşmesi, hidrotermal, Cihanpaşa, Yozgat, İç Anadolu

Origin and Geochemical Signatures of Manganese Mineralizations in Southern Part of the Cihanpaşa (Yozgat) Region

Öz

Late Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange complexes of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone (İAESZ) that is the remnant of the northern branch of the Neotethys Ocean host numerous manganese oxide deposits in Turkey. These deposits are observed within the red-violet radiolarian chert blocks belonging to mélange units. Of these mélange units, the Artova mélange is observed along the İAESZ in the northern part of the Kırşehir Massif, central Turkey, and is made up mainly of pelagic limestone, pillow basalt, radiolarian-chert blocks, and highly altered serpentinite. Mn-oxide mineralizations from Cihanpaşa (Yozgat, central Anatolia) region were analysed in order to determine their depositional conditions, paleo-redox signatures, origin and source. These mineralizations are composed mainly of an alternation of radiolarian cherts and mudstones that overlie altered pillow basalt in an overturned fold. Based on petrographic studies, the mineral paragenesis of the manganese oxide mineralizations is comprised predominantly of braunite, pyrolusite, pysilomelane and quartz. Geochemically, high Mn/Fe (60.2), low ΣREE (15.75 ppm) and Cu+Ni+Co (730 ppm), and a negative Ce anomaly and weakly negative Y/Y* anomaly (0.87) suggest that the Cihanpaşa manganese mineralizations formed in a submarine hydrothermal system. A negative Ce/Ce* anomaly (0.33), low Ceanom values (< − 0.54), and redox-sensitive tracers [V/(V + Ni) = 0.43, Ni/Co = 0.51, V/Mo = 6.15)] indicate that the manganese mineralization was formed by a hydrothermal system in an oxygenated marine sedimentary environment. Further, a weakly positive and negative Eu anomaly (0.84), high Lasn/Cesn (3.96), low Al/(Al + Fe) (0.34) and ΣREE/Fe (30.7x10-4) ratios highlighted that the Cihanpaşa manganese mineralizations were formed via impact of a low-T hydrothermal system, which is relatively close to the spreading ridge of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean.

Anahtar Kelimeler

radiolarian chert, manganese oxide mineralization, hydrothermal, Cihanpaşa, Yozgat, Central Anatolia

Kaynakça

• Ahmadi, J., Mirnejad, H. & Modabberi, S. (2019). Geochemical Evidence for the Depositional Environment of the Esfandaghe Manganese Deposit, Kerman Province, Iran. Geochemical International, 57, 266-281.
• Akçay, A. E. & Beyazpirinç, M. (2017). The Geological Evolution of Sorgun (Yozgat)-Yildizeli (Sivas) Foreland Basin, Petrographic, Geochemical Aspects and Geochronology of Volcanism Affecting the Basin. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 155, 1-31.
• Akçay, A. E., Dönmez, M., Kara, H., Yergök, A.F. & Esentürk, K. (2007). 1/100.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, Yozgat-İ33 Paftası [1-16]. MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoloji Etüdleri Dairesi, Ankara, 80.
• Aldanmaz, E., Yalınız, M. K., Güçtekin, A. & Göncüoğlu, M. C. (2008). Geochemical characteristics of mafic lavas from the Neotethyan ophiolites in western Turkey: implications for heterogeneous source contribution during variable stages of ocean crust generation. Geological Magazine, 145(1):37-54.
• Alexander, B.W., Bau, M., Andersson, P. & Dulski, P. (2008). Continentallyderived solutes in shallow Archean sea water: rare earth element and Nd isotope evidence in iron formation from the 2.9 Ga Pongola Supergroup, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(2):378-394.
• Alibo, D. S. & Nozaki, Y. (1999). Rare earth elements in seawater: Particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 363-372.
• Alvi, S.H. & Shaif, M. (2020). Geochemical signatures of manganese ores around Barbil, Noamundi-Koira basin, Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes. https://doi:10.1080/24749508.2020.1720489.
• Bau, M. & Dulski, P. (1999). Comparing yttrium and rare earths in hydrothermal fluids from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: implications for Y and REE behaviour during near vent mixing and for the Y/Ho ratio of Proterozoic seawater. Chemical Geology, 155 (1/2), 77-90.
• Bau, M., Koschinsky, A., Dulski, P. & Hein, J.R. (1996). Comparison of partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 1709-1725
• Bau, M., Möller, P. & Dulski, P. (1997). Yttrium and lanthanides in eastern Mediterranean seawater and their fractionation during redox-cycling. Marine Chemistry, 56, 123-131.
• Bau, M., Schmidt, K., Koschinsky, A., Hein, J., Kuhn, T. & Usui, A. (2014). Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium. Chemical Geology, 381:1-9.
• Bolhar, R., Kaber, B. S., Moorbath, S., Fedo, C. M. & Whitehouse, M. J. (2004). Characterisation of early Archaean chemical sediments by trace element signatures. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222, 43-60.
• Bolton, B. R., Both, R., Exon, N. F., Hamilton, T. F., Ostwald, J. & Smith, J. D. (1988). Geochemistry and mineralogy of seafloor hydrothermal and hydrogenetic Mn oxide deposits from the Manus Basin and Bismarck Archipelago region of the southwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 85, 65-87.
• Bonatti, E. (1975). Metallogenesis at oceanic spreading centers. Annu Rev Earth Planetary Science, 3, 401-431.
• Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T. & Rydell, H. (1972). Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits. In D.R. Horn (Ed.), Ferromanganese Deposits of the Ocean Floor, (pp. 473-489). Harriman, Petersfield, UK
• Bortolotti, V., Chiari, M., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Marcucci, M., Principi, G., Saccani, E., Tekin, U.K. & Tassinari, R. (2018). The Jurassic-Early Cretaceous basalt–chert association in the ophiolites of the Ankara Mélange, east of Ankara, Turkey: age and geochemistry. Geological Magazine, 155(2), 451-478.
• Bortolotti, V., Chiari, M., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Marcucci, M., Principi, G., Tekin, U. K., Saccani, E. & Tassinari, R. (2013) Age and geochemistry of basaltchert associations in the ophiolites of the Izmir-Ankara mélange east of Ankara, Turkey: preliminary data. Ofioliti 38(2), 157-173.
• Bozkurt, E., Holdsworth, B. K. & Koçyiğit, A. (1997). Implications of Jurassic chert identified in the Tokat Complex, northern Turkey. Geological Magazine, 134(1), 91-97.
• Bragin, N. Y. & Tekin, U. K. (1996). Age of radiolarian-chert blocks from the Senonian Ophiolitic Melange (Ankara, Turkey). Island Arc, 5, 114-122.
• Chen, D., Qing, H., Yan, X. & Li, H. (2006). Hydrothermal venting and basin evolution (Devonian, South China): constraints from rare earth element geochemistry of chert. Sedimentary Geology, 183, 203-216.
• Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes, 36, 199-204.
• Condie, K.C. (1993). Chemical composition and evolution of the Upper Continental Crust: contrasing results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology, 104, 1-37.
• Crear, D.A., Namson, J., So Chyi, M., Williams, L. & Feigenson, M.D. (1982). Manganiferous cherts of the Franciscan assemblage: 1. General geology, ancient and modern analogues, and implications for hydrothermal convection at oceanic spreading centres. Economic Geology, 77(3), 519-540.
• Çakmakoğlu, A., Bilgin, Z.R. (2006). Pre-Neogene stratigraphy of the Karaburun peninsula (Wof İzmir Turkey). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 132, 33-61.
• Çelik, Ö. F., Marzoli, A., Marschik, R., Chiaradia, M., Neubauer, F. & Öz, İ. (2011). Early-Middle Jurassic intra-oceanic subduction in the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean, Northern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 509, 120-134.
• Çelik, S. (2010). Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Jurassic-Early cretaceous radiolarian fauna of the pelagic deposits in Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture complex, NE and SW Cankiri, northern Turkey. [Unpublished MSc. Thesis]. Hacettepe University.
• De Baar, H.J., German, C.R., Elderfield, H. & van Gaans, P. (1988). Rare earth element distributions in anoxic waters of the Cariaco Trench. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 1203-1219.
• Douville, E., Bienvenu, P., Charlou, J.L., Donval, J.P., Fouquet, Y., Appriou, P. & Gamo, T. (1999). Yttrium and rare earth elements in fluids from various deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 527-643.
• Duan, J., Fu, Y., Zhang, Z., Ma, X. & Xiao, J. (2019). The metallogenic environment of the Dounan manganese deposit, Southeast Yunnan, China: evidence from geochemistry and Mössbauer spectroscopic. Acta Geochimica, 38(1), 78-94.
• Dubinin, A. V., Kunetsov, A. B., Rimskaya-Korsakova, M. N. & Safin, T.Kh. (2018). Nd and Sr Isotope Composition in the Tooth Enamel from Fe–Mn Nodules of the Cape Basin (Atlantic Ocean): Age and Sources. Geochemistry International, 56(12), 1209-1219.
• Dubinin, A.V., Uspenskaya, T.Yu., Gavrilenko, G. M. & Rashidov, V. A. (2008). Geochemistry and Genesis of Fe–Mn Mineralization in Island Arcs in the West Pacific Ocean. Geochemistry International, 46(12), 1206-1227.
• Dymond, J., Lyle, M., Finney, B., Piper, D. Z., Murphy, K., Conard, R. & Pisias, N. (1984). Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP sites H, S and R-control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48(5), 931-949.
• Elderfield, H. & Greaves, M. J. (1982). The rare earth elements in seawater. Nature, 296, 214-218.
• Engstrom, D. R. & Wright, H. E. (1984). Chemical stratigraphy of lake sediments as a record of environmental change. In: E.Y., Haworth, J.W.G. Lund (Eds.), Lake Sediments and Environmental History (pp. 11-67). Leicester University Press, Leicester.
• Escavy, J. I., Herrero, M. J. & Arribas, M. E. (2012). Gypsum resources of Spain: Temporal and spatial distribution. Ore Geology Reviews, 49, 72-84.
• Fitzgerald, C. E. & Gillis, K. M. (2006). Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Baby Bare seamount in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 225,145-156.
• Gadd, M. G., Layton-Matthews, D. & Peter, J. M. (2016). Non-hydrothermal origin of apatite in SEDEX mineralization and host rocks of the Howard’s pass district, Yukon, Canada. American Mineralogist, 101(5),1061-1071.
• Galarraga, F., Reategui, K., Martinez, A., Martinez, M., Liamas, J. F. & Marquez, G. (2008). V/Ni ratio as a parameter in palaeoenvironmental characterisation of nonmaturemedium-crude oils from several Latin American basins. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 61, 9-14.
• Gallego-Torres, D., Martinez-Ruiz, F., De Lange, G. J., Jimenez-Espejo, F. J. & Ortega-Huertas, M. (2010). Traceelemental derived paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic conditions for Pleistocene Eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 293, 76-89.
• Ganno, S., Njiosseu, T.E.L., Kouankap, N.G.D., Djoukouo, S.A., Moudioh, C., Ngnotue, T. & Nzenti, J.P. (2017). A mixed seawater and hydrothermal origin of superior-type banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted Kouambo iron deposit, Palaeoproterozoic Nyong series, Southwestern Cameroon: Constraints from petrography and geochemistry. Ore Geology Reviews, 80, 860-875.
• Gao, J., Yang, R., Xu, H., Zhang, X., Feng, K. & Zheng, L. (2018). Genesis of Permian sedimentary manganese deposits in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, SW China: Constraints from geology and elemental geochemistry. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 192, 142-154.
• German, C. R. & Elderfield, H. (1990). Application of the Ce anomaly as a paleoredox indicator: the ground rules. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 5(5), 823-833.
• Glasby, G.P. (2006). Manganese: predominant role of nodules and crusts. In: H.D. Schulz, M. Zabel (Eds.) Marine geochemistry (pp. 371-428). Springer, Heidelberg.
• Glasby, G.P., Gwozdz, R., Kunzendorf, H., Friedrich, G. & Thijssen, T. (1987). The distribution of rare earth and minor elements in manganese nodules and sediments from the equatorial and SW. Pacific. Lithos, 20(2), 97-l 13.
• Glasby, G. P., Li, J. & Sun, Z. (2015). Deep-Sea Nodules and Co-rich Mn Crusts. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 33, 72-78.
• Göncüoğlu, M.C., Turhan, N., Şentürk, K., Özcan, A. & Uysal, S. (2000). A geotraverse across NW Turkey: tectonic units of the Central Sakarya region and their tectonic evolution. In: Bozkurt E, Winchester J, Piper JA (eds) Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and the surrounding area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 173, 139-161.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C., Sayıt, K. & Tekin, U.K. (2010). Oceanization of the northern Neotethys: geochemical evidence from ophiolitic melange basalts within the Izmir-Ankara suture belt, NW Turkey. Lithos, 116, 175-187.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C., Yalınız, M. K. & Tekin, U. K. (2006a). Geochemistry, tectono-magmatic discrimination and radiolarian ages of basic extrusives within the Izmir-Ankara-Suture Belt (NW Turkey): Time constraints for the Neotethyan evolution. Ofioliti, 31, 25-38.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C., Yalınız, M. K. & Tekin, U. K. (2006b). Geochemical features and radiolarian ages of volcanic rocks from the Izmir-Ankara Suture Belt, western Turkey. Mesozoic ophiolite belts of the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula, International Symposium, Belgrade-Banja Luka, May 31-June 6 (pp. 41-44).
• Gromet, L.P., Dymek, R.F., Haskin, L.A. & Korotev, R.L. (1984). The “North American Shale Composite”: its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48(12), 2469-2482.
• Gültekin, A.H. & Balcı, N. (2018). Geochemical Characteristics of Sedimentary Manganese Deposit of Binkılıç, Trache Basin, Turkey. Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 7(3), 1-13.
• Gündoğan, İ., Helvacı, C. & Sözbilir, H. (2008). Gypsiferous carbonates at Honaz Dağı (Denizli): First documentation of Triassic gypsum in western Turkey and its tectonic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32, 49-65.
• Halbach, P., Scherhag, C., Hebisch, U. & Marchig, V. (1981). Geochemical and mineralogical control of different genetic types of deep-sea nodules from the Pacific Ocean. Mineralium Deposita, 16(1), 59-84.
• Hatch, J. R. & Leventhal, J. S. (1992). Relationship between inferred redox potential of the depositional environment and geochemistry of the upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) stark shale member of the Dennis lime stone, Wabaunsee County, Kansas, U.S.A. Chemical Geology, 99(1-3), 65-82.
• Hay, W. H., Migdisov, A., Balukhovsky, A. N., Wold, C. N., Flögel, S. & Söding, E. (2006). Evaporites and the salinity of the ocean during the Phanerozoic: Implications for climate, ocean circulation and life. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 240, 3-46.
• Hayashi, K. I., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H. D. & Ohmoto, H. (1997). Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from Northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(19), 4115-4137.
• Hein, J.R. (2004) Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Global distribution, composition, origin and research activities. In Workshop on Minerals Other than Polymetallic Nodules of the International Seabed Area, Int. Seabed Auth,. (pp. 188-256). Kingston, Jamaica.
• Hein, J. R., Conrad, T. A. & Staudigel, H. (2010). Seamount Mineral Deposits: A Source of Rare Metals for High-Technology Industries. Oceanography, 23(1), 184-189.
• Hein, J. R. & Koschinsky, A. (2014). Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules. In: H.D. Holland, K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Second edition Treatise on Geochemistry, 13, 273-291.
• Hein, J. R., Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Manheim, F.T., Bau, M., Kang, J-K. & Lubick, N. (1997). Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific, In: K. Nicholson, J.R. Hein, B. Bühn, S. Desgupta (Eds.) Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits (pp.123-138). Geological Society of London Special Publication.
• Hein, J. R., Schulz, M.S., Dunham, R. E., Stern, R. J. & Bloomer, S. H. (2008). Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(8), 1-29.
• Helvacı, C. (2021). Sözlü Görüşme. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, İzmir.
• Holtstam, D. & Mansfield, J. (2001). Origin of a carbonate-hosted Fe-Mn-(Ba-As-Pb-Sb-W) deposit of Långban-type in central Sweden. Mineralium Deposita, 36(7), 641-657.
• IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature Issues Brief) (2018). Deep-sea mining. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/deep-sea-mining.
• Jones, B. & Manning, D.A.C. (1994). Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of palaeoredox conditions in ancient mudstones. Chemical Geology, 111(1-4), 111-129.
• Josso, P., Pelleter, E., Pourret, O., Fouquet, Y., Etoubleau, J., Cheron, S. & Bollinger, C. (2017). A new discrimination scheme for oceanic ferromanganese deposits using high field strength and rare earth elements. Ore Geology Reviews, 87:3-15.
• Kandemir, T. (2021). Demirciler (Dursunbey, Balikesir) Radyolarit-Çörtlerle İlişkili Manganez Oluşumlarının jeokimyasal özellikleri [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Kang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, D., Huang, H., Dong, S. & Zhang, S. (2011). Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Radiolarian Cherts of the Mada’er Area, Southwestern Tianshan: implications for Depositional Environment. Acta Geologica Sinica, 85(4), 801-813.
• Karakuş, A., Yavuz, B. & Koç, Ş. (2010). Mineralogy and Major-Trace Element Geochemistry of the Haymana Manganese Mineralizations, Ankara, Turkey. Geochemistry International, 48(10), 1014-1027.
• Kato, Y., Yamaguchi, K.E. & Ohmoto, H. (2006). Rare earth elements in Precambrian banded iron formations: Secular changes of Ce and Eu anomalies and evolution of atmospheric oxygen. In: S.E. Kesler, H. Ohmoto (Eds.). Evolution of Early Earth’s Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere-Constraints from Ore Deposits. Geological Society of America, 198, 269-289.
• Kemkin, I. & Kemkina, R.A. (2020). Comparative geochemical study of the cherty rocks of the Taukha terrane (Sikhote-Alin) and its paleogeodynamic significance. Acta Geochimica, 39(4), 539-560.
• Kılıç, G., Aydoğan, M.S. & Kumral, M. (2018). Preliminary results of the radiolarian-chert hosted manganese deposit within the Vezirler ophiolitic mélange (Kula-Manisa, western Turkey): constraints on the origin, paleo-redox conditions, and depositional environments. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(628), 1-22.
• Klein, R. T., Lohmann, K. C. & Thayer, C. W. (1996). Sr/Ca and 13C/12C ratios in skeletal calcite of MytiZus trossulus: covariation with metabolic rate, salinity, and carbon isotopic composition of seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(21), 4207-4221.
• Koç, Ş., Özmen, Ö. & Öksüz, N. (2000). Geochemistry characteristic of Kasımağa (Keskin-Kırıkkale) manganese oxide mineralizations. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 122, 107-118.
• Kunimaru, T., Shimizu, H., Takahaski, K. & Yabuki, S. (1998). Differences in geochemical features between Permian and Triassic cherts from the southern Chichibu terrane, Southwest Japan: REE abundances, major element compositions and Sr isotope ratios. Sedimentary Geology, 119, 195-217.
• Kuşçu, M. & Gedikoğlu, A. (1989). Ulukent (Tavas-Denizli) güneyi manganez yataklarının jeokimyasal özellikleri. Yerbilimcinin Sesi, 17, 29-48.
• Lan, C., Yang, A. Y., Wang, C. & Zhao, T. (2019). Geochemistry, U-Pb zircon geochronology and Sm-Nd isotopes of the Xincai banded iron formation in the southern margin of the North China Craton: implications on Neoarchean seawater compositions and solute sources. Precambrian Research, 326, 240-257.
• Laurilla, T. E., Hannington, M. D., Petersen, S. & Garbe-Schönberg, D. (2014). Early depositional of metalliferous sediments in the Atlantis II Deep of the Red Sea: evidence from rare earth element geochemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 126, 146-168.
• Lei, R-X., Zhang, K., Muhtar, M. N. & Wu, C-Z. (2020). Neoproterozoic non-glaciogenic iron formation: Insights from Fe isotope and elemental geochemistry of the Shalong iron formation from the Central Tianshan block, southern Altaids. Precambrian Research, 351, Article 105959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105959.
• Li, X. (2000). Geochemistry of the Late Paleozoic radiolarian cherts within the NE Jiangxi ophiolite melange and its tectonic significance. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 43(6), 617-624.
• Li, S., Yan, J., Pei, Q., Sha, J., Mou, S. & Xiao, Y. (2019). Risk Identification and Evaluation of the Long-term Supply of Manganese Mines in China Based on the VW-BGR Method. Sustainability, 11(9), 1-23.
• Lotfi, M., Kahrazehi, M. & Ghaderi, M. (2017). Geochemistry and origin of Dehoo manganese deposit, south Zahedan, southeastern Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 10(142), 1-17.
• Lu, Z. L., Ling, H. F., Zhou, F., Jiang, S.Y., Chen, X. M. & Zhou, H. Y. (2005). Variation of the Fe/Mn ratio of ferromanganese crusts from the Central North Pacific: implication for paleoclimate changes. Progress in Natural Science, 15, 530-537.
• Maynard, J. (2010). The chemistry of manganese ores through time: a signal of increasing diversity of earthsurface environments. Economic Geology, 105, 535-552.
• McLennan, S. M. (1989). Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In: B.R. Lipin, G.A. McKay (Eds.), Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements (pp. 168-200). Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, Washington.
• Moix, P. & Goricán, Š. (2013). Jurassic and cretaceous radiolarian assemblages from the Bornova mélange in northern Karaburun peninsula (western Turkey) and its connection to the İzmir-Ankara mélanges. Geodinamica Acta, 26(1-2),56-67.
• Morford, J. L. & Emerson, S. (1999). The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(11-12), 1735-1750.
• MTA (2002). Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, (Ed.: M. Şenel, Düzenleyen: N. Turhan). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü. 1/500.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası, Ankara Paftası.
• Murray, R.W. (1994). Chemical criteria to identify the depositional environment of chert: general principles and applications. Sedimentary Geology, 90, 213-232.
• Murray, R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Jones, D.L., Gerlach, D.C. & Russ, G.P. (1990). Rare earth elements as indicators of different marine depositional environments. Geology, 18, 268-271.
• Murray, R. W., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Gerlach, D. C., Russ, G. P. & Jones, D. L. (1991). Rare earth, major and trace elements in chert from the Franciscan Complex and Monterey Group, California; assessing REE sources to fine-grained marine sediments. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 1875-1895.
• Murray, R. W., Jones, D. L. & Buchholtz ten Brink, M. R. (1992). Diagenetic formation of bedded chert: Evidence from chemistry of the chert-shale couplet. Geology, 20(3), 271-274.
• Naeher, S., Gilli, A., North, R. P., Hamann, Y. & Schubert, C. J. (2013). Tracing bottom water oxygenation with sedimentary Mn/Fe ratios in Lake Zurich, Switzerland. Chemical Geology, 352, 125-133.
• Nicholson, K. (1992). Contrasting mineralogical-geochemical signatures of manganese oxides; guides to metallogenesis. Economic Geology, 87, 1253-1264.
• Nicholson, K., Nayak, V. K. & Nanda, J. K. (1997). Manganese ores of the Ghoriajhor-Monmunda area, Sundergarh District, Orissa, India: geochemical evidence for a mixed Mn source. In: K. Nicholson, J.R. Hein, B. Bühn & S. Dasgupta (Eds.), Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. Geological Society London Special Publication, 119, 117-121.
• Nothdurft, L. D., Webb, G. E. & Kamer, B. S. (2004). Rare earth element geochemistry of Late Devonian reefal carbonates, Canning Basin, Western Australia: confirmation of a seawater REE proxy in ancient limestones. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 263-283.
• Okay, A. I. (1986). High pressure/low temperature metamorphic rocks of Turkey. In: B.W. Evans, & E. H. Brown (Eds.), Blueschists and Eclogites, Geological Society of America,164, 333-348.
• Okay, A.I. & Tüysüz, O. (1999). Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: B. Durand, L. Jolivet, F. Horváth, M. Séranne (Eds.) The Mediterranean basins: tertiary extension within the alpine orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 156, 475-515.
• Okay, A. I. & Göncüoğlu, M. C. (2004). The Karakaya Complex: A Review of Data and Concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 77-95.
• Olivarez, A. M. & Owen, R. M. (1989). REE/Fe variations in hydrothermal sediments: Implications for the REE content of seawater. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 757-762.
• Owen, A., Armstrong, H. & Floyd, J. (1999). Rare earth elements in chert clast as provenance indicators in the Ordovician and Silurian of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Sedimentary Geology, 124, 185-195.
• Oygür, V. (1990). Çayirli (Ankara-Haymana) Manganez Yatağinin Jeolojisi, Oluşumu ve Kökeni Üzerine Görüşler. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 110, 29-43.
• Öksüz, N. (2011a). Geochemical characteristics of the Eymir (Sorgun-Yozgat) manganese deposit, Turkey. Journal of Rare Earths, 29(3), 287-296.
• Öksüz, N. (2011b). Geochemistry and the Origin of Manganese Mineralizations in Derbent (Yozgat) Region. Bulletin of the Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University, 32(3), 213-234
• Öksüz, N. & Okuyucu, N. (2014). Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Origin of Büyükmahal Manganese Mineralization in the Artova Ophiolitic Complex, Yozgat, Turkey. Journal of Chemistry, 2014, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/837972.
• Özkan, M., Çelik, Ö. F., Soycan, H., Çörtük, R. M. & Marzoli, A. (2020). The Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous basalt-radiolarian chert association from the Tekelidağ Mélange, eastern Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone (northern Turkey). Cretaceous Research, 107, 104-280.
• Öztürk, H. (1997). Manganese Deposits in Turkey: Distribution, Types and Tectonic Setting. Ore Geology Reviews, 12, 187-203.
• Öztürk, H. & Hein, J. R. (1997). Mineralogy and Stable Isotopes of Black Shale-Hosted Manganese Ores, Southwestern Taurides, Turkey. Economic Geology, 92(1), 733-744.
• Öztürk, H., Kasapçı, C., Cansu, Z. & Hanilçi, N. (2016). Geochemical characteristics of iron ore deposits in central eastern Turkey: an approach to their genesis. International Geology Review, 58(13), 1-18.
• Öztürk, H., Kasapçı, C. & Özbaş, F. (2019). Manganese Deposits of Turkey. In: F. Pirajno, T. Ünlü, C. Dönmez & M.B. Şahin (Eds.) Mineral Resources of Turkey (pp. 261-282). Springer Verlag.
• Patacca, E., Scandone, P., & Giunta, G. (1979). Mesozoic paleotectonic evolution of the Ragusa zone (Southeastern Sicily). Geologica Romana, 18, 331-369.
• Petersen, S., Kratschell, A., Jamieson, J., Hein, J. R. & Hannington, M. D. (2016). News from the seabed – Geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources. Marine Policy, 70, 175-187.
• Piepgras, D. J. & Jacobsen, B. (1992). The behavior of rare earth elements in seawater: precise determination of variations in the North Pacific water column. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 1851-1862.
• Polgári, M., Hein, J. R., Vigh, T., Szabó-Drubina, M., Fórizs, I., Bíró, L., Müller, A. & Tóth, A.L. (2012). Microbial processes and the origin of the Úrkút manganese deposit, Hungary. Ore Geology Reviews, 47, 87-109.
• Robertson, A., Parlak, O., Ustaömer, T., Taslı, K., İnan, N., Dumitrica, P. & Karaoğlan, F. (2014). Subduction, ophiolite genesis and collision history of Tethys adjacent to the Eurasian continental margin: New evidence from the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 26, 230-293.
• Rojay, B., Altıner, D., Özkan-Altıner, S., Önen, A. P., James, S. & Thirlwall, M. F. (2004). Geodynamic significance of the cretaceous pillow basalts from north Anatolian Ophiolitic Mélange (Central Anatolia, Turkey): geochemical and paleontological constraints. Geodinamica Acta 17, 349-361.
• Roy, S. (1997). Genetic diversity of manganese deposition in the terrestrial geological record. In: K. Nicholson, J.R. Hein, B. Buhn & S. Dasgupta (Eds.) Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. Geological Society, Special Publication, London 119, 5-27.
• Sakhno, V. G. (2008). Recent and present-day volcanism in the southern Far East [in Russian]. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok.
• Santantonio, M., Scrocca, D., & Lipparini, L. (2013). The Ombrina‐Rospo Plateau (Apulian Platform): Evolution of a Carbonate Platform and its Margins during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 42, 4-29.
• Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Dilek, Y. & Sevin, M. (2017). New synthesis of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone and the Ankara mélange in northern Anatolia based on new geochemical and geochronological constraints. In: R. Sorkhabi (Ed.) Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian’s Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions: Geological Society of America Special Paper, 525.
• Sugisaki, R. (1984). Relation between chemical composition and sedimentation rate of Pacific Ocean-floor sediments deposited since the middle cretaceous: basic evidence for chemical constraints on depositional environments of ancient sediments. The Journal of Geology, 92(3), 235-259
• Sugisaki, R., Yamamoto, K. & Adachi, M. (1982). Triassic bedded cherts in central Japan are not pelagic. Nature, 298, 644-647.
• Sugitani, K., Horiuchi, Y., Adachi, M. & Sugisaki, R. (1996). Anomalously low Al2O3/TiO2 ratios for Archean cherts from the Pilbara Block, Western Australia-possible evidence for extensive chemical weathering on the early earth. Precambrian Research, 80, 49-76.
• Şaşmaz, A., Türkyılmaz, B., Öztürk, N., Yavuz, F. & Kumral, M. (2014). Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazığ-Malatya region, eastern Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews, 56, 352-372.
• Şaşmaz, A., Zagnitko, V.M. & Şaşmaz, B. (2020). Major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of the Oligocene stratiform manganese oxide-hydroxide deposits in the Nikopol, Ukraine. Ore Geology Reviews, 126, 103772.
• Şaşmaz, A., Şaşmaz, B., Hein, J.R. (2021). Geochemical approach to the genesis of the Oligocene-stratiform manganese-oxide deposit, Chiatura (Georgia). Ore Geology Reviews, 128, Article 103910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103910.
• Şengör, A. M. C. & Yılmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
• Takematsu, N., Sato, Y. & Okabe, S. (1989). Factors controlling the chemical composition of marine manganese nodules and crusts: a review and synthesis. Marine Chemistry, 26(1), 41-56.
• Taylor, S. R. & McLennan, S. M. (1985). The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford
• Tekin, U.K. (1999). Biostratigraphy and systematics of late middle to late Triassic radiolarians from the Taurus mountains and Ankara region, Turkey. Geol Paläont Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 5: 1-296
• Tekin, U. K., Göncüoğlu, M. C. & Turhan, N. (2002). First evidence of late Carnian radiolarians from the Izmir-Ankara suture complex, Central Sakarya, Turkey: implications for the opening age of the Izmir-Ankara branch of neo-Tethys. Geobios, 35(1),127-135.
• Tekin, U. K., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Özkan-Altıner, S. & Yalınız, M.K. (2006). Dating of Neotethyan volcanics by planktonic fauna, Bornova flysch zone, NWAnatolia (unpublished).
• Tekin, U. K. & Göncüoğlu, M. C. (2007). Discovery of oldest (late Ladinian to middle Carnian) radiolarian assemblages from the Bornova flysch zone in western Turkey: implications for the evolution of the Neotethyan Izmir-Ankara Ocean. Ofioliti, 32(2),131-150.
• Tekin, U. K. & Göncüoğlu, M. C. (2009). Late middle Jurassic (late Bathonianearly Callovian) radiolarian Cherts from the Neotethyan Bornova flysch zone, Spil Mountains, Western Turkey. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 17(3), 298-308.
• Toth, J. R. (1980). Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 91, 44-54.
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Mineral Commodity Summaries. 2019. Available online: https://doi.org/10.3133/70202434 (accessed on 10 May 2019).
• Usui, A. & Someya, M. (1997). Distribution and composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific. In: K. Nicholson, J.R. Hein, B. Buhn, S. Dasgupta (Eds.), Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits (pp. 177-198). Geological Society Special Publication, London.
• Üner, T. (2010). Petrology of Eldivan and Ahlat (Cankiri) ophiolites [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. Ankara: Hacettepe University.
• Wegorzewski, A. V. & Kuhn, T. (2014). The influence of suboxic diagenesis on the formation of manganese nodules in the Clarion Clipperton nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 357, 123-138.
• Wignall, P. B. & Myers, K. J. (1988). Age and geochemistry of late Precambrian sediments of the Hammamat series from the northeastern desert of Egypt. Journal of Geological Society, London, 146, 213-215.
• Wonder, J. D., Spry, P. G. & Windom, K. E. (1988). Geochemistry and origin of manganese-rich rocks related to iron-formation and sulfide deposits, western Georgia. Economic Geology, 83, 1070-1081.
• Wright, J., Schrader, H. & Holser, W. T. (1987). Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(3), 631-644.
• Xie, J., Sun, W., Du, J., Xu, W. Wu, L., Yang, S. & Zhou, S. (2013). Geochemical studies on Permian manganese deposits in Guichi, eastern China: implications for their origin and formative environments. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 74, 155-166.
• Yılmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yiğitbaş, E., Genç, Ş. C. & Şengör, A. M. C. (1997). Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In: A.G. Robinson, (Ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 68, 183-226.
• Yolsal-Çevikbilen, S., Biryol, C.K., Bech, S., Zandt, G., Taymaz, T., Adıyaman, H. E. & Özacar, A.A. (2012). 3-D crustal structure along the North Anatolian Fault Zone in north-central Anatolia revealed by local earthquake tomography. Geophysical Journal International, 188, 819-849.
• Zarasvandi, A., Lentz, D., Rezaei, M. & Pourkaseb, H. (2013). Genesis of the Nasirabad manganese occurrence, Fars province, Iran: geochemical evidences. Chemie der Erde Geochemistry, 73, 495-508.
• Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Sadeghi, M., Pourkaseb, H. & Sepahvand, M. (2016). Rare-earth element distribution and genesis of manganese ores associated with Tethyan ophiolites, Iran: A review. Mineralogical Magazine, 80(1), 127-142.
• Zhang, F. F., Yan, B., Guo, Y.L., Zhu, X. K., Zhou, Q. & Yang, D. Z. (2013). Precipitation from of manganese ore deposits in Gucheng, Hubei province, and its paleoenvironment implication. Acta Geologica Sinica, 87(2), 245-258 (in Chinese with English abstract).
• Zhu, X. K., Peng, Q. Y., Zhang, R.B., An, Z. Z., Zhang, F. F., Yan, B., Li, J., Gao, Z. F., Qin, Y. & Pan, W. (2013). Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Daotuo superlarge manganese ore deposit at Songtao County in Guizhou province. Acta Geologica Sinica 87(9), 1335-1348 (in Chinese with English abstract).