Yeşilırmak Taraçalarında (Orta Kuzey Anadolu) Geç Pleyistosen İklim Değişiklikleri ve Düşey Yönlü Deformasyona Akarsu Cevabının Araştırılması

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 60 Sayı: 4 - Türkiye'de Kuvaterner Araştırmaları, 615 - 636, 29.12.2017

Korhan Erturaç , Nafiye Güneç Kıyak

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.370625

Cited By: 4

Öz

Fosilleşmiş taşkın ovası çökelleri olarak
da tanımlanan akarsu taraça basamaklanması, akarsuların gelişim süreci üzerindeki
iklim, kaide seviyesi ve genç tektonik etkinin analitik olarak belirlenmesi
için önemli kayıtlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın odağında bulunan Yeşilırmak
Nehri’nin Çekerek Irmağı ile birleştiği Geldingen Ovası’nın (Amasya) güney
kesiminde, her iki akarsuyun kenarlarında bulunan depolanmalı taraça sistemi
çalışılmıştır. Bu taraça sistemi, güncel nehir taşkın ovasından +70 metre üst
kotlara kadar ulaşan üç basamaktan oluşmaktadır. Bu basamakların gelişim süreci,
farklı seviyelerinden elde edilen toplam 12 adet örneğin lüminesans yöntemi kullanılarak
tarihlendirilmesi ile araştırılmıştır.

Elde edilen sonuçlar, taraça
seviyelerinin Son Buzul Çağı içerisinde güncel taşkın ovasından T3 (+70), T2
(+35) ve T1(+15) metre göreceli konumlarda, sırasıyla MIS5a, MIS3 ve LGM sonu dönemleri
içerisinde depolandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen depolanmalı/aşınmalı
dönemlerin, Türkiye ve yakın çevresinde gerçekleştirilen iklim değişikliği
kayıtları ve Karadeniz seviye değişimleri ile karşılaştırılması, inceleme
alanında taraça oluşumunun, son buzul dönemi içerisinde Doğu Akdeniz için
tanımlanan yağışlı/kurak dönemlerle uyumlu olduğunu göstermektedir. Her üç
taraçanın terkedilme zamanı ve konumu oranlandığında, Kuzey Anadolu Fayı
Zonu’nun içbükey sıkışmalı bir büklüm yaptığı orta kesiminde ortalama 0.94±0.26
mm/yıl yükselme hızı hesaplanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Akarsu taraçaları, İklim değişikliği, Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu, Optik Uyarmalı Lüminesans (OSL), tektonik yükselme hızı, Yeşilırmak

Investigating the Fluvial Response to Late Pleistocene Climate Changes and Vertical Deformation: Yeşilırmak Terrace Staircases (central north Anatolia)

Öz

River
terraces are remnants of former river floodplains that are fossilized above
present-day river channels, often in staircase systems. The formation of
terrace staircases is attributed to both tectonic, climate and sea/base level
changes. Variations in tectonic and climatic conditions cause perturbations in
the fluvial system, which, over time, lead to widening of valley floors,
aggradation and incision, thereby producing terraces representing the complex response
of the fluvial system to the chances in variables listed above.

This study reports on
the formation of terrace staircases at Yeşilırmak River system of central
northwest Anatolia, near Geldingen Plain (Amasya). The depositional steps
reaching +70 m (above today’s recent floodplain), have been mapped and dated by
using luminescence method which reveals that terrace formation started at early
late Pleistocene and continued within Last Glacial Period. The terrace steps,
namely T3 (+70 m), T2 (+35 m) and T1 (+15) were deposited during MIS5a, MIS3
and end of LGM.  The correlation with the
adjacent climate archives reveals that the terraces are formed primarily in
response to climatically induced fluctuations in river discharge and sediment
supply. Relative positions of the terrace risers and abandonment ages, enables
us to calculate a long-term vertical uplift rate of 0.94±0.26 mm/year at
the study area, located to the south of the North Anatolian Fault Zone.

Anahtar Kelimeler

River Terraces, Climate Change, Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), tectonic uplift rate, Yeşilırmak, North Anatolian Fault Zone

Kaynakça

• Aitken, M.J., 1998. An Introduction to Optical Dating: The Dating of Quaternary Sediments by the Use of Photon-Stimulated Luminescence. Oxford University Press, New York, 267
• Allen, J.R., Brandt, U., Brauer, A., Hubberten, H.W., Huntley, B., Keller, J., Kraml, M., Mackensen, A., Mingram, J., Negendank, J.F. and Nowaczyk, N.R., 1999. Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period. Nature, 400(6746),740-743.
• Antoine, P., Lautridou, J.-P. and Laurent, M., 2000. Long-term fluvial archives in NW France: response of the Seine and Somme rivers to tectonic movements, climatic variations and sea-level changes. Geomorphology, 33: 183-207.
• Barka A.A. and Kadinsky-Cade, K. 1988. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7, 663–684.
• Berger A. and Loutre M.F., 1991, Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million of years. Quaternary Sciences Review, Vol. 10 No. 4 pp. 297-317.
• Blum, M.D., Törnqvist, T.E., 2000. Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward. Sedimentology 47, 2–48.
• Bridgland, D.R., 2000. River terrace systems in north-west Europe: an archive of environmental change, uplift and early human occupation. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19, 1293–1303.
• Bridgland, D.R., Westaway, R., 2008. Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: a worldwide Quaternary phenomenon. Geomorphology 98, 286–315.
• Bull, W.B., 2008. Geomorphic Response to Climate Change, 326 pages. The Blackburn press.
• Burbank, D.W.,Leland,J.,Fielding,E.,Anderson,R.S.,Brozovic,N.,Reid,M.R., Duncan, C., 1996. Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hill slopes in the northwestern Himalayas. Nature 379,505–510.
• Çağatay, M.N., Öğretmen, N., Damcı, E., Stockhecke, M., Sancar, Ü., Eriş, K.K. and Özeren, S., 2014. Lake level and climate records of the last 90ka from the Northern Basin of Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews, 104, 97-116.
• Çiner, A., Doğan, U., Yıldırım, C., Akçar, N., Ivy-Ochs, S., Alfimov, V., Kubik, P.W. and Schlüchter, C., 2015. Quaternary uplift rates of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: insights from cosmogenic isochron-burial nuclide dating of the Kızılırmak River terraces. Quaternary Science Reviews, 107: 81-97.
• Demoulin, A., Mather, A., Whittaker, A., F, 2017. Fluvial archives, a valuable record of vertical crustal deformation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 166, 10-37.
• Doğan, U., 2010. Fluvial response to climate change during and after the Last Glacial Maximum in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary International, 222, 221-229.
• Doğan, U., 2011. Climate-controlled river terrace formation in the Kızılırmak Valley, Cappadocia section, Turkey: inferred from Ar–Ar dating of Quaternary basalts and terraces stratigraphy. Geomorphology, 126, 66-81.
• Dönmez, Ş. ve Yurtsever-Beyazıt, A., 2016. Oluz Höyük Kazısı Dokuzuncu Dönem (2015) Çalışmaları: Değerlendirmeler ve Sonuçlar. 38. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayın No: 3490, 3. Cilt, 537-552.
• Duller, G.A.T., 2008. Luminescence Dating: Guidelines on Using Luminescence Dating in Archaeology. English Heritage, Swindon.
• EIE, 2000. Türkiye Akarsularında Süspanse Sediment Gözlemleri ve Sediment Taşınım Miktarı. Elektrik İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Özel Sayı 20/17, Ankara.
• Elias, A.S., (ed), 2007. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Elsiever Ltd. Publications, ISBN: 978-0-444-52747.
• Erinç, S., 1982. Jeomorfoloji 1. Genişletilmiş 2. baskı, , 2931. 736 sf., İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 736 sf.
• Erturaç, M.K., 2017. Landscape Evolution and Occupation History in the Vicinity of Amasya. Artical 22 in Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey, Eds: Catherine Kuzucuoğlu, Atilla Çiner, Nizamettin Kazancı, Springer.
• Erturaç, M.K., 2010. Amasya ve Çevresinin Morfotektonik Evrimi (yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), İTÜ Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Erturaç, M. K., ve Tüysüz, O., 2012. "Kinematics and basin formation along the Ezinepazar-Sungurlu fault zone, NE Anatolia, Turkey." Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 4, 497-520.
• Faust, D. and Wolf, D., 2017. Interpreting drivers of change in fluvial archives of the Western Mediterranean-A critical view. Earth-Science Reviews. 53-83. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.011.
• Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Badertscher, S., Edwards, R.L., Mudelsee, M., Göktürk, O.M., Fankhauser, A., Pickering, R., Raible, C.C., Matter, A., Kramers, J., Tuysuz, O., 2009. Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L19707.
• Fontugne, M., Kuzucuoǧlu, C., Karabiyikoǧlu, M., Hatte, C. and Pastre, J.F., 1999. From Pleniglacial to Holocene: a 14 C chronostratigraphy of environmental changes in the Konya Plain, Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews, 18, 573-591.
• Forman, S.L., 2015. Luminescence Dating in Paleoseismology. In Beer, M., Kougioumtzoglou, I.A., Patelli, E., Au, I.S.-K. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Springer.
• Galbraith, R.F. and Roberts, R.G. 2012. Statistical aspects of equivalent dose and error calculation and display in OSL dating: an overview and some recommendations. Quaternary Geochronology 11, 1–27.
• Göktürk O.M., Fleitmann D, Badertscher S., Cheng, H., Edwards, RL., Leuenberger, M., Frankhauser, A., Tüysüz, O., Kramers, J., 2011. Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: Implications from the Sofular Cave record. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 2433–2445.
• Karaalioğlu, B. 1983. Geldingen Ovasının Hidrojeolojik Etüdü, Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Kıyak, N. and Erturaç, M., 2008. Luminescence ages of feldspar contaminated quartz from fluvial terrace sediments. Geochronometria, 30, 55-60.
• Kashima, K., 2002. Environmental and climatic changes during the last 20,000 years at Lake Tuz, central Turkey. Catena 48, 3–20.
• Lave, J. and Avouac, J.P., 2001. Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of Central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(B11): 26,561-26,591.
• Macklin, M.G., Lewin, J., Woodward, J.C., 2012. The fluvial record of climate change. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 370, 2143–2172.
• Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, T., van Gorp, W., Wijbrans, J.R., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Dekkers, M.J., Scahreve, D., Schoorl, J.M., Scaife, R., Stemerdink, C., van der Schriek, T., Bridgland, D.R., Aytaç, A.S., 2017. The Gediz River fluvial archive: A benchmark for Quaternary research in Western Anatolia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 166, 68-75.
• Murray, A.S. and Wintle, A.G. 2003 The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol: potential for improvements in reliability. Radiation Measurements, 37, 377–381.
• Ocakoğlu, F., Potoğlu-Erkaya, İ., Çilingiroğlu, Ç., Dinçer, B., Unan, S., 2017. Kureyşler (Kütahya Batısı) Bölgesinin Paleoklimatolojik İncelemesi ve Höyüktepe Höyüğü Arkeolojisi ile İlişkisi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu Projesi.74 s.
• Olszak, J., 2017. Climatically controlled terrace staircases in uplifting mountainous areas. Global and Planetary Change, 156, 13-23.
• Pan, B., Burbank, D., Wang, Y., Wu, G., Li, J., Guan, Q.,2003. A 900 k.y. record of strath terrace formation during glacial–interglacial transitionsin Northwest China. Geology 31, 957–960.
• Panin, N. and Popescu, I., 2007. The northwestern Black Sea: climatic and sea-level changes in the Late Quaternary. The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate and Human Settlement. Springer, Dordrecht, 387-405.
• Pazzaglia, F.J., 2013. Fluvial Terraces. In: J.F. Shroder (Editor), Treatise on Geomorphology. Vol:9.22, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 379-412.
• Rhodes, E.J., 2011. Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating of Sediments over the Past 200,000 Years. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 39: 461-488.
• Rixhon, G., Briant, R.M., Cordier, S., Duval, M., Jones, A. and Scholz, D., 2017. Revealing the pace of river landscape evolution during the Quaternary: recent developments in numerical dating methods. Quaternary Science Reviews, 166, 91-113.
• Ryan, W.B., Carbotte, S.M., Coplan, J.O., O'Hara, S., Melkonian, A., Arko, R., Weissel, R.A., Ferrini, V., Goodwillie, A., Nitsche, F. and Bonczkowski, J., 2009. Global multi‐resolution topography synthesis. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10.
• Sarıkaya, M.A. ve Çiner, A., 2015. Türkiye Geç Pleyistosen Buzullaşması ve Paleoiklimi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 151, 111-132.
• Schumilovskikh, L.S., Fleitmann, D., Nowaczyk, N.R., Behling, H., Marret, F., Wegwerth, A. and Arz, H.W., 2014. Orbital and millenial-scale environmental changes between 64 and 25 ka BP recorded in Black Sea sediments. Climate of the Past, 10, 939-945.
• Schumm, S.A., 1993. River response to base level change: implications for sequence stratigraphy. J. Geol. 101, 279–294.
• Torfstein, A., Goldstein, S.L., Stein, M. and Enzel, Y., 2013. Impacts of abrupt climate changes in the Levant from Last Glacial Dead Sea levels. Quaternary Science Reviews, 69, 1-7.
• Türkes, M., 1996. Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey. Int. J. Climatol. 16, 1057-1076.
• Tüysüz, O. 1992. Çorum G-35-c ve G-35-d paftalarının 1/50.000 ölçekli jeoloji haritaları. TPAO harita serisi (yayınlamamış).
• Tüysüz, O. 1996. Amasya ve çevresinin jeolojisi. Türkiye 11. Petrol Kongresi, Ankara. 32–48.
• Ustaoğlu, B., 2011. Türkiye’de A2 Emisyon Senaryosuna Göre Ortalama Yağış Tutarlarının Olası Değişimi, (2010-2099). Fiziki Coğrafya Araştırmaları Sistematik ve Bölgesel. Prof. Dr. M.Y. Hoşgören’e Armağan Kitabı, sf. 473- 484, Türk Coğrafya Kurumu Yayınları. ISBN:978-975-6686-03-4.
• Ünal-İmer, E., Shulmeister, J., Zhao, J.X., Uysal, I.T., Feng, Y.X., Nguyen, A.D. and Yüce, G., 2015. An 80 kyr-long continuous speleothem record from Dim Cave, SW Turkey with paleoclimatic implications for the Eastern Mediterranean. Scientific reports, 5, 13560.
• Vandenberghe, J., 2002. The relation between climate and river processes, landforms and deposits during the Quaternary. Quat. Int. 91, 17–23.
• Vandenberghe, J., 2003. Climate forcing of fluvial system development: an evolution of ideas. Quat. Sci. Rev. 22, 2053–2060
• Vandenberghe, J., 2008. The fluvial cycle at cold–warm–cold transitions in lowland regions: A refinement of theory, Geomorphology, 98, 3–4, 275-284.
• Wallinga, J., 2002. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial deposits: a review. Boreas 31, 303–322.
• Yanchilina, A.G., Ryan, W.B., McManus, J.F., Dimitrov, P., Dimitrov, D., Slavova, K. and Filipova-Marinova, M., 2017. Compilation of geophysical, geochronological, and geochemical evidence indicates a rapid Mediterranean-derived submergence of the Black Sea's shelf and subsequent substantial salinification in the early Holocene. Marine Geology, 383, 14-34.
• Yıldırım, C., Schildgen, T., Echtler, H., Melnick, D., Strecker, M.R., Bookhagen, B., Çiner, A., Niederman, S., Merchel, S., Martschini, M. and Steier, P., 2013. Tectonic implications of fluvial incision and pediment deformation at the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau based on multiple cosmogenic nuclides. Tectonics 32, 1-14.