Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 1966,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1-2, 52 - 89, 28.02.1966
İran'ın jeolojik yapısı Kambrienden - Kuaterner devri dahil muhtelif devirlere ait arazileri kapsar:
Bu jeolojik tetkikler yanında Kermanşah ve Abadan rafinerileri görülmüştür. Bunun dışında Orta Şark'ın en mükemmel petrol lâboratuvarı olan Tahran’daki Rey depo tetkik edilmiştir.
İran'da ilk ekonomik petrolün mevcudiyeti 1903 yılında Mescid-i-Süleyman strüktürünün keşfi ile anlaşılmıştır. 1951 yılına kadar İran’daki petrol çalışmalarını Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (şimdiki B. P. Petroleum Company Limited) yürütmüştür.
Öz
İran petrol sahalarını yerinde tetkik etmek üzere M.T.A. Enstitüsü Genel Direktörlüğü tarafından vazifelendirildik.
Bu seyahatimizde İran’ın petrol bölgelerinde Merkezî İran’daki Qum bölgesi, Batı İran’daki Kermanşah petrol bölgesi, Güney İran'daki Konsorsiyum bölgesi ve Hazar denizi petrol bölgeleri tetkik edilmiştir.
İran'ın jeolojik yapısı Kambrienden - Kuaterner devri dahil muhtelif devirlere ait arazileri kapsar:
Güneybatı İran'da fosilli Kambriene ait kırmızı ve yeşil şeyller, kırmızı kumtaşları ve kokulu dolomitler mevcuttur.
Elburz dağlarında pre-Devonien arazisi, Kuzey, Kuzeybatı ve Merkezî İran’da fosilli Devonien (kırmızı kumtaşları, şeyl ve kuarsitler), Permo-Karbonifere ait (Fusulina’lı kalkerler) kömürlü veya bitümlü kalker ve şeyller mevcuttur.
Trias genellikle dolomit ve plâket kalkerlerle Güneybatı İran'da masif kalker, dolomit ve kalkerli şeyllerle, güneyde jipsli kırmızı tabakalar, güneydoğuda kumtaşları, şeyl ve mercanlı kalkerlerle temsil edilmiştir.
Jura genel olarak kalker, dolomit ve masif kalkerlerle Alt ve Orta Jura ayrıca karbonlu şeyl, kumtaşı ve konglomeralarla temsil edilmiştir.
Alt Kretase genellikle kalker, Üst Kretase ise daha ziyade fliş karakterindedir.
Eosen - Oligosen-umumiyetle, denizel, güneydoğuda fliş karakterinde, güneybatıda yeşil ve eflâtun renkli şeyl, kalker, kumtaşlarından ibarettir.
Merkezî İran'da ve Elburzlar'da kalın denizel formasyonlarla karasallar nöbetleşedir.
Miosen kırmızı jips ve kumtaşları ile aralarında denizel kalker ve marnlı kalkerler halindedir.
Mio-Pliosen daha ziyade kısmen denizel, kısmen karasal klâstikler halindedir.
Eski Kuaterner, taraça, traverten ve löslerden, genç Kuaterner ise alüvyonlardan ibarettir.
Bunlardan maada İran’da Prekambrien, pre-Devonien, pre-Kretase ve post-Eosen yaşında muhtelif metamorfikler, intruzif, ayrıca Paleozoik veya daha yaşlı intruziflerle daha geniş sahalar kaplıyan, genellikle Paleozoik ve Plio Kuaterner yaşlı ekstruzifler İran’ın muhtelif yerlerinde görülür.
Merkezî İran'daki Qum bölgesinde Alborz ve Sarejeh strüktürleri mevcut olup, Alborz petrol, Sarejeh ise gaz ihtiva etmektedir. Her iki strüktürde de petrol ve gaz Oligo-Miosen yaşlı Qum formasyonunda bulunmaktadır.
Batı İran'daki Kermanşah bölgesinde Naft-i-Şah ile İmamhasan Strüktürleri mevcuttur. Naft-i-Şah strüktüründe petrol Oligo-Miosen yaşlı Kalhor kalkerlerindedir. İmamhasan strüktüründe ise Turonien kalkerleri ile, Senomanien marnlı kalkerlerindedir.
Güney İran Konsorsiyum bölgesinde yalnız Ahvaz, Agajari ve Karg adası strüktürleri tetkik edilmiştir. Ahvaz ve Agajari strüktürlerinde petrol Oligo-Miosen yaşındaki Asmari kalkerlerindedir. Karg adasında ise, Alt Kretase yaşındaki Khumi kalkerlerindedir.
Hazer denizi bölgesinde ise çalışmalar henüz gelişme safhasında olup, yalnız bir sondajda gaza raslanmıştır.
Bu jeolojik tetkikler yanında Kermanşah ve Abadan rafinerileri görülmüştür. Bunun dışında Orta Şark'ın en mükemmel petrol lâboratuvarı olan Tahran’daki Rey depo tetkik edilmiştir.
İran'da ilk ekonomik petrolün mevcudiyeti 1903 yılında Mescid-i-Süleyman strüktürünün keşfi ile anlaşılmıştır. 1951 yılına kadar İran’daki petrol çalışmalarını Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (şimdiki B. P. Petroleum Company Limited) yürütmüştür.
1951 yılında İran petrolleri millileştirilerek, İran Millî Petrol Şirketi = National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) kurulmuştur. Güneydeki Konsorsiyum bölgesi dışında kalan bütün petrol sahalarında yalnız NIOC petrol çalışmaları yapmaktadır. Güneydeki petrol çalışmaları ise, 1954 yılından beri Iranian Oil Exploration and Producing Co. (Consortium) tarafından devam ettirilmektedir.
Kaynakça
- BENDER, F. (1954): Doğu Türkiye'deki Raman, Garzan ve Kentalan strüktürlerinin Üst Kretase sahre ünitelerinin fasiesleri ve korelâsyonu. (Özet). Türk. Jeol. Kur. Bült., cilt V, sayı 1-2, Ankara. (Facies and correlation of the Upper Cretaceous rock units of the Raman, Garzan and Kentalan structures in Eastern Turkey. Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, vol. V, no. 1-2, Ankara.)
- BRITISH PETROLEUM GO. LTD.: Oil and gas in Southwest Iran. Symposium sobre Yacimientos de Petroleo y Gas. XX Gongreso Geologico International, Tom II, Asia y Oceania, pp. 33 72.
- EGERAN, N. (1952): Türkiye'deki tektonik üniteler ile petrol yatakları arasındaki münasebetler, M.T.A. Mecm., no. 42/43, Ankara. (Relations between tectonic units and oil fields in Turkey. M.T.A. Mecm., no. 42/43, Ankara.)
- ERENTÖZ, C. & TERNEK, Z. (1959): Türkiye sedimantasyon havzalarında petrol imkânları. M.T.A. Derg., no. 53, Ankara. (Oil possibilities in the sedimentary basins of Turkey, M.T.A. Bull., no. 53, Ankara.)
- IRANIAN OIL OPERATING COMPANIES: Companies 1962 Annual Review.
- KETİN, İ. (1959): Türkiye'nin orojenik gelişmesi, M.T.A. Derg., no. 53,Ankara. (The orogenic evolution of Turkey. M.T.A. Bull. (Foreign, ed.), BO. 53, Ankara.)
- KETİN, İ. (1960): 1:2 500 000 ölçekli Türkiye Tektonik Haritası hakkında açıklama. M.T.A. Derg., no. 54/Ankara. (Notice explicative de la carte tectonique de Turquie au 1:2 500 000. M.T.A. Bull. (Foreign ed.), no. 54, Ankara.)
- KURTMAN, F. (1961): Sivas-Divriği arasındaki sahanın jeolojisi ve jipsli seri hakkında müşahedeler. M.T. A. Derg., no. 56, Ankara. (Geologie des Gebietes zwischen Sivas und Divriği sowie Bemerkungen über die Gipsserie. M.T.A. Bull. (Foreign ed.), no. 56, Ankara.)
- PARÉJAS, E. (1938): La tectonique transversale de la Turquie. İst. Üniv. Fen Fak. Mecm. no. 8, İstanbul.
- TERNEK, Z. (1953): Mersin-Tarsus bölgesinin jeolojisi. M.T.A. Mecm., no. 44/45, Ankara. (Geology of the northern region, of Mersin-Tarsus. (Summary) M. T. A. Mecm., no. 44/45/Ankara.)
- (1957): Adana havzasının Alt Miosen (Burdigalien) formasyonları, bunların diğer formasyonlarla olan münasebetleri ve petrol imkânları. M.T.A. Derg., no. 49, Ankara. (The Lower Miocene «Burdigalian» formations of the Adana basin, their relations with other formations, and oil possibilities. M.T.A. Bull. (Foreign ed.), no. 49, Ankara.)
- (1958): Bucu-Kılbaş (Adana) bölgesinin jeolojisi ve petrol imkânları,Türk. Jeol. Kur. Bült. cilt VI, no. 2, Ankara. (Geological study and oil possibilities of the Bucu-Kılbaş (Adana) region, Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, vol. VI, no. 2, Ankara.)
- (1959): Söke’deki tabiî gaz hakkında jeolojik not. Türk. Jeol. Kur. Bült.5 cilt VII, no. 1. Ankara. (A geological note on the natural gas in Söke. Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, vol. VII, no. 1, Ankara.)
- TOLUN, N. (1956): A brief review of Turkey's oil possibilities. Oil in Turkey, no. 1, Petroleum Administration, Ankara.
- TROMP, S. W. (1941): Cenubu şarki Türkiye'de Orbitoides ve Omphalocyclus cinslerinin stratigrafik tevezzüü, M.T.A. Mecm,, no. 24, Ankara. (The stratigraphical distribution of the genera Orbitoides and Gmphalacyelus in SE. Turkey. M.T.A. Mecm., no. 24, Ankara.)
Yıl 1966,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1-2, 52 - 89, 28.02.1966
Strata of Triassic period are varied in character; though generally occurring as dolomites and laminated limestones, they appear as massive limestones, dolomites and calcareous shales in southwestern Iran, as gypsiferous red beds in southern Iran and as sandstones, shales and coral limestones in southeastern Iran.
Jurassic period is represented in general by bedded limestones, dolomites and massif limestones. There are Carboniferous shale, sandstone and conglomerate intercalations in the Lower and Middle Jurassic epochs.
Lower Cretaceous is generally represented by limestones, Upper Cretaceous strata have flysch characteristics.
Strata of Eocene-Oligocene epochs are generally marine in nature. In the southeast they arc dominantly flysch in character; on the other hand, in the southwest green and purple colored shales, sandstones and limestones are predominant. In central Iran, as well as in the Elburz Mountains, thick marine formations alternate with continental formations.
Strata of Miocene age are found as red gypsiferous beds and sandstones intercalated with marine limestones and muddy limestones. Mio-Pliocene strata are generally found as elastics, partially of marine and partially of continental facies.
Older Quaternary deposits are found as terraces and mainly consist of travertine and loess, Young Quaternary deposits are found as alluviums.
Various igneous and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian, pre-Devonian, pre-Cretaceous and post-Eocene ages have been distributed throughout Iran. In addition, there are extrusive rocks of mainly Paleozoic and Plio-Quaternary ages, which are observable at various localities.
In the Qum region of central Iran, there are two main oil structures: the Alborz structure yields oil, while the Sarajeh structure yields natural gas. In both structures the reservoir rock is Qum formation of Oligo-Miocene age.
In the Kermanshah region of western Iran two structures, the Napht-i Shah and Imam Hassan structures, are oil bearing. In the former, oil is found in the Kalhor limestones of Oligo-Miocene age, while in the latter, oil is concentrated in limestones of Turonian age and in muddy limestones of Cenomanian age.
In the southern Iran Consortium area, only the Ahwaz, Agha Jari and Kharg Island oil structures have been visited. The reservoir rock in the Ahwaz and Agha Jari structures is the Asmari limestone of Oligo-Miocene age. On the other hand, in Kharg Island structure, oil is found in Khami limestones of Lower Cretaceous age.
Besides these geological studies, the refineries of Kermanshah and Abadan have also been visited. Additionally, the best petroleum laboratories of the Middle East, Rey Depots in Teheran, were also seen.
The first economic oil discovery in Iran was made in 1908 with the finding of Masjid-i - Soleiman structure, Until 1951, all petroleum activities were conducted by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (at present, the B.P. Company Limited).
In 1951 Iranian oil fields were nationalized and the present National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) was established. With the exception of the Consortium area in the souths all oil fields of Iran are exploited only by National Iranian Oil Company. Since 1954, the petroleum activities in the southern area are carried out by the Iranian Oil Exploration and Producing Company (Consortium).
Öz
We were assigned by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey to visit and study the Iranian oil fields.
During our visit we have been, fortunate enough to see the oil fields of Qum In central Iran, Kermanshah in western Iran, Consortium oil fields in-southern Iran, as well as the Caspian oil fields In northern Iran.
Stratigraphical sequence In Iran ranges from Cambrian up to and including, Quaternary period. Fossiliferous Cambrian strata were seen In southwestern Iran; they consisted of red and green colored shales, red sandstones and bituminous dolomites.
Strata of pre-Devonian age were seen in the Elburz Mountains. In the northern, northwestern and central Iran fossiliferous strata of Devonian period consisted of red sandstones, shales and quartzites; In addition there were Fosulina-bearing limestones, bituminous limestones and shales which are generally regarded as of Permo-Carboniferous age.
Strata of Triassic period are varied in character; though generally occurring as dolomites and laminated limestones, they appear as massive limestones, dolomites and calcareous shales in southwestern Iran, as gypsiferous red beds in southern Iran and as sandstones, shales and coral limestones in southeastern Iran.
Jurassic period is represented in general by bedded limestones, dolomites and massif limestones. There are Carboniferous shale, sandstone and conglomerate intercalations in the Lower and Middle Jurassic epochs.
Lower Cretaceous is generally represented by limestones, Upper Cretaceous strata have flysch characteristics.
Strata of Eocene-Oligocene epochs are generally marine in nature. In the southeast they arc dominantly flysch in character; on the other hand, in the southwest green and purple colored shales, sandstones and limestones are predominant. In central Iran, as well as in the Elburz Mountains, thick marine formations alternate with continental formations.
Strata of Miocene age are found as red gypsiferous beds and sandstones intercalated with marine limestones and muddy limestones. Mio-Pliocene strata are generally found as elastics, partially of marine and partially of continental facies.
Older Quaternary deposits are found as terraces and mainly consist of travertine and loess, Young Quaternary deposits are found as alluviums.
Various igneous and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian, pre-Devonian, pre-Cretaceous and post-Eocene ages have been distributed throughout Iran. In addition, there are extrusive rocks of mainly Paleozoic and Plio-Quaternary ages, which are observable at various localities.
In the Qum region of central Iran, there are two main oil structures: the Alborz structure yields oil, while the Sarajeh structure yields natural gas. In both structures the reservoir rock is Qum formation of Oligo-Miocene age.
In the Kermanshah region of western Iran two structures, the Napht-i Shah and Imam Hassan structures, are oil bearing. In the former, oil is found in the Kalhor limestones of Oligo-Miocene age, while in the latter, oil is concentrated in limestones of Turonian age and in muddy limestones of Cenomanian age.
In the southern Iran Consortium area, only the Ahwaz, Agha Jari and Kharg Island oil structures have been visited. The reservoir rock in the Ahwaz and Agha Jari structures is the Asmari limestone of Oligo-Miocene age. On the other hand, in Kharg Island structure, oil is found in Khami limestones of Lower Cretaceous age.
In the Caspian Sea region exploration work is still under way; only one borehole yielded natural gas.
Besides these geological studies, the refineries of Kermanshah and Abadan have also been visited. Additionally, the best petroleum laboratories of the Middle East, Rey Depots in Teheran, were also seen.
The first economic oil discovery in Iran was made in 1908 with the finding of Masjid-i - Soleiman structure, Until 1951, all petroleum activities were conducted by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (at present, the B.P. Company Limited).
In 1951 Iranian oil fields were nationalized and the present National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) was established. With the exception of the Consortium area in the souths all oil fields of Iran are exploited only by National Iranian Oil Company. Since 1954, the petroleum activities in the southern area are carried out by the Iranian Oil Exploration and Producing Company (Consortium).
Kaynakça
- BENDER, F. (1954): Doğu Türkiye'deki Raman, Garzan ve Kentalan strüktürlerinin Üst Kretase sahre ünitelerinin fasiesleri ve korelâsyonu. (Özet). Türk. Jeol. Kur. Bült., cilt V, sayı 1-2, Ankara. (Facies and correlation of the Upper Cretaceous rock units of the Raman, Garzan and Kentalan structures in Eastern Turkey. Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, vol. V, no. 1-2, Ankara.)
- BRITISH PETROLEUM GO. LTD.: Oil and gas in Southwest Iran. Symposium sobre Yacimientos de Petroleo y Gas. XX Gongreso Geologico International, Tom II, Asia y Oceania, pp. 33 72.
- EGERAN, N. (1952): Türkiye'deki tektonik üniteler ile petrol yatakları arasındaki münasebetler, M.T.A. Mecm., no. 42/43, Ankara. (Relations between tectonic units and oil fields in Turkey. M.T.A. Mecm., no. 42/43, Ankara.)
- ERENTÖZ, C. & TERNEK, Z. (1959): Türkiye sedimantasyon havzalarında petrol imkânları. M.T.A. Derg., no. 53, Ankara. (Oil possibilities in the sedimentary basins of Turkey, M.T.A. Bull., no. 53, Ankara.)
- IRANIAN OIL OPERATING COMPANIES: Companies 1962 Annual Review.
- KETİN, İ. (1959): Türkiye'nin orojenik gelişmesi, M.T.A. Derg., no. 53,Ankara. (The orogenic evolution of Turkey. M.T.A. Bull. (Foreign, ed.), BO. 53, Ankara.)
- KETİN, İ. (1960): 1:2 500 000 ölçekli Türkiye Tektonik Haritası hakkında açıklama. M.T.A. Derg., no. 54/Ankara. (Notice explicative de la carte tectonique de Turquie au 1:2 500 000. M.T.A. Bull. (Foreign ed.), no. 54, Ankara.)
- KURTMAN, F. (1961): Sivas-Divriği arasındaki sahanın jeolojisi ve jipsli seri hakkında müşahedeler. M.T. A. Derg., no. 56, Ankara. (Geologie des Gebietes zwischen Sivas und Divriği sowie Bemerkungen über die Gipsserie. M.T.A. Bull. (Foreign ed.), no. 56, Ankara.)
- PARÉJAS, E. (1938): La tectonique transversale de la Turquie. İst. Üniv. Fen Fak. Mecm. no. 8, İstanbul.
- TERNEK, Z. (1953): Mersin-Tarsus bölgesinin jeolojisi. M.T.A. Mecm., no. 44/45, Ankara. (Geology of the northern region, of Mersin-Tarsus. (Summary) M. T. A. Mecm., no. 44/45/Ankara.)
- (1957): Adana havzasının Alt Miosen (Burdigalien) formasyonları, bunların diğer formasyonlarla olan münasebetleri ve petrol imkânları. M.T.A. Derg., no. 49, Ankara. (The Lower Miocene «Burdigalian» formations of the Adana basin, their relations with other formations, and oil possibilities. M.T.A. Bull. (Foreign ed.), no. 49, Ankara.)
- (1958): Bucu-Kılbaş (Adana) bölgesinin jeolojisi ve petrol imkânları,Türk. Jeol. Kur. Bült. cilt VI, no. 2, Ankara. (Geological study and oil possibilities of the Bucu-Kılbaş (Adana) region, Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, vol. VI, no. 2, Ankara.)
- (1959): Söke’deki tabiî gaz hakkında jeolojik not. Türk. Jeol. Kur. Bült.5 cilt VII, no. 1. Ankara. (A geological note on the natural gas in Söke. Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, vol. VII, no. 1, Ankara.)
- TOLUN, N. (1956): A brief review of Turkey's oil possibilities. Oil in Turkey, no. 1, Petroleum Administration, Ankara.
- TROMP, S. W. (1941): Cenubu şarki Türkiye'de Orbitoides ve Omphalocyclus cinslerinin stratigrafik tevezzüü, M.T.A. Mecm,, no. 24, Ankara. (The stratigraphical distribution of the genera Orbitoides and Gmphalacyelus in SE. Turkey. M.T.A. Mecm., no. 24, Ankara.)
Toplam 15 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Genel Jeoloji |
| Bölüm | Makaleler - Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Şubat 1966 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 1 Haziran 1965 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 1 Aralık 1965 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 1966 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1-2 |
Kaynak Göster
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