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The Paleozoic formations of the Ankara region generally consist of metamorphic schists, graywackes and crystalline (or partly crystalline) limestones.
In the metamorphic schists and graywackes the following types could be identified:
5. Dark gray-colored shales and sandstones - almost non-metamorphic Upper Carboniferus-Permian (parly Triassic?)
4. Brown-colored graywackes - almost non-metamorphic or slightly metamorphic - Devonian-Carboniferus.
3. Dark colored phyllites, graphitic schists, grayish micaceaus clayschists - epimetamorphic - older than Devonian probably Silurian- Upper Cambrian.
2. Pinkish sericiteschists - epimetamorphic - Lowwer Paleozoic, may be older than Silurian
1. Green chlorite glaucophone-schists - epimetamorphic - Lowwer Paleozoic, may be older than Silurian
The first three groups of these schists are apparently metamorphic and they might he included into epizone Although the sequence explained above could not be seen in a single section m tne field, it is somehow possible to accept a relatwe chronology.
The green chlorite or glaucophane-schists -probably the oldest schists of the region- are seen in the south of Aydos Mountain in the northern part of the region. They show intense folds striking from SE to NW and include some quartzite lenses. Towards the west and south of these outcrops a gradual passage into the outcrops of other (younger) schists may be observed. The only fossils which were found (by İ. Yalçınlar) in the schists, are Graptolites of probably Silurian-Upper Cambrian age. I think they are found in grayish clay-schists of the third group.
Graywackes, which contain some shales, are not so densely folded as the epimetamorphic group and also apparently less metamorphic, or even almost non-metamorphic. For this reason—together with the overlying dark-colored sandstones and shales (group 5) and limestones—the graywackes may be included into the series, folded during Hercynian orogeny, and they might be separated from older epimetamorphic schists. According to this, the epimetamorphic schists may be part of a Caledonian massif.
There are two types of graywackes: The lower graywackes are thick-bedded, hard and dark-greenish-brown-colored sandstones, which sometimes show graded bedding, containing some dark-greenish basic igneous material. The upper graywackes are relatively light brown, weak to erosion and massive. Especially this upper type is almost non-metamorphic. I think, the Upper Devonian fossil (Rhynchonella cuboides), reported by K. Leuchs, must have been found in the graywackes (probably in the lower type), around Culuk in the S W of Ankara. On the other hand, some Permian (İ. Ketin) and Triassic (U. Bilgütay) fossils are found in graywackes around Hasanoğlan. İ. Ketin indicates the resemblance between the Liassic sandstones and graywackes.
Dark-grayish sandstones and shales are seen between graywackes and the overlying crystalline limestones in some places. Some Viséen fossils were found by E. Chaput in the series. He compared them to the Carboniferous layers around Zonguldak. Many outcrops of this series are also indicated by the author of the present article, in the Ankara region.
The limestone formations of the region are of Upper Paleozoic age and they are completely or partly crystalline. There are two main types of limestones. The lower part is dark-colored and well-bedded. They overlie the graywackes, or mostly the dark-colored sandstones and shales of group 5. This type of limestones contains Upper Carboniferous-Permian microfossils, especially Fusulina, Parafusulina, Neoschwagerina, Stafella, Mizzia, Selviogenina, Hemigordiopsis, Climacammina, Cribrogerina, etc.
The upper part of limestones is grayish, massive and recrystallized and includes no fossils. For this reason the real age of it is still a problem. Some authors believe that all these limestones are of Paleozoic age; some others accept that there may be some Triassic members of these limestones, although no characteristic fossils have yet been found. The author of this article thinks that the main body of these limestones belongs to the Upper Carboniferous-Permian, but there may also be some Triassic members of them. He believes that there may be some Jurassic or even Cretaceous limestones in the massif and these members of Mesozoic age should be determined during the detailed researches in the future. But at the present, these younger members of the limestone complex do not change the principal characteristics of the main body.
Briefly, the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary in the Ankara region is still a problem. There are some Permian and Triassic limestones and also graywackes resembling each other, and there are no adequate fossils to determine the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary between them. Thus, on the geological maps (in scale 1: 100,000 and 1: 500,000) this boundary could not be drawn.