Büyük Menderes Grabeni'nin Rolling Hinge (Yuvarlanan Reze) Modelinde Supra-Detachment (Sıyrılma Üstü) Havzadan Rift Havzasına Evrimi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 3, 241 - 276, 20.06.2020

Ökmen Sümer , Hasan Sözbilir , Bora Uzel

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.562552

Cited By: 5

Öz

Batı Anadolu genişlemeli tektonik sistemi içinde Miyosen-Kuvaterner zaman aralığında iki tip havza gelişimi gözlenmektedir. Bunlar rolling-hinge (yuvarlanan reze) modelinde gelişen supra-detachment (sıyrılma üstü) ve rift havzaları olarak tanımlanmışlardır. Bu çalışmada Büyük Menderes Grabeni kuzey kenarı üzerindeki Buharkent-Buldan arasındaki bölgede yuvarlanan reze modelinin varlığına dair stratigrafik ve yapısal veriler ilk kez sunulacak ve bu verilere göre grabenin jeolojik evrimi tartışılacaktır. Elde edilen arazi verileri ışığında, havza istifi birbirlerinden açısal ve/veya havza içi uyumsuzluklarla ayrılan 4 ana sedimanter paket altında değerlendirilmiştir. Bunlar; sıyrılma üstü (supra-detachment) havza istifini içeren alt-orta Miyosen yaşlı 1. Paket ve orta – üst Miyosen yaşlı 2. Paket ile rift havza istifini içeren Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı 3. ve 4. Paketlerdir. Bölgedeki havza gelişimini ve deformasyonunu sağlayan yapısal elemanlar ise, Miyosen yaşlı Büyük Menderes Sıyrılma (Detachment) Fayı, Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı Gökdere Fayı ve en genç graben dolgusunu kesen Holosen yaşlı Büyük Menderes Fay Sistemi’nin en doğu bölümünü oluşturan Buharkent Fay Segmenti’dir.

Miyosen dönemini simgeleyen sıyrılma üstü havzaların ana sınırları Menderes Masifi’nde Eosen – Oligosen’deki etkin sıkışma tektoniğinin ürünü olan süreksizliklere karşılık gelen gnayslar ile şistlerin yapısal dokanağı ile temsil edilir. Pliyosen sonuna kadar süren düşük açılı sıyrılma fayların etkinliği nedeniyle Menderes Masifi’nde yüksek oranda genişleme gerçekleşmiş ve bu durum, kabuk kalınlığını azaltmıştır.

Kuvaterner’de kabuğun incelip soğuması sonucunda sıyrılma üstü havza sisteminin yerini rift havza sistemi alarak Menderes Masifi rift havzalarının yüksek-açılı sınır fayları boyunca bloklara bölünmüştür. Arazi gözlemleri ve kinematik analiz sonuçları, Büyük Menderes Grabeni kuzey kenarındaki yapısal elemanların düşük açılıdan yüksek açılıya doğru ilerleyerek değiştiğini, havzanın ilerleme yönüne paralel olarak güneye doğru yuvarlanan reze modeli (rolling-hinge) şeklinde gençleştiğini, havza oluşumunun da sıyrılma üstü havzadan rift havzasına doğru evrildiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Supra-detachment (Sıyrılma üstü) havza, Rift havzası, Rolling-hing (yuvarlanan reze) modeli, Büyük Menderes Grabeni, Batı Anadolu

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma kapsamında yapılan arazi çalışmalarına katılan Dokuz Eylül ve Utrecht Üniversitesi ögrencileri İsmail Duran, Emre Kırhan ve Jannah De Roos’a teşekkür ederiz.

Evolving from Supra-Detachment to Rift Basin in Rolling Hinge Model of the Büyük Menderes Graben

Öz

Two types of basins developed in the Western Anatolian extensional tectonic system during the Miocene-Quaternary interval, supra-detachment and rift basins, in the form of a rolling-hinge mechanism. In this study, stratigraphic and structural data on the presence of a rolling-hinge model in the area between Buharkent-Buldan on the northern edge of the Büyük Menderes Graben are presented for the first time and the geological evolution of the graben is discussed. In the light of obtained field data, the Miocene-Quaternary sequences deposited on the northern edge of the Büyük Menderes Graben were evaluated under 4 main sedimentary packages, which are separated from each other by angular and/or intrabasinal unconformities. These are the Lower-Middle Miocene (1st Package) and the Middle-Upper Miocene (2nd Package) which were deposited in the supra-detachment basin, and the Plio- Quaternary 3rd and 4th packages formed in the rift basin. The structural elements that provide the basin formation and deformation of the region are the Miocene Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault, the Pio-Quaternary Gökdere Fault, and the Holocene Buharkent Fault Segment that cuts the youngest graben basin-fill located in the most eastern part of the Büyük Menderes Fault System.

The main fault contacts of the supra-detachment basins characterizing the Miocene period are represented by a structural boundary of gneisses and schists belonging to the Menderes Massif, which is a relict of the effective compressional tectonic products of the Eocene–Oligocene interval.

Due to the effectiveness of low-angle faults in the Menderes Massif until the end of Pliocene, a high rate of extension occurred; because of this, the crust thickness was reduced. As a result of cooling of the crust during Quaternary, the supra-detachment basin system was replaced by a rift system and the Menderes Massif was divided into blocks along the high-angle boundary faults of the rift basin. Field observations and kinematic analysis reveal that tectonic structures on the northern margin of the Büyük Menderes Graben evolved from low-angle to high-angle normal faulting, and were rejuvenated southward parallel to the basin propagation in a rolling-hinge model. Thus, the basin formation also evolved from being supra-detachment to the rift type.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Supra-detachment basin, Rift basin, Rolling-hinge model, Büyük Menderes Graben, Western Anatolia

Kaynakça

• Akarsu, İ., 1969. Ege Bölgesinin (Babadağ ve civarı) jeolojisi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 12 (1-2), 1-9.
• Akartuna, M. 1962. İzmir-Torbalı-Seferihisar-Urla bölgesi jeolojisi hakkında. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 59, 1–18.
• Akgün, F., Akyol, E., 1999. Palynostratigraphy of the coal-bearing Neogene deposits graben in Büyük Menderes Western Anatolia. Geobios, 32 (3), 367-383.
• Alçiçek, H., Varol, B., Özkul, M., 2007. Sedimentary facies, depositional environments and palaeogeographic evolution of the Neogene Denizli Basin, SW Anatolia, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology, 202 (4), 596-637.
• Allmendinger, R.W., Gephardt, J.W., Marrett, R.A., 1989. Notes on fault slip analysis. Notes to the Geological Society of America short course on “Quantitative interpretation of joints and faults”. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 56 s.
• Allmendinger, R.W., Cardozo, N., Fisher, D., 2012. Structural geology algorithms: Vectors and tensors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 302 s.
• Ambraseys, N.N. 1988. Engineering seismology: Part I. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 17 (1), 1-50.
• Angelier, J., Dumont, J.F., Karamanderesi, H., Poisson, A., Şimşek, Ş. Uysal, Ş., 1981. Analyses of fault mechanisms and expansion of southwestern Anatolia since the late Miocene. Tectonophysics, 75 (3-4), T1-T9.
• Angelier, J., Lyberis, N., Le Pichon, X., Barrier, E., Huchon, P., 1982. The tectonic development of the Hellenic arc and the Sea of Crete: a synthesis. Tectonophysics, 86 (1-3), 159-196.
• Arpat, E., Bingöl, E., 1969. Ege Bölgesi graben sisteminin gelişimi üzerine düşünceler. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 73, 1-9.
• Asti, R., Malusà, M.G., Faccenna, C., 2018. Supradetachment basin evolution unravelled by detrital apatite fission track analysis: the Gediz Graben (Menderes Massif, Western Turkey). Basin Research, 30 (3), 502-521.
• Asti, R., Faccenna, C., Rossetti, F., Malusà, M.G., Gliozzi, E., Faranda, C., Lirer, F., Cosentino, D. 2019. The Gediz supradetachment system (SW Turkey): magmatism, tectonics, and sedimentation during crustal extension. Tectonics, 38 (4), 1414-1440.
• Berckhemer, H., 1977. Some aspects of the evolution of marginal seas deduced from observations in the Aegean region. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Structural History of the Mediterranean Basins, Split, Yugoslavia, 303-314.
• Bozcu, M., 2010. Geology of Neogene basins of Buldan-Sarıcaova region and their importance in Western Anatolia neotectonics. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99 (4), 851-861.
• Bozkurt, E., 2000. Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey, and its tectonic implications, (Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area, Editörler: E. Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., Piper, J.D.A.). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 385-403.
• Bozkurt, E. 2001. Neotectonics of Turkey–a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta, 14 (1-3), 3-30.
• Bozkurt, E., Park, R.G., 1994. Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 151 (2), 213-216.
• Bozkurt, E., Park, R.G., 1999. The structure of the Palaeozoic schists in the southern Menderes Massif, western Turkey: a new approach to the origin of the Main Menderes Metamorphism and its relation to the Lycian Nappes. Geodinamica Acta, 12 (1), 25-42.
• Bozkurt, E., Satır, M., 2000. The southern Menderes Massif (western Turkey): geochronology and exhumation history. Geological Journal, 35 (3-4), 285-296.
• Bozkurt, E., Sözbilir, H., 2004. Tectonic evolution of the Gediz Graben: field evidence for an episodic, two-stage extension in western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 141 (1), 63-79.
• Bozkurt, E., Rojay, B., 2005. Episodic, two-stage Neogene extension and short-term intervening compression in Western Turkey: field evidence from the Kiraz Basin and Bozdağ Horst. Geodinamica Acta, 18 (3-4), 299-316.
• Bozkurt, E., Park, R.G., Winchester, J.A., 1993. Evidence against the core/cover interpretation of the southern sector of the Menderes Massif, west Turkey. Terra Nova, 5 (5), 445-451.
• Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., Ruffet, G., Rojay, B. 2008. Age and Chemistry of Miocene Volcanic. Rocks from the Kiraz Basin of the Küçük Menderes Graben: Its Significance for the Extensional Tectonics of Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 21 (5-6), 239-257.
• Brun, J.P., Faccenna, C., Gueydan, F., Sokoutis, D., Philippon, M., Kydonakis, K., Gorini, C. 2016. The two-stage Aegean extension, from localized to distributed, a result of slab rollback acceleration. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53 (11), 1142-1157.
• Buscher, J.T., Hampel, A., Hetzel, R., Dunkl, I., Glotzbach, C., Struffert, A., Akal, C., Rätz, M., 2013. Quantifying rates of detachment faulting and erosion in the central Menderes Massif (western Turkey) by thermochronology and cosmogenic 10Be. Journal of the Geological Society, 170 (4), 669-683.
• Candan, O., Dora, O.Ö., Kun, N., Akal, C., Koralay, E., 1992. Aydın Dağları (Menderes Masifi) güney kesimindeki allokton metamorfik birimler. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni, 4 (1), 93-110.
• Catlos, E.J., Çemen, İ., 2005. Monazite ages and the evolution of the Menderes Massif, western Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 94 (2), 204-217.
• Catlos, E.J., Baker, C., Sorensen, S.S., Çemen, İ., Hançer, M., 2010. Geochemistry, geochronology, and cathodoluminescence imagery of the Salihli and Turgutlu granites (central Menderes Massif, western Turkey): Implications for Aegean tectonics. Tectonophysics, 488 (1-4), 110-130.
• Cohen, H.A., Dart, C.J., Akyüz, H.S., Barka, A., 1995. Syn-rift sedimentation and structural development of the Gediz and Büyük Menderes graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (4), 629-638.
• Çağlayan, M.A., Öztürk, E.M., Öztürk, Z., Sav, H., Akat, U., 1980. Menderes Masifi güneyine ait bulgular ve yapısal yorum. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 10, 9-17.
• Çemen, İ., Catlos, E.J., Göğüş, O., Özerdem, C., Dilek, Y., Pavlides, S., 2006. Postcollisional extensional tectonics and exhumation of the Menderes massif in the Western Anatolia extended terrane, Turkey. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 409, 353-379.
• Çifçi, G., Pamukçu, O., Çoruh, C., Çopur, S., Sözbilir, H., 2011. Shallow and deep structure of a supra-detachment basin based on geological, conventional deep seismic reflection sections and gravity data in the Buyuk Menderes Graben, western Anatolia. Surveys in Geophysics, 32 (3), 271-290.
• Çiftçi, N.B., Bozkurt, E., 2009. Evolution of the Miocene sedimentary fill of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey. Sedimentary Geology, 216 (3-4), 49-79.
• Çiftçi, N.B., Bozkurt, E., 2010. Structural evolution of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey: temporal and spatial variation of the graben basin. Basin Research, 22 (6), 846-873.
• Delaloye, M., Bingöl, E., 2000. Granitoids from western and northwestern Anatolia: geochemistry and modeling of geodynamic evolution. International Geology Review, 42 (3), 241-268.
• Demirel, V., Azıtepe A.M., Güven, A., 2011. Denizli-Buharkent KB-1 Sıcak Su Sondajı Kuyu Bitirme Raporu, MTA Rapor, No: 11461, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Dewey, J.F., Şengör, A.M.C., 1979. Aegean and surrounding regions: complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90 (1), 84-92.
• Doblas, M., 1998. Slickenside kinematic indicators. Tectonophysics, 295, 187–197.
• Doglioni, C., Agostini, S., Crespi, M., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Riguzzi, F., Savascin, Y., 2002. On the extension in western Anatolia and the Aegean Sea. Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 8, 169-183.
• Dora, Ö., 1976. Die Feldspäte als petrogenetischer indikator im Menderes Massiv/Westanatolien. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 127 (3), 289-310.
• Duman, T.Y., Emre, Ö., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., 2011. 1:250000 Ölçekli Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası, Aydın (NJ35-11) Paftası, Seri No:7, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Dumont, J.F., Uysal, Ş., Şi̇mşek, Ş., Karamanderesi̇, I.H., Letouzey, J., 1979. Güneybatı Anadolu’daki Grabenlerin Oluşumu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 92, 7-17.
• Dumont, J.F., Uysal, Ş., Şimşek, Ş., 1981. Superposition des jeux sur une faille et succession des événements néotectoniques. L'exemple d'Éphese (Turquie). C.R. somm. Soc. géol. Fr., 1, 22-24.
• Emre, T., Sözbilir, H., 1997. Field evidence for metamorphic core complex, detachment faulting and accommodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens, western Anatolia. In: Ö. Pişkin, M. Ergün, M.Y. Savaşcın, G. Tarcan, (eds.). Proceedings of International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region, vol. 2, 73-93.
• Emre, T., Sözbilir, H., 2007. Tectonic evolution of the Kiraz Basin, Küçük Menderes Graben: evidence for compression/uplift-related basin formation overprinted by extensional tectonics in West Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 16 (4), 441-470.
• Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., 2011. 1:250000 Ölçekli Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası, Denizli (NJ35-12) Paftası, Seri No:12, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., Olgun, Ş., Şaroğlu, F., 2013. Active fault map of Turkey with explanatory text. Publications of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publication Series 30, Ankara.
• Erdoğan, B., Güngör, T., 2004. The problem of the core–cover boundary of the Menderes Masif and an emplacement mechanism for regionally extensive gneissic granite, Western Anatolia Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 13, 15-36.
• Erinç, S., 1955. Die morphologischen Entwicklungstadien der Küçük Menderes-Masse. Review of the Geographical Institute of the University of Istanbul, 2, 93-95.
• Evirgen, M.M., Ataman, G., 1982. Étude du métamorphisme de la zone centrale du Massif du Menderes. Isogrades, pressions et température. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 24 (7), 309-319.
• Eyidoğan, H., Jackson, J., 1985. A seismological study of normal faulting in the Demirci, Alaşehir and Gediz earthquakes of 1969–70 in western Turkey: Implications for the nature and geometry of deformation in the continental crust. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 81 (3), 569-607.
• Gessner, K., Ring, U., Lackmann, W., Passchier, C.W., Güngor, T., 1998. Structure and crystal thickening of the Menderes massif, southwest Turkey, and consequences for large-scale correlations between Greece and Turkey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 32 (1), 145-152.
• Gessner, K., Piazolo, S., Güngör, T., Ring, U., Kröner, A., Passchier, C.W., 2001a. Tectonic significance of deformation patterns in granitoid rocks of the Menderes nappes, Anatolide belt, southwest Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89 (4), 766-780.
• Gessner, K., Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R., Passchier, C.W., Güngör, T., 2001b. An active bivergent rolling-hinge detachment system: Central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey. Geology, 29 (7), 611-614.
• Gessner, K., Gallardo, L.A., Markwitz, V., Ring, U., Thomson, S.N., 2013. What caused the denudation of the Menderes Massif: Review of crustal evolution, lithosphere structure, and dynamic topography in southwest Turkey. Gondwana Research, 24 (1), 243-274.
• Glodny, J., Hetzel, R., 2007. Precise U–Pb ages of syn-extensional Miocene intrusions in the central Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 144 (2), 235-246.
• Gürer, Ö.F., Sarica-Filoreau, N., Özburan, M., Sangu, E., Doğan, B., 2009. Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 146 (5), 652-673.
• Hamilton, W.J., Strickland, H. E., 1841. On the Geology of the Western Part of Asia Minor. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 6, Second series, 1-39.
• Hancock, P.L., Barka, A., 1987. Kinematic indicators on active normal faults in western Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology, 9, 573–584.
• Hanmer, S., Passchier, C.W., 1991. Shear-sense indicators: a review. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 90-17, 70 s.
• Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C., Troesch, M., 1995. Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 152 (4), 639-654.
• Hetzel, R., Reischmann, T., 1996. Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional deformation. Geological Magazine, 133, 565-572.
• Hetzel, R., Zwingmann, H., Mulch, A., Gessner, K., Akal, C., Hampel, A., Güngör, T., Petschick, R., Mikes, T., Wedin, F., 2013. Spatiotemporal evolution of brittle normal faulting and fluid infiltration in detachment fault systems: A case study from the Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Tectonics, 32 (3), 364-376.
• Hilgen, F.J., Lourens, L.J., van Dam, J.A., 2012. The Neogene Period, (The Geologic Time Scale, Editörler: Gradstein, F.M. Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M., Ogg, G.). Elsevier, Oxford, 923-978.
• Hippolyte, J.C., Bergerat, F., Gordon, M.B., Bellier, O., Esput, N., 2012. Keys and pitfalls in mesoscale fault analysis and paleostress reconstructions, the use of Angelier’s methods. Tectonophysics, 581, 144–162.
• İzdar, E., 1971. Introduction to geology and metamorphism of the Menderes massif of western Turkey. Geology and history of Turkey. The Petroleum Exploration Society of Libya, Tripoli, Libya, 495-500.
• Jackson, J., McKenzie, D., 1988. The relationship between plate motions and seismic moment tensors, and the rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Geophysical Journal International, 93 (1), 45-73.
• Kaya, A., 2015. The effects of extensional structures on the heat transport mechanism: an example from the Ortakçı geothermal field (Büyük Menderes Graben, SW Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 108, 74-88.
• Kaymakçı, N., 2006. Kinematic development and paleostress analysis of the Denizli Basin (Western Turkey): implications of spatial variation of relative paleostress magnitudes and orientations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27 (2), 207-222.
• Kent, E., Boulton, S.J., Stewart, I.S., Whittaker, A.C., Alçiçek, M.C., 2016. Geomorphic and geological constraints on the active normal faulting of the Gediz (Alaşehir) Graben, Western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 173 (4), 666-678.
• Kissel, C., Laj, C., 1988. The Tertiary geodynamical evolution of the Aegean arc: a paleomagnetic reconstruction. Tectonophysics, 146 (1-4), 183-201.
• Koçyiğit, A., Özacar, A., 2003. Extensional neotectonic regime through the NE edge of the outer Isparta Angle, SW Turkey: new field and seismic data. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 12, 67–90.
• Koçyiğit, A., Yusufoğlu, H., Bozkurt, E., 1999. Evidence from the Gediz graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 156 (3), 605-616.
• Koçyiğit, A., 2015. An overview on the main stratigraphic and structural features of a geothermal area: the case of Nazilli-Buharkent section of the Büyük Menderes Graben, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 27 (2-3), 85-109.
• Konak, N. 2002. 1/500.000 Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası İzmir Paftası, (Şenel, M., (ed.)) Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
• Konak, N., Şenel, M., 2002. 1/500.000 Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası Denizli Paftası, (Şenel, M., (ed.)) Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
• Koralay, O.E., Satir, M., Dora, O.Ö., 2001. Geochemical and geochronological evidence for Early Triassic calc-alkaline magmatism in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89 (4), 822-835.
• Koralay, E., Dora, O.Ö., Chen, F., Satir, M., Candan, O., 2004. Geochemistry and geochronology of orthogneisses in the Derbent (Alaşehir) area, eastern part of the Ödemiş-Kiraz submassif, Menderes Massif: Pan-African magmatic activity. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13 (1), 37-61.
• Lips, A.L., Cassard, D., Sözbilir, H., Yilmaz, H., Wijbrans, J.R., 2001. Multistage exhumation of the Menderes massif, western Anatolia (Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89 (4), 781-792.
• Loos, S., Reischmann, T., 1999. The evolution of the southern Menderes Massif in SW Turkey as revealed by zircon dating. Journal of the Geological Society, 156 (5), 1021-1030.
• McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir, C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Kastens, K., 2000. Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (B3), 5695-5719.
• Nebert, K., 1958. Denizli Pliyosen teressübatı ve bunların Batı Anadolu tatlı su Neojen stratigrafisi için ehemmiyeti. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 51, 7–19.
• Nilius, N.P., Glotzbach, C., Wölfler, A., Hampel, A., Dunkl, I., Akal, C., Heineke, C., Hetzel, R., 2019. Exhumation history of the Aydın range and the role of the Büyük Menderes detachment system during bivergent extension of the central Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 176, 704-726.
• Ocakoğlu, F., Acıkalın, S., Özsayın, E., Dirik, R.K., 2014. Tectonosedimentary evolution of the Karacasu and Bozdoğan basins in the Central Menderes Massif, W Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 23, 361-385.
• Okay, A.I., 2001. Stratigraphic and metamorphic inversions in the central Menderes massif. A new structural model. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91 (1), 173-178.
• Oner, Z., Dilek, Y. 2011. Supradetachment basin evolution during continental extension: The Aegean province of western Anatolia, Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 123 (11-12), 2115-2141.
• Oppenheim, P., 1918. Das Neogen in Kleinasien. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 70, 1-210.
• Oral, M.B, Reilinger, R.E., Toksöz, N.M., King, R.W., Barka, A., Kinik, İ., Lenk, O., 1995. Global positioning system offers evidence of plate motions in eastern Mediterranean. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 76 (2), 9-11.
• Özer, S., Sözbilir, S., 2003. Presence and tectonic significance of Cretaceous rudist species in the so-called Permo-Carboniferous Göktepe Formation, central Menderes metamorphic massif, western Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92, 397-404.
• Özkaymak, Ç., Sözbilir, H., Uzel, B., 2013. Neogene–Quaternary evolution of the Manisa Basin: Evidence for variation in the stress pattern of the İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone, western Anatolia. Journal of Geodynamics, 65, 117-135.
• Passchier, C., Coelho, S., 2006. An outline of shear-sense analysis in high-grade rocks. Gondwana Research, 10 (1-2), 66-76.
• Petit, J.P., 1987. Criteria for the sense of movement on fault surfaces in brittle rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 9 (5-6), 597-608.
• Philippson, A., 1914. Reisen und Forschungen im Ewestlichen Kleinasien. Gotha: Justus Perthes, IV. Heft, Nr. 180, 107 s.
• Purvis, M., Robertson, A., 2004. A pulsed extension model for the Neogene–Recent E–W-trending Alaşehir Graben and the NE–SW-trending Selendi and Gördes Basins, western Turkey. Tectonophysics, 391 (1), 171-201.
• Raymo, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F., 1992. Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate. Nature, 359 (6391), 117-122.
• Reilinger, R.E., McClusky, S.C., Oral, M.B., King, R.W., Toksoz, M.N., Barka, A.A., Kinik, I., Lenk, O., Sanli, I., 1997. Global Positioning System measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (B5), 9983-9999.
• Ring, U., Gessner, K., Güngör, T., Passchier, C.W., 1999. The Menderes Massif of western Turkey and the Cycladic Massif in the Aegean—do they really correlate?. Journal of the Geological Society, 156 (1), 3-6.
• Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R., Gessner, K., 2003. Tectonic denudation of a Late Cretaceous–Tertiary collisional belt: regionally symmetric cooling patterns and their relation to extensional faults in the Anatolide belt of western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 140 (4), 421-441.
• Rojay, B., Toprak, V., Demirci, C., Süzen, L., 2005. Plio-Quaternary evolution of the Küçük Menderes Graben Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 18 (3-4), 317-331.
• Rossetti, F., Asti, R., Faccenna, C., Gerdes, A., Lucci, F., Theye, T., 2017. Magmatism and crustal extension: Constraining activation of the ductile shearing along the Gediz detachment, Menderes Massif (western Turkey). Lithos, 282, 145-162.
• Rotstein, Y., 1984. Counterclockwise rotation of the Anatolian block. Tectonophysics, 108 (1-2), 71-91.
• Saraç, G., 2003. Türkiye Omurgalı Fosil Yatakları. Maden Tetkik Arama Müdürlüğü (MTA), Bilimsel Rapor 10609, 208 s.
• Sarıca, N., 2000. The Plio-Pleistocene age of Büyük Menderes and Gediz Grabens and their tectonic significance on N-S extensional tectonics in West Anatolia: mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal, 35, 1-24.
• Sarıca-Filoreau, N., 2002. Faunes de rongeurs néogènes et quaternaires des grabens d'Anatolie occidentale: Systematique, biochronologie et implications tectoniques. Doctoral dissertation, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire Naturelle. 346 s.
• Satir, M., Friedrichsen, H., 1986. The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, W-Turkey: a rubidium/strontium and oxygen isotope study. Geologische Rundschau, 75 (3), 703-714.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B., 1991. Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey. Geological Magazine, 128 (2), 155-166.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B., 1992. The age of the Büyük Menderes Graben (western Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Magazine, 129 (2), 239-242.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B.C., Rundle, C.C. 1992. Timing of Cenozoic extensional tectonics in west Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 149 (4), 533-538.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Çemen, İ., Tekeli, O., 2000. Extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz) graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 157 (6), 1097-1100.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Tekeli, O., Çemen, İ., Şen, Ş., Işık, V., 2002. The role of the flexural rotation/rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the Alaşehir graben, western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 139 (1), 15-26.
• Seyitoǧlu, G., Işık, V., Çemen, İ., 2004. Complete Tertiary exhumation history of the Menderes massif, western Turkey: an alternative working hypothesis. Terra Nova, 16 (6), 358-364.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V., Esat, K. 2014. A 3D model for the formation of turtleback surfaces: the Horzum Turtleback of western Turkey as a case study. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 23 (5), 479-494.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V., 2015. Batı Anadolu’da Geç Senozoyik Genişleme Tektoniği: Menderes Çekirdek Kompleksinin Yüzeylemesi ve İlişkili Havza Oluşumu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 151, 49-109.
• Shackleton, N.J., Kennett, J.P., 1975. Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: oxygen and carbon isotope analyses in DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281. Initial Reports of Deep Sea Drilling Project, 29, 743-755.
• Sözbilir, H., 1986. Acıdere Mahallesi (Salihli-Manisa) çevresinin jeolojisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Lisans Bitirme Tezi, 35 s.
• Sözbilir, H., 2001. Extensional tectonics and the geometry of related macroscopic structures: field evidence from the Gediz detachment, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 10 (2), 51-67.
• Sözbilir, H., 2002. Geometry and origin of folding in the Neogene sediments of the Gediz Graben, western Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 15 (5-6), 277-288.
• Sözbilir, H., 2005. Oligo-Miocene extension in the Lycian orogen: evidence from the Lycian molasse basin, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 18 (3-4), 255-282.
• Sözbilir, H., Emre, T., 1990. Neogene stratigraphy and structure of the northern rim of the Büyük Menderes graben. Proceedings of International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region, 2, 314-322.
• Sözbilir, H., Sarι, B., Uzel, B., Sümer, Ö., Akkiraz, S., 2011. Tectonic implications of transtensional supradetachment basin development in an extension-parallel transfer zone: the Kocaçay Basin, western Anatolia, Turkey. Basin Research, 23 (4), 423-448.
• Spratt, T., 1845. Observations on the Geology of the Southern Part of the Gulf of Smyrna and the Promontory of Karabournou. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1 (1), 156-162.
• Sümer, Ö., 2015. Evidence for the reactivation of a pre-existing zone of weakness and its contributions to the evolution of the Küçük Menderes Graben: a study on the Ephesus Fault, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 27 (2-3), 130-154.
• Sümer, Ö., İnci, U., Sözbilir, H., 2013. Tectonic evolution of the Söke Basin: extension-dominated transtensional basin formation in western part of the Büyük Menderes Graben, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics, 65, 148-175.
• Şen, S., Seyitoğlu, G., 2009. Magnetostratigraphy of early–middle Miocene deposits from east–west trending Alaşehir and Büyük Menderes grabens in western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 321-342.
• Sengör, A.M.C., 1979. The North Anatolian transform fault: its age, offset and tectonic significance. Journal of the Geological Society, 136 (3), 269-282.
• Şengör, A.M.C., 1987. Cross-faults and differential stretching of hanging walls in regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28 (1), 575-589.
• Şengör, A.M.C., Satir, M., Akkök, R., 1984. Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: Implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan‐African basement in Turkey. Tectonics, 3 (7), 693-707.
• Şimşek, Ş., 1982. Denizli-Sarayköy-Buldan alanının jeolojisi ve jeotermal enerji olanakları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yer Bilimleri Fakültesi yayın organı, 3 (1-2), 145-162.
• Taner, G., 1975. Denizli bölgesi Neojen'inin paleontolojik ve stratigrafik etüdü. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 85, 45–66.
• Taner, G., 2001. Denizli bölgesi Neojen'ine ait katların stratigrafik konumlarında yeni düzenleme. 54. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, 21.
• Taymaz, T., Jackson, J., McKenzie, D., 1991. Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea. Geophysical Journal International, 106 (2), 433-490.
• Taymaz, T., Yılmaz, Y., Dilek, Y., 2007. The geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia: Introduction, (The geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia, Editörler: Taymaz, T., Yılmaz, Y. Dilek, Y.). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 291, 1-16.
• Tchihatcheff, P. De., 1866-1869. Asie Mineure, Description Physique de cette contrée, Paléontologie, Librairie Théodore Morgand, Paris, 591 s.
• Tchihatcheff, P. De., 1869. Asie Mineure, Description Physique de cette contrée, Géologie, Quatriéme partie, Librairie Théodore Morgand, Paris, 528 s.
• Uysallı, H., Keskin, B., 1971. Denizli Sarayköy Kızıldere Jeotermal Sahası KD-1, KD-2, TH-1, KD-1/A, KD-3, KD-4, KD-111, KD-6, KD-9, KD-12, KD-8, KD-7, KD-14 ve KD-15 Derin Jeotermik Enerji Sondajları Bitirme Raporu. MTA Rapor No: 4441, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Uzel, B., 2016. Field evidence for normal fault linkage and relay ramp evolution: the Kırkağaç Fault Zone, western Anatolia (Turkey). Geodinamica Acta, 28 (4), 311-327.
• Uzel, B., Sözbilir, H., Özkaymak, Ç., Kaymakcı, N., Langereis, C.G., 2013. Structural evidence for strike-slip deformation in the İzmir–Balıkesir transfer zone and consequences for late Cenozoic evolution of western Anatolia (Turkey). Journal of Geodynamics, 65, 94–116.
• Uzel, B., Sümer, Ö., Özkaptan, M., Özkaymak, Ç., Kuiper, K., Sözbilir, H., Kaymakci, N., İnci, U., Langereis, C.G., 2017. Palaeomagnetic and geochronological evidence for a major middle Miocene unconformity in Söke Basin (western Anatolia) and its tectonic implications for the Aegean region. Journal of the Geological Society, 174 (4), 721-740.
• Ünay, E., Göktaş, F., Hakyemez, H.Y., Avşar, M., Şan, Ö., 1995. Büyük Menderes Grabeni'nin kuzey kenarındaki çökellerin Arvicolidae (Rodentia, Mammalia) faunasına dayalı olarak yaşlandırılması. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 38, 75-80.
• Woodcock, N.H., 1987. Kinematics of strike-slip faulting, builth Inlier, mid-Wales. Journal of Structural Geology, 9, 353–363.
• Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Heineke, C., Nilius, N.P., Hetzel, R., Hampel, A., Akal, C., Dunkl, I., Christl, M., 2017. Late Cenozoic cooling history of the central Menderes Massif: Timing of the Büyük Menderes detachment and the relative contribution of normal faulting and erosion to rock exhumation. Tectonophysics, 717, 585-598.
• Yılmaz, Y., Genç, Ş.C., Gürer, F., Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş., Elmas, A., 2000. When did the western Anatolian grabens begin to develop?, (Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area, Editörler: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., Piper, J.D.A.). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173 (1), 353-384.
• Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292 (5517), 686-693.
• Zeschke, G., 1954. Der Simav-Graben und seine Gestein. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 5, 179-189.