Retrospective Evaluation of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Data of Healthcare Workers Who Received Counseling from Psychosocial Support Unit After the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake

Öz

Aim: Healthcare workers seem to be a neglected professional group when helping other people during disasters. This study aimed to determine the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) levels of healthcare workers and the risk factors for PTSD after the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake. Material and Methods: Sociodemographic, clinical, National Stressful Events Survey Short Scale(NSESSS) ASD and PTSD data of healthcare professionals working at Dicle University Hospital who applied to the psychosocial support unit after the February 6 Kahramanmaraş earthquake were examined retrospectively. Data from 102 people who were evaluated twice in the first and second 30 days after the earthquake were included in our study. Results: Participants' mean age was 32.70±8.26 years. 52% of the participants were women, 49% were married, and 42.2% had a child/children. The rates of professions were distributed as follows: 38.2% physician, 35.3% nurse, and 26.5% other healthcare workers. PTSD scores were significantly higher in those with children than in those without, in nurses than in doctors, and in those with a psychiatric history than in those without. Gender, marital status, and psychiatric family history did not significantly affect the scale scores. According to simple linear regression analysis, ASD scores predicted PTSD scores %40.6. Conclusion: High NSESSS-ASD scores, having a child/children, being a nurse, and having a psychiatric history were found to be risk factors for developing PTSD in healthcare workers. Risk groups for PTSD in healthcare workers should be identified through studies with larger samples and more extended follow-up periods, and protective measures should be taken.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Acute Stress Disorder
• Healthcare Workers
• Psychological Trauma
• Earthquake

Kahramanmaraş depremi sonrası psikososyal destek biriminden danışmanlık alan sağlık çalışanlarının travma sonrası stres bozukluğu verilerinin retrospektif değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Amaç: Sağlık çalışanları felaket dönemlerinde diğer insanlara yardım ederken ihmal edilen bir meslek grubu gibi görünmektedir. Bu çalışmada Kahramanmaraş Depremi sonrasında sağlık çalışanlarının Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) düzeyleri ile risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Dicle Üniversitesi Hastanesi çalışan, 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş depremi sonrası psikososyal destek ünitesine başvuran sağlık çalışanlarının sosyodemografik, klinik, Ulusal Stresli Olaylar Araştırması Kısa Ölçeği (NSESSS) ASB ve TSSB verileri geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Çalışmamıza depremi sonrası ilk 30 gün ve ikinci 30 günde iki kez değerlendirmeye alınan 102 kişinin verileri dahil edildi. Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 32,70±8,26 yıldı. %52'si kadın, %49'u evliydi ve %42,2'sinin çocuk sahibiydi. %38,2'si hekim, %35,3'ü hemşire ve %26,5'i diğer sağlık çalışanıydı. TSSB skorları çocuğu olanlarda olamaynalara göre, heşmşirelerde doktorlara göre, psikiyatrik özgeçmişi olanlarda olmayanlara göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksekti. Cinsiyet, medeni durum, psikiyatrik soygeçmişin ise ölçek skorlarına anlamlı etkisi yoktu. Basit doğrusal regresyon analizine göre ASB puanları TSSB puanlarını %40,6 yordamaktaydı. Sonuçlar: Yüksek NSESSS-ASB skorları, çocuk sahibi olmak, hemşire olmak, psikiyatrik özgeçmişi olmak sağlık çalışanlarında TSSB geliştirmek için risk faktörleri olarak bulundu. Daha geniş örneklemli, daha uzun takip süreli çalışmalarla sağlık çalışanlarında TSSB için risk grupları tespit edilmeli ve koruyucu önlemler alınmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu
• Akut Stres Bozukluğu
• Sağlık Çalışanları
• Psikolojik Travma
• Deprem

Kaynakça

1. AFAD, 2023. 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw: 7.7 – Mw: 7.6 Depremleri Raporu. Pp1-2. Retrieved [September 10, 2023], from https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
3. Tang B, Deng Q, Glik D, Dong J, Zhang L. A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children after earthquakes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):1537.
4. Zhou P, Zhang Y, Wei C, Liu Z, Hannak W. Acute stress disorder as a predictor of post-traumatic stress: A longitudinal study of C Chinese children exposed to the Lushan earthquake. PsyCh journal. 2016;5(3):206-14.
5. Bryant RAJBp. Early predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 May 1;53(9):789-95
6. Ascibasi K, Cokmus FP, Aydemir O. Reliability and validity of Turkish form of severity of acute stress symptoms scale/Dsm-5 Akut Stres Belirti Siddeti Olcegi Turkce Formunun Gecerliligi Ve Guvenilirligi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2017;18(S2):38-45.
7. Evren C, Dalbudak E, Aydemir O, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish PTSD-Short Scale in a sample of undergraduate students. Klinik Psikofarmakol Bulteni. 2016;26(3):294-302.
8. d’Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Santinelli L, et al. Post-traumatic stress symptoms in healthcare workers dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):601.

9. Nishi D, Kawashima Y, Noguchi H, et al. Resilience, post-traumatic growth, and work engagement among health care professionals after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A 4-year prospective follow-up study. J Occup Health. 2016 Jul 22;58(4):347-53.
10. DeLucia JA, Bitter C, Fitzgerald J, Greenberg M, Dalwari P, Buchanan P. Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Emergency Physicians in the United States. West J Emerg Med. 2019 Aug 28;20(5):740-746.
11. Milanak ME, Zuromski KL, Cero I, Wilkerson AK, Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG. Traumatic Event Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Sleep Disturbances in a National Sample of U.S. Adults. J Trauma Stress. 2019 Feb;32(1):14-22.
12. Christiansen DM, Berke ET. Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020 Mar 3;22(4):19.
13. Rafiey H, Alipour F, LeBeau R, Salimi Y. Prevalence and Determinants of PTSD 3 Years After an Earthquake in Iran. Community Ment Health J. 2019 Apr;55(3):542-547.
14. Kun P, Tong X, Liu Y, Pei X, Luo H. What are the determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder: age, gender, ethnicity or other? Evidence from 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Public Health. 2013 Jul;127(7):644-52.
15. Guo J, Wu P, Tian D, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: a repeated cross-sectional study. J Anxiety Disord. 2014 Jan;28(1):75-82.
16. Dai W, Chen L, Lai Z, Li Y, Wang J, Liu A. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Jun 7;16:188.
17. Ke YT, Chen HC, Lin CH, et al. Posttraumatic Psychiatric Disorders and Resilience in Healthcare Providers Following a Disastrous Earthquake: An Interventional Study in Taiwan. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:2981624.
18. Phua DH, Tang HK, Tham KY. Coping responses of emergency physicians and nurses to the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. Acad Emerg Med. 2005 Apr;12(4):322-8.
19. Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can J Psychiatry. 2009 May;54(5):302-11.
20. Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Balderson KE, et al. Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Dec;12(12):1924-32.
21. Hacimusalar Y, Kahve AC, Yasar AB, Aydin MS. Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. J Psychiatr Res. 2020 Oct;129:181-188.
22. Que J, Shi L, Deng J, et al. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study in China. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Jun 14;33(3):e100259.
23. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, et al. Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom. 2020;89(4):242-250.
24. Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2003 Jan;129(1):52-73.
25. Sayed S, Iacoviello BM, Charney DS. Risk factors for the development of psychopathology following trauma. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015 Aug;17(8):612.
26. Koenen KC, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Martin J, Caspi A. Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Psychol Med. 2007 Feb;37(2):181-92.
27. Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000 Oct;68(5):748-66.