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Physiology of smell and smell tests: Review

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 48 - 53, 29.10.2016
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.54874

Öz

 Physiology of smell and smell tests were discussed in this article. Smell is a sense that derives from sustained release of chemical molecules into the air. Smell has an essential role in recognition of nutrients, protection from harmful effects of chemicals, regulation of eating and nervous system function. Smell disorders conductive, sensorineural or mixed type is. To evaluate the function of smell is not so easy. This assessment is done by many parameters. These tests were divided into psychophysical tests and electrophysiological testing. Psychophysical tests used for the clinical evaluation of smell loss, electrophysiological tests are used primarily for research purposes. Olfactory disorders, are not assessed by objective tests as well as other sensory disturbances; and it is often neglected by clinicians. Therefore, the section that concerns this issue, ENT, neurology and family physician during the examination, aimed to increase awareness of the sensory systems, such as smell.

 

 

 

Key words: Smell, olfactory system, physiology of smell, smell tests

 

Kaynakça

  • Kandemir S. Multipl Sklerozlu hastalarda koku duyusunun değerlendirilmesi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Kulak Burun Boğaz Anabilim dalı, Uzmanlık tezi, Kırıkkale, 2015.
  • Deems D, Doty R, Hummel T, Kratskin I. Olfactory function and disorders. Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, Second Edition, edited by Byron J.Bailey. Lippincott-Raven Publisher, Philadelphia 1998; 25: 317-31.
  • Incesulu A. Koku ve tat. In: Koç C (Ed.) Kulak Burun Boğaz Hastalıkları ve Baş Boyun Cerrahisi. Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara, 2004; 463-77.
  • Leopold D. Physiology of Olfaction. In Cummings CW, Fredrickson JM, Harker LA, Crause CJ, Richardson MA, Schuller DE. Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery 3 th Edition. Mosby-Year Book, Inc.1998; 2: 770-99.
  • Lledo P, Gheusi G, Vincent J. Information processing in the mammalian olfactory system. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 281-317.
  • SweazeY RD. Olfaction and taste. Fundomental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone Inc. 1997; 321-7.
  • Wrobel BB, Leopold DA. Clinical assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004; 37:1127-42.
  • Leopold D. Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery.Volume Two. Third Edition. Ed. Charles W.Cummings. Mosby year book, Inc. 1993: 770-98.
  • Ileri F. Burun ve Paranazal sinüs hastalıklarında öykü ve muayene. Çelik O (Editör). Kulak burun boğaz hastalıkları ve baş boyun cerrahisinde. İstanbul: Turgut Yayıncılık; 2002.s. 339-56.
  • Ballenger JJ. (Çeviri: İnallı S) Burun ve paranazal sinüslerin klinik anatomi ve fizyolojisi. Editör: Ballenger JJ. Snow JB. Otolaringoloji Bas ve Boyun Cerrahisi. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2000: 3-18.
  • Ovale K W, Nahırney P C. Netter Temel Histoloji. Güneş Tıp Kitapevi 2009; 333-6.
  • Shepherd G. The olfactory system. Neurobiology (3rd ed) New York Oxford University press 1994; 252-66.
  • Leopold DA. Koku fizyolojisi. Cummings Otolaringoloji Baş Boyun Cerrahisi, Cummings CW (ed), (Ceviri: Koc C), Dördüncü Baskı, Ankara, Guneş Tıp Kitabevleri. 2007: 865-97.
  • Hadley K, Orlandi RR, Fong KJ. Basic anatomy physiology of olfaction and taste. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 2004; 37: 1115-26.
  • Nathan RA, Eccles R, Howarth PH, Steinsvag SK, Togias A. Objective monitoring of nasal patency and nasal physiology in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin İmmunol 2005;115: 442-59.
  • Probst R, Grevers G, Iro H. Basic Physiology and Immunology of the Nose. In: Basic Otolaryngology. Stutgart. New York. Thime; 2006; 10-3.
  • Drake L A. Scott Brown’s Otolaryngology, 6.th.ed. Oxford, Buttervorth Heinemann; 1997.p.1/6/1-16.
  • Karasalihoğlu AR. Kulak burun boğaz hastalıkları ve baş boyun cerrahisi. 3. baskı. Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi, 2002: 97-114.
  • Guyton AC. Olfactory physiology. Text Book of Medical Physıology. Guyton AC, Hall CE (ed). 10’s edn. W.B. Saunders company. 2001: 616-9.
  • Pallanch JF, Mccaffrey TM, Kern EB. Evaluation of Nasal Breathing Function with Objective Airway Testing In: Cummings CW (Ed). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery, 3rd edition. Missouri: Mosby – Year Book Inc.; 1988. p.799-832.
  • Small DM, Gerber JC, Mak YE. Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal compared with retronasal odorant perception in humans. Neuron 2005; 47: 593-605.
  • Briner HR, Simmen D. Smell diskettes as screening test of olfaction. Rhinology 1999; 37: 145-8.
  • Kobayashi M, Reiter ER, Dinardo LJ, Costanzo RM. A new clinical olfactory function test: cross-cultural influence. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133: 331-6.
  • Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. Laryngoscope 1984; 94: 176-8.
  • Cameron EL. Measures of human olfactory perception during pregnancy. Chem Senses 2007; 32: 775-82.
  • Doty RL, Marcus A, Lee WW, Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). Laryngoscope 1996; 106: 353-6.
  • Saito S, Ayabe-Kanamura S, Takashima Y, Gotow N, Naıto N, Nozawa T, et al. Development of a smell identification test using a novel stick-type odor presentation kit. Chem Senses 2006; 31: 379-91.
  • Kobayashi M, Nishida K, Nakamura S, OishiM, Shıozaki T, Majima Y, et al. Suitability of the odor stick identification test for the Japanese in patients suffering from olfactory disturbance. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2004; 553: 74-9.
  • Kobal G, Hummel T, Sekınger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S, "Sniffin' sticks": screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology 1996; 34: 222-6.
  • Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G. 'Sniffin' sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 1997; 22: 39-52.
  • Eıbensteın, A, Fioretti Ab, Lena C, Rosati N, Amabile G, Fusetti M, Modern psychophysical tests to assess olfactory function. Neurol Sci 2005; 26: 147-55.
  • Hummel T, Knecht M, Kobal G, Electro-olfactogram in man. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22: 653.
  • Doty Rl, Deems DA. Olfactory function and dysfunction. Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, Bailey BJ, Calhoun KH, Healy GB, Pillsbury HC, Johnson JT, Jaclkler RK, Tardy EM eds. Lippincot Williams&Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001; 247-60.
  • Leopold DA, Hummel T, Schwob JE, Hong SC, Knecht M, Kobal G, Anterior distribution of human olfactory epithelium. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 417-21.
  • Zusho H. Olfactometry in Japan. Rhinology 1983; 21: 281-5.
  • Furukawa M, Kamide M, Miwa T, Umeda R. Significance of intravenous olfaction test using thiamine propyldisulfide (Alinamin) in olfactometry. Auris Nasus Larynx 1988; 15: 25-31.
  • Kern RC. Chronic sinusitis and anosmia: pathologic changes in the olfactory mucosa. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 1071-7.

Koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri: Derleme

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 48 - 53, 29.10.2016
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.54874

Öz

 

Bu derleme yazısında, koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri ele alınmıştır. Koku, maddelerin havaya sürekli yaymış oldukları uçucu, kimyasalmoleküllerdir. Koku duyusunun besin maddelerinin tanınmasında, zararlı kimyasal maddelerin etkilerinden kaçınmada, istekli yemek yemede ve sinir sistemi fonksiyonlarının düzenlenmesinde rolü vardır. Koku bozuklukları iletimsel, sensörinöral ya da mikst tipte olmaktadır. Koku fonksiyonunu değerlendirmek çok kolay değildir. Bu değerlendirme birçok parametre ile yapılmaktadır. Uygulanan testler psikofizik testler ve elektrofizyolojik testler olarak ikiye ayrılır. Psikofizik testler koku kaybının klinik değerlendirmesi için kullanılırken, elektrofizyolojik testler öncelikli olarak araştırma amaçlı kullanılmaktadır. Koku duyusu bozuklukları, genellikle diğer duyu bozuklukları gibi objektif testler ile değerlendirilmemekte; ve klinisyenler tarafından da ihmal edilmektedir. Bu nedenle bu konunun ilgilendirdiği bölümler olan KBB, Nöroloji ve Aile Hekimlerinin muayenesi sırasında koku gibi duyusal sisteme farkındalık arttırılması amaçlanmıştır.

 

 

 

Anahtar kelimeler: Koku, olfaktör sistem, koku fizyolojisi, koku testleri

 

Kaynakça

  • Kandemir S. Multipl Sklerozlu hastalarda koku duyusunun değerlendirilmesi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Kulak Burun Boğaz Anabilim dalı, Uzmanlık tezi, Kırıkkale, 2015.
  • Deems D, Doty R, Hummel T, Kratskin I. Olfactory function and disorders. Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, Second Edition, edited by Byron J.Bailey. Lippincott-Raven Publisher, Philadelphia 1998; 25: 317-31.
  • Incesulu A. Koku ve tat. In: Koç C (Ed.) Kulak Burun Boğaz Hastalıkları ve Baş Boyun Cerrahisi. Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara, 2004; 463-77.
  • Leopold D. Physiology of Olfaction. In Cummings CW, Fredrickson JM, Harker LA, Crause CJ, Richardson MA, Schuller DE. Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery 3 th Edition. Mosby-Year Book, Inc.1998; 2: 770-99.
  • Lledo P, Gheusi G, Vincent J. Information processing in the mammalian olfactory system. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 281-317.
  • SweazeY RD. Olfaction and taste. Fundomental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone Inc. 1997; 321-7.
  • Wrobel BB, Leopold DA. Clinical assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004; 37:1127-42.
  • Leopold D. Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery.Volume Two. Third Edition. Ed. Charles W.Cummings. Mosby year book, Inc. 1993: 770-98.
  • Ileri F. Burun ve Paranazal sinüs hastalıklarında öykü ve muayene. Çelik O (Editör). Kulak burun boğaz hastalıkları ve baş boyun cerrahisinde. İstanbul: Turgut Yayıncılık; 2002.s. 339-56.
  • Ballenger JJ. (Çeviri: İnallı S) Burun ve paranazal sinüslerin klinik anatomi ve fizyolojisi. Editör: Ballenger JJ. Snow JB. Otolaringoloji Bas ve Boyun Cerrahisi. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2000: 3-18.
  • Ovale K W, Nahırney P C. Netter Temel Histoloji. Güneş Tıp Kitapevi 2009; 333-6.
  • Shepherd G. The olfactory system. Neurobiology (3rd ed) New York Oxford University press 1994; 252-66.
  • Leopold DA. Koku fizyolojisi. Cummings Otolaringoloji Baş Boyun Cerrahisi, Cummings CW (ed), (Ceviri: Koc C), Dördüncü Baskı, Ankara, Guneş Tıp Kitabevleri. 2007: 865-97.
  • Hadley K, Orlandi RR, Fong KJ. Basic anatomy physiology of olfaction and taste. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 2004; 37: 1115-26.
  • Nathan RA, Eccles R, Howarth PH, Steinsvag SK, Togias A. Objective monitoring of nasal patency and nasal physiology in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin İmmunol 2005;115: 442-59.
  • Probst R, Grevers G, Iro H. Basic Physiology and Immunology of the Nose. In: Basic Otolaryngology. Stutgart. New York. Thime; 2006; 10-3.
  • Drake L A. Scott Brown’s Otolaryngology, 6.th.ed. Oxford, Buttervorth Heinemann; 1997.p.1/6/1-16.
  • Karasalihoğlu AR. Kulak burun boğaz hastalıkları ve baş boyun cerrahisi. 3. baskı. Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi, 2002: 97-114.
  • Guyton AC. Olfactory physiology. Text Book of Medical Physıology. Guyton AC, Hall CE (ed). 10’s edn. W.B. Saunders company. 2001: 616-9.
  • Pallanch JF, Mccaffrey TM, Kern EB. Evaluation of Nasal Breathing Function with Objective Airway Testing In: Cummings CW (Ed). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery, 3rd edition. Missouri: Mosby – Year Book Inc.; 1988. p.799-832.
  • Small DM, Gerber JC, Mak YE. Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal compared with retronasal odorant perception in humans. Neuron 2005; 47: 593-605.
  • Briner HR, Simmen D. Smell diskettes as screening test of olfaction. Rhinology 1999; 37: 145-8.
  • Kobayashi M, Reiter ER, Dinardo LJ, Costanzo RM. A new clinical olfactory function test: cross-cultural influence. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133: 331-6.
  • Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. Laryngoscope 1984; 94: 176-8.
  • Cameron EL. Measures of human olfactory perception during pregnancy. Chem Senses 2007; 32: 775-82.
  • Doty RL, Marcus A, Lee WW, Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). Laryngoscope 1996; 106: 353-6.
  • Saito S, Ayabe-Kanamura S, Takashima Y, Gotow N, Naıto N, Nozawa T, et al. Development of a smell identification test using a novel stick-type odor presentation kit. Chem Senses 2006; 31: 379-91.
  • Kobayashi M, Nishida K, Nakamura S, OishiM, Shıozaki T, Majima Y, et al. Suitability of the odor stick identification test for the Japanese in patients suffering from olfactory disturbance. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2004; 553: 74-9.
  • Kobal G, Hummel T, Sekınger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S, "Sniffin' sticks": screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology 1996; 34: 222-6.
  • Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G. 'Sniffin' sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 1997; 22: 39-52.
  • Eıbensteın, A, Fioretti Ab, Lena C, Rosati N, Amabile G, Fusetti M, Modern psychophysical tests to assess olfactory function. Neurol Sci 2005; 26: 147-55.
  • Hummel T, Knecht M, Kobal G, Electro-olfactogram in man. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22: 653.
  • Doty Rl, Deems DA. Olfactory function and dysfunction. Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, Bailey BJ, Calhoun KH, Healy GB, Pillsbury HC, Johnson JT, Jaclkler RK, Tardy EM eds. Lippincot Williams&Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001; 247-60.
  • Leopold DA, Hummel T, Schwob JE, Hong SC, Knecht M, Kobal G, Anterior distribution of human olfactory epithelium. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 417-21.
  • Zusho H. Olfactometry in Japan. Rhinology 1983; 21: 281-5.
  • Furukawa M, Kamide M, Miwa T, Umeda R. Significance of intravenous olfaction test using thiamine propyldisulfide (Alinamin) in olfactometry. Auris Nasus Larynx 1988; 15: 25-31.
  • Kern RC. Chronic sinusitis and anosmia: pathologic changes in the olfactory mucosa. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 1071-7.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Süheyla Kandemir Bu kişi benim

Nuray Bayar Muluk

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kandemir, S., & Bayar Muluk, N. (2016). Koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri: Derleme. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 7(2), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.54874
AMA Kandemir S, Bayar Muluk N. Koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri: Derleme. TJCL. Haziran 2016;7(2):48-53. doi:10.18663/tjcl.54874
Chicago Kandemir, Süheyla, ve Nuray Bayar Muluk. “Koku Fizyolojisi Ve Koku Testleri: Derleme”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 7, sy. 2 (Haziran 2016): 48-53. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.54874.
EndNote Kandemir S, Bayar Muluk N (01 Haziran 2016) Koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri: Derleme. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 7 2 48–53.
IEEE S. Kandemir ve N. Bayar Muluk, “Koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri: Derleme”, TJCL, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 48–53, 2016, doi: 10.18663/tjcl.54874.
ISNAD Kandemir, Süheyla - Bayar Muluk, Nuray. “Koku Fizyolojisi Ve Koku Testleri: Derleme”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 7/2 (Haziran 2016), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.54874.
JAMA Kandemir S, Bayar Muluk N. Koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri: Derleme. TJCL. 2016;7:48–53.
MLA Kandemir, Süheyla ve Nuray Bayar Muluk. “Koku Fizyolojisi Ve Koku Testleri: Derleme”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, c. 7, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 48-53, doi:10.18663/tjcl.54874.
Vancouver Kandemir S, Bayar Muluk N. Koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri: Derleme. TJCL. 2016;7(2):48-53.


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