Sudden death of a baby

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 111 - 116, 15.12.2016

Didem Aliefendioğlu Nilüfer Güzoğlu

Öz

Unexpected and unexplained death of an infant less than one year of age is defined as the Sudden Infant Death, is a
diagnosis of exclusion with postmortem research, revising the story, and to investigate the place of death. The certain reason
is unknown, however some conditions which may contribute to death is defined as a risk. Vulnerable developmental period,
genetic predisposition and excessive immune response creates lethal triangle. Therefore, protective measures are based on
the elimination of risk.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sudden infant death, risk, autopsy, ethnology

Bir bebeğin aniden ölümü

Öz

Bir yaş altındaki bebeklerin beklenmedik ve açıklanamayan ani ölümü olarak tanımlanan “Ani Bebek Ölümü”, postmortem
araştırma, ölüm yerinin araştırılması ve öykünün gözden geçirilmesi ile bir dışlanma tanısıdır. Kesin nedeni bilinmemektedir.
Ölüme katkıda bulunabilecek bazı durumlar risk olarak tanımlanmıştır. İncinebilir gelişim döneminde olma, genetik yatkınlık
ve aşırı immün yanıt ölümcül üçgeni oluşturur. Kritik periyotta bulunan bebeğin çevresel risk faktörlerinin etkisine maruz
kalması sonucunda gelişir. Bu nedenle koruyucu önlemler risklerin ortadan kaldırılmasına dayanır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

ani bebek ölümü, risk, otopsi, etnoloji

Kaynakça

• Beckwith JB. Observations on the pathological anatomy of the sudden infant death syndrome. In: A. B. Bergman, J. B. Beckwith, & C. G. Ray (Eds.), Sudden infant death syndrome (pp. 83–107). Seattle: University of Washington Press 1970.
• Carpenter RG, Irgens LM, Blair PS, England PD, Fleming P, Huber J, et al. Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study The Lancet 2004; 363: 185-91.
• Mathews TJ, Menacker F, MacDorman MF, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Infant mortality statistics from the 2002 period: linked birth/infant death data set. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2004; 53: 1.
• Hoffman HJ, Damus K, Hillman L, Krongrad E. Risk factors for SIDS. Results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development SIDS Cooperative Epidemiological Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 533: 13.
• Getahun D, Amre D, Rhoads GG, Demissie K. Maternal and obstetric risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 646.
• Escott A, Elder DE, Zuccollo JM. Sudden unexpected infant death and bed sharing: referrals to the Wellington Coroner 1997-2006. NZ Med J 2009; 122: 59-68.
• Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. "The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk". Pediatrics 2005; 116: 1245–55.
• Tappin D, Ecob R, Brooke H. Bedsharing, roomsharing, and sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland: a case-control study. J Pediatr 2005; 147:32.
• Trachtenberg FL, Haas EA, Kinney HC, Stanley C, Krous HF. Risk factor changes for sudden infant death syndrome after initiation of Back-to-Sleep campaign. Pediatrics 2012; 129: 630-8.
• Blair PS, Sidebotham P, Pease A, Fleming PJ. Bed-sharing in the absence of hazardous circumstances: is there a risk of sudden infant death syndrome? An analysis from two case-control studies conducted in the UK. Plos One [serial online]. 2014; 9: e107799.
• McGarvey C, McDonnell M, Hamilton K, O'Regan M, Matthews T. An 8 year study of risk factors for SIDS: bed-sharing versus nonbed-sharing. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 318-23.
• Beal SM, Finch CF. An overview of retrospective case-control studies investigating the relationship between prone sleeping position and SIDS. J Paediatr Child Health 1991; 27: 334-9.
• Guntheroth WG, Spiers PS. Sleeping prone and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 1992; 267: 2359-62.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suffocation deaths associated with use of infant sleep positioners--United States, 1997-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61: 933-7.
• Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Moon RY. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics 2011; 128: e1341.
• Fyfe KL, Yiallourou SR, Wong FY, Odoi A, Walker AM, Horne RS. Cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2014; 134: 435- 45.
• Hauck FR, Omojokun OO, Siadaty MS. Do pacifiers reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome? A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2005; 116: e716-23.
• Meadow R. Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The hinterland of child abuse. Lancet 1977; 2: 343-5.
• About Statistics and the Law (Website). Royal Statistical Society. (2001-10-23) Retrieved on 2007-09-22.
• Steinschneider, A. Prolonged apnea and the sudden infant death syndrome: Clinical and laboratory observations. Pediatrics 1972; 50: 646-54.
• Poets CF. Apparent life-threatening events and sudden infant death on a monitor. Paediatr Respir Rev 2004; 5 (Suppl A), S383–6.
• Tonkin S. Sudden infant death syndrome: Hypothesis of causation. Pediatrics 1975; 55(5), 650–661.
• Katz DM. Regulation of respiratory neuron development by neurotrophic and transcriptional signaling mechanisms. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 149: 99-109.
• Paterson DS, Trachtenberg FL, Thompson EG, Belliveau RA, Beggs AH, Darnall R, et al. Multiple serotonergic brainstem abnormalities in sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 2006; 296: 2124-32.
• Duncan JR, Paterson DS, Hoffman JM, Mokler DJ, Borenstein NS, Belliveau RA, et al. Brainstem serotonergic deficiency in sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 2010; 303: 430-7.
• Mitchell EA. WHO/NCD/TFI Reports . http://www.who.int/ tobacco/media/en/mitchell.pdf.
• Tirosh E, Libon D, Bader D. The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on sleep respiratory and arousal patterns in neonates. J Perinatol 1996; 16: 435-8.
• Horne RSC, Franco P, Adamson TM, Groswasser J, Kahn A. Influences of maternal cigarette smoking on infant arousability. Early Hum Develop 2004; 79: 49-58.
• Harrison LM, Morris JA, Telford DR, Brown SM, Jones K. The nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in infancy: Effects of age, gender, season, viral upper respiratory Developmental Psychobiology Mechanism of SIDS 219 tract infection and sleeping position. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999; 25: 19-28.
• Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B, Mitchell E, et al. Nicotine and cotinine in infants dying from sudden infant death syndrome. Int J Legal Med 2008;122: 23-28.
• Gilbert R, Rudd P, Berry PJ, et al. Combined effect of infection and heavy wrapping on the risk of sudden unexpected infant death. Arc Dis Child 1992; 67: 171-7.
• Helweg-Larsen K, Lundemose JB, Oyen N, et al. Interactions of infectious symptoms and modifiable risk factors in sudden infant death syndrome. The Nordic Epidemiological SIDS study. Acta Paediatr. 1999; 88: 521-7.
• Gilbert RE, Fleming PJ, Azaz Y, Rudd PT. Signs of illness preceding sudden unexpected death in infants. BMJ. 1990 May 12; 300: 1237-9. Erratum in: BMJ 1990 May 26; 300: 1378.
• Weber MA, Hartley JC, Klein NJ, Risdon RA, Malone M, Sebire NJ. Staphylococcal toxins in sudden unexpected death in infancy: experience from a single specialist centre. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2011; 7:141-7.
• Weber MA, Klein NJ, Hartley JC, Lock PE, Malone M, Sebire NJ. Infection and sudden unexpected death in infancy: a systematic retrospective case review. Lancet 2008; 371: 1848-53.
• Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, et al. The role of infectious agents in sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1994; 9: 91-100.
• Ferrante L, Opdal SH. Sudden infant death syndrome and the genetics of inflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6: 63.
• Stray-Pedersen A, Vege A, Rognum TO. Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool is associated with SIDS and sudden infant deaths due to infectious disease. Pediatr Res 2008; 64: 405-10.
• Vege A, Rognum TO, Anestad G. IL-6 cerebrospinal fluid levels are related to laryngeal IgA and epithelial HLA-DR response in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Res 1999; 45: 803-9.
• Kadhim H, Deltenre P, De Prez C, Sébire G. Interleukin-2 as a neuromodulator possibly implicated in the physiopathology of sudden infant death syndrome. F Neurosci Lett 2010; 480: 122-6.
• Richardson BA. Cot mattress biodeterioration and SIDS. Lancet 1990; 335: 670.
• Richardson BA. Sudden infant death syndrome: A possible primary cause. J Forensic Sci Soc 1994; 34: 199-204.
• Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Mitchell EA. Mattresses, microenvironments, and multivariate analyses. BMJ 2002; 325: 981-2.
• Cullen WR. The toxicity of trimethylarsine: An urban myth. J Environ Monit 2005; 7: 11-5.
• Klonoff-Cohen H, Lam PK, Lewis A. Outdoor carbonmonoxide, nitrogendioxide, and sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 750-3.
• Vennemann MMT, Hoffgen M, Bajanowski T, Hense HW, Mitchell EA. Do immunisations reduce the risk for SIDS? A meta-analysis. Vaccine 2007; 25: 4875-9.
• Rubens DD, Vohr BR, Tucker R, O'Neil CA, Chung W. Newborn otoacoustic emission hearing screening tests: preliminary evidence for a marker of susceptibility to SIDS. Early Hum Develop 2008; 84, 225-9.
• Alastruey J, Sherwin SJ, Parker KH, Rubens DD. Placental transfusion insult in the predisposition for SIDS: a mathematical study. Early Hum Dev 2009; 85 (7): 455–9.
• Towbin A: “Latent spinal cord and brain stem injury in newborn infants.” Develop Med Child Neurol 1969; 11: 54.
• Glengarry JM, Crawford J, Morrow PL, Stables SR, Love DR, Skinner JR. Long QT molecular autopsy in sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2014 ; 99: 635-40.
• Arnestad M, Crotti L, Rognum TO, et al. Prevalence of long-QT syndrome gene variants in sudden infant death syndrome. Circulation 2007; 115: 361-7.
• Vege A, Ole Rognum T. Sudden infant death syndrome, infection and inflammatory responses. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2004; 42: 3-10.
• Filiano JJ, Kinney HC. A perspective on neuropathologic findings in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome: the triple-risk model. Biol Neonate. 1994; 65: 194-7.
• Blackwell CC, Weir DM. The role of infection in sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999; 25: 1-6.
• Molony N, Blackwell CC, Busuttil A. The effect of prone posture on nasal temperature in children in relation to induction of staphylococcal toxins implicated in sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999;25: 109-13.