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Mental Health and Social Policy

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 321 - 336, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1497328

Öz

Aim: The right to health and healthy life are fundamental values that must be protected in order for every living thing to survive. This approach has caused the issue of health to be among the basic responsibilities of states. The right to a healthy life is defined as the most fundamental human right in many national and international agreements and conventions, and the duties of protecting health, treating people's diseases and ensuring rehabilitation are among the primary responsibilities of states. According to Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the right to health is accepted as one of the fundamental human rights (İleri, Seçer and Ertaş, 2016).
Material and Methods: Since health is a need that cannot be replaced, keeping the services offered up to date is as important as providing them. The scope of the legal issue of health continues to expand with the policies and studies prepared in the field of health. While health policies cover health services in a narrow sense; It covers, directly or indirectly, social, economic, cultural and environmental elements in a broad sense. In this broad sense, it can be said that the state approach comes to the fore in health policies (Atabey, 2020). For this reason, in the early 1950s, the health systems of many OECD countries; It has adopted a state approach that takes direct responsibility for policy design, planning, research and development. Because health policy covers not only health services but also social, economic and environmental factors that directly or indirectly affect health. Due to this broad scope, the state approach was adopted and policies and health systems were initiated through this process (İleri et al., 2016).
Results: Health policy, health system; It includes all actions affecting institutions, services and financing arrangements. Health policy also includes the activities of all public, private and voluntary organizations that have an impact on health beyond health services. In other words, it can be said that health policy is a network of interrelated decisions that create strategies or approaches to the delivery of health services. In addition, health policies require the investigation of all kinds of social, economic and environmental effects affecting health, as well as existing health services, in order for the policy-making process to reach the most accurate result (Atabey, 2020).
As can be understood from these explanations, despite the factual reality of biologically based health policies and service provision based on these, both in our country and in many countries of the world, health; It forms the framework of a systematic whole with its biological, psychological and social components. In other words, health is not merely a biological state of well-being, but its psychological and social dimensions have inseparable and indivisible characteristics and are of critical importance.
Conclusions: Mental health refers to the mental, emotional and social well-being of individuals. Mental health policies are strategies, laws and practices developed to protect and improve the mental health of the society. Social policy, on the other hand, includes regulations and practices aimed at increasing the general welfare of the society, especially in areas such as health, education, social security and employment.
The field of mental health, which is one of the specialties of general health, has a compact and symbiotic relationship with social, economic and environmental conditions and characteristics, and mental health and mental health services have a high sensitivity to these structural variables.
Therefore, mental health and mental health service provision are in a symbiotic relationship with the functions and tools of social policy, and the existence of this relationship is a necessary consequence.

Kaynakça

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  • Flatau, P., Galea, J., & Petridis, R. (2000). Mental health and wellbeing and unemployment. Australian Economic Review, 33(2), 161-181.
  • Ferrara, F., Trama, U., Nava, E., Langella, R., Valentino, F., & Zovi, A. (2023). Distress psicologico durante la pandemia da Covid-19: Un’analisi sull’uso di farmaci antipsicotici in un campione di popolazione italiana. Rivista di Psichiatria, 58(5), 220-225.
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Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 321 - 336, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1497328

Öz

Amaç: Sağlık ve sağlıklı yaşam hakkı, her canlının türünün devamını sağlayabilmesi için korunması gereken temel değerlerdir. Bu yaklaşım sağlık konusunun devletlerin temel sorumlulukları arasında yer almasına neden olmuştur. Sağlıklı yaşama hakkı, birçok ulusal ve uluslararası anlaşma ve sözleşmede en temel insan hakkı olarak tanımlanmış ve sağlığın korunması, insanların hastalıklarının tedavi edilmesi ve rehabilitasyonunun sağlanması görevleri devletlerin asli sorumlulukları arasına alınmıştır. İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi'nin 25. maddesine göre sağlık hakkı, temel insan haklarından biri olarak kabul edilmiştir (İleri, Seçer ve Ertaş, 2016).
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Sağlık ikame edilemeyecek bir ihtiyaç olduğu için sunulan hizmetlerin güncel tutulması, en az sunulması kadar önemlidir. Sağlık alanında hazırlanan politikalar ve çalışmalar ile sağlığın hukuki konusunun kapsamı genişlemeye devam etmektedir. Sağlık politikaları dar anlamda sağlık hizmetlerini kapsamı alanına alırken; geniş anlamda sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve çevresel unsurları doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak kapsamaktadır. Bu geniş anlamda sağlık politikalarında devlet yaklaşımının ön plana çıktığı söylenebilir (Atabey, 2020). Bu nedenle 1950'lerin başında birçok OECD ülkesi sağlık sistemlerinin; politika tasarımı, planlaması, araştırması ve geliştirilmesi için doğrudan sorumluluk alan bir devlet yaklaşımını benimsemiştir. Çünkü sağlık politikası sadece sağlık hizmetlerini değil, sağlığı doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak etkileyen sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel faktörleri de kapsamaktadır. Bu geniş kapsam nedeniyle devlet bu yaklaşımı benimsenmiş ve bu işleyiş üzerinden politikalar ve sağlık sistemleri başlatılmıştır (İleri vd., 2016).
Bulgular: Sağlık politikası, sağlık sisteminin; kurumlarını, hizmetlerini ve finansman düzenlemelerini etkileyen tüm eylemleri içermektedir. Sağlık politikası aynı zamanda, sağlık hizmetlerinin ötesinde sağlık üzerinde etkisi olan tüm kamu, özel ve gönüllü kuruluşların faaliyetlerini de içermektedir. Başka bir deyişle sağlık politikasının, sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumuna yönelik stratejiler veya yaklaşımlar oluşturan birbiriyle ilişkili kararlar ağı olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca sağlık politikaları, politika oluşturma sürecinin en doğru sonuca ulaşabilmesi için mevcut sağlık hizmetlerinin yanı sıra sağlığı etkileyen her türlü sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel etkilerin de araştırılmasını gerektirmektedir (Atabey, 2020).
Sonuçlar: Bu açıklamalardan da anlaşılacağı üzere, her ne kadar hem ülkemizde hem de Dünya’nın pek çok ülkesinde biyolojik temelli sağlık politikaları ve buna dayalı hizmet sunumunun olgusal gerçekliğine rağmen, sağlık; biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal bileşenleri ile beraber sistemli bir bütünün çerçevesini oluşturmaktadır. Başka bir deyişle sağlık salt biyolojik bir iyilik hali olmayıp, psikolojik ve sosyal boyutları da ayrılamaz, bölünemez özelliklere sahip olup, kritik öneme haizdir.
Ruh sağlığı, bireylerin zihinsel, duygusal ve sosyal iyi olma halini ifade eder. Ruh sağlığı politikaları ise toplumun ruh sağlığını koruma ve iyileştirme amacıyla geliştirilen stratejiler, yasalar ve uygulamalardır. Sosyal politika ise, toplumun genel refahını artırmayı hedefleyen, özellikle sağlık, eğitim, sosyal güvenlik ve istihdam gibi alanlarda yapılan düzenlemeler ve uygulamaları içermektedir.
Genel sağlığın uzmanlık alanlarından olan ruh sağlığı alanı ise sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel koşulları ve özellikleri ile kompakt ve simbiyotik bir ilişki içinde olup, ruh sağlığı ve ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin bu yapısal değişkenlere yönelik duyarlılığı yüksektir. Dolayısıyla ruh sağlığı ve ruh sağlığı hizmet sunumu sosyal politikanın fonksiyonları ve araçları ile simbiyotik bir ilişki içinde olup, bu ilişkinin varlığı zorunlu bir sonuçtur.

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • Atabey, S. E. (2020). Sağlık Sistemleri ve Sağlık Politikası (4. Baskı). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi
  • Amerio, A., Vai, E., Bruno, E., Costanza, A., Escelsior, A., Odone, A., Berardis, D. D., Aguglia, A., Serafini, G., Amore, M., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2023). COVID-19 impact on the Italian community-based system of mental health care: Reflections and lessons learned for the future. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 21(1), 2–9.
  • Aravacik, E. D. (2018). Social Policy and the Welfare State. In Public Economics and Finance. Intech Open, London. Retrieved February 25, 2022 from https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64579
  • Çubuk, A. (1979). Sosyal Politika. Ankara: İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi Yayını.
  • Bambra, C. (2011). Health inequalities and welfare state regimes: theoretical insights on a public health ‘puzzle’. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 65(9), 740-745.
  • Barker, R. L. (2003). The Social Work Dictionary. NASW Press.
  • Brown, R., Martin, D., Hickman, N., & Barber, P. (2023). Mental health law in England and Wales: A guide for mental health professionals. Sage.
  • Carbone, S. (2023). The management of mental health, and service networks in Italy. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 25(8), 927-935.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2021). About Mental Health. Retrieved July 5, 2021 from https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm
  • Cooper, K., & Stewart, K. (2013). Does money affect children’s outcomes? A Systematic Review. CASEreports (80). Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London, UK.
  • Eikemo, T. A., & Bambra, C. (2008). The welfare state: a glossary for public health. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62(1), 3-6.
  • Erci, B. (2009). Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği. Amasya: Göktuğ Yayıncılık.
  • Eke, E. ve Kişi, M. (2019). Geçmişten günümüze İngiltere sağlık politikaları: Ulusal sağlık sistemi odaklı güncel bir perspektif. OPUS – Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(18), 2687-2707.
  • Erdut, Z. (2002). Küreselleşme Bağlamında Uluslararası Sosyal Politika ve Türkiye. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Yayınları.
  • Ersöz, H. Y. (2011). Sosyal Politikada Yerelleşme. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayını.
  • Evans, W. N., & Garthwaite, C. L. (2014). Giving mom a break: The impact of higher EITC payments on maternal health. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(2), 258-290.
  • Flatau, P., Galea, J., & Petridis, R. (2000). Mental health and wellbeing and unemployment. Australian Economic Review, 33(2), 161-181.
  • Ferrara, F., Trama, U., Nava, E., Langella, R., Valentino, F., & Zovi, A. (2023). Distress psicologico durante la pandemia da Covid-19: Un’analisi sull’uso di farmaci antipsicotici in un campione di popolazione italiana. Rivista di Psichiatria, 58(5), 220-225.
  • Glasby, J., Tew, J., & Fenton, S. (2021). UK mental health policy and practice. In G. Ikkos & N. Bouras (Eds.), Mind, State and Society: Social History of Psychiatry and Mental Health in Britain 1960–2010 (pp. 93-102). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gitterman, A., & Germain, C. B. (2008). The Life Model of Social Work Practice: Advances in Theory and Practice. Columbia University Press.
  • Gureje, O., & Jenkins, R. (2007). Mental Health in Development: Re-emphasising the Link. Lancet, 369(9560), 447–449.
  • Gühne, U., & Heller, S. R. (2019). Die Versorgung von Menschen mit psychischen Erkrankungen in Deutschland. In: Bramesfeld, A., Koller, M., & Salize H. J. (Eds.), Public Mental Health (pp. 31–59). Bern: Hogrefe.
  • Girolamo, G. D., Cerveri, G., Clerici, M., Monzani, E., Spinogatti, F., Starace, F., ... & Vita, A. (2020). Mental health in the coronavirus disease 2019 emergency the Italian response. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(9), 974-976.
  • Haque, M. (2021). Social Policy: Concept, Goals and İnfluencing Factors. University of Dhaka. Retrieved March 08, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net
  • Hillier-Brown, F., Thomson, K., Mcgowan, V., Cairns, J., Eikemo, T. A., Gil-Gonzále, D., & Bambra, C. (2019). The effects of social protection policies on health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 47(6), 655-665. İleri, H., Seçer, B. ve Ertaş, H. (2016). Sağlık Politikası Kavramı ve Türkiye’de Sağlık Politikalarının İncelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (12), 176-186.
  • Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. The Lancet, 365(9464), 1099-1104.
  • Köknel, Ö. (2000). Günlük Hayatta Ruh Sağlığı. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Jenkins, R. (2008). Mental Health Policy. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 393–406.
  • Jones, K. (2023). A history of the mental health services. Taylor & Francis.
  • Knapp, M., McDaid, D., & Parsonage, M. (2011). Mental health promotion and mental illness prevention: The economic case. London: Department of Health.
  • Kazdin, A. E. (2001). Conduct Disorder. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2511–2516.
  • Kokkinen, L., Muntaner, C., Kouvonen, A., Koskinen, A., Varje, P., & Väänänen, A. (2015). Welfare state retrenchment and increasing mental health inequality by educational credentials in Finland: a multicohort study. BMJ Open, 5(6), e007297.
  • Mirza, I., Hassan, R., Chaudhary, H. R., & Jenkins, R. (2006). Eliciting Explanatory Models of Common Mental Disorders Using the Short Explanatory Model Interview (SEMI) Urdu Adaptation – A Pilot Study. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association (JPMA), 56(10), 461-462.
  • Mathers, C. D., & Loncar, D. (2006). Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Medicine, 3(11), e442.
  • Mauz, E., Walther, L., Junker, S., Kersjes, C., Damerow, S., Eicher, S., Hölling, H., Müters,
  • S., Peitz, D., Schnitzer, S., & Thom, J. (2023). Time trends in mental health indicators in Germany's adult population before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1-23.
  • Mancini, A. D., & Prati, G. (2022). A comparison of mental-health outcomes in the United Psychological Science, 10(6), 1027-1043.
  • Moro, M. F., Calamandrei, G., Poli, R., Di Mattei, V., Perra, A., Kurotschka, P. K., ... & Carta, M. G. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers in Italy: analyzing the role of individual and workplace-level factors in the reopening phase after lockdown. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 867080.
  • National Association of Social Workers. (2017). NASW Standards for Social Work Practice in Health Care Settings.
  • OECD. (2014). Making Mental Health Count: The Social and Economic Costs of Neglecting Mental Health Care. OECD Health Policy Studies. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Peitz, D., Kersjes, C., Thom, J., Hoelling, H., & Mauz, E. (2021). Indicators for public mental health: A scoping review. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 1-11, 714497.
  • Pektaş, İ., Bilge, A. ve Ersoy, M. (2006). Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetlerinde Epidemiyolojik Çalışmalar ve Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Hemşireliğinin Rolü. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7(1) 43-48.
  • Patel, V., & Kleinman, A. (2003). Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(8), 609-615. Patel, V., et al. (2018). The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. The Lancet, 392(10157), 1553-1598.
  • Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.
  • Rossi, R., Socci, V., Pacitti, F., Di Lorenzo, G., Di Marco, A., Siracusano, A., & Rossi, A. (2020). Mental health outcomes among frontline and second-line health care workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Italy. JAMA Network Open, 3(5), e2010185.
  • Songur, C. Saylavcı, E. ve Kıran, Ş. (2017). Avrupa’da ve Türkiye’de Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İncelenmesi. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 3(4), 276-289.
  • Sani, G., Janiri, D., Di Nicola, M., Janiri, L., Ferretti, S., & Chieffo, D. (2020). Mental health during and after the COVID‐19 emergency in Italy. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(6), 372.
  • Scendoni, R., Fedeli, P., & Cingolani, M. (2022). The Network of Services for COVID-19 Vaccination in Persons With Mental Disorders: The Italian Social Health System, Its Organization, and Bioethical Issues. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 870386.
  • Schilling, J., Tolksdorf, K., Marquis, A., Faber, M., Pfoch, T., … & RKI Covid-19 Study Group. (2021). Die verschiedenen Phasen der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland: Eine deskriptive analyse von Januar 2020 bis Februar 2021. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz,64(9) ,1093-1106.
  • Simpson, J., Albani, V., Bell, Z., Bambra, C., & Brown, H. (2021). Effects of social security policy reforms on mental health and inequalities: a systematic review of observational studies in high-income countries. Social Science & Medicine, 272, 113717, 1-18.
  • Silva A. de (2000). A Framework for Measuring Responsiveness. GPE Discussion Paper Series No 32. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Saxena, S., Saraceno, B., & Granstein, J. (2013). Scaling up Mental Health Care in Resource-poor Settings. G. Thornicroft, M. Ruggeri, & D. Goldberg (Ed.), In Improving Mental Health Care: The Global Challenge (pp. 12-24). USA: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Saleebey, D. (Ed.). (2012). The Strengths Perspective in Social Work Practice. Pearson.
  • Taylor, P. (2019). What is Social Policy? Retrieved May 10, 2022 from https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/what-is-social-policy/
  • Thornicroft, G., & Tansella, M. (2002). Balancing Community-basedand Hospital-based Mental Health Care. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of The World Psychiatric Association, 1(2), 84–90.
  • Turnpenny, A., Petri, G., Finn, A., Beadle-Brown, J., & Nyman, M. (2018) Mapping and Understanding Exclusion: Institutional, Coercive and Community- based Services and Practices across Europe. Project Report. Mental Health Europe, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Eylem Planı 2020-2023.
  • Ussai, S., Castelpietra, G., Mariani, I., Casale, A., Missoni, E., Pistis, M., ... & Armocida, B. (2022). What is next for public health after COVID-19 in Italy? Adopting a youth-centred care approach in mental health services. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 14937. United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
  • Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G., & Atun, R. (2016). Estimating the true global burden of Mental illness. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(2), 171-178.
  • World Health Organization [WHO] (2021). Mental health. Retrieved November 10, 2021 from https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health#tab=tab_1
  • World Health Organization [WHO] (2021). Covid-19: A Global Response.
  • World Health Organization [WHO] (2004). Strengthening Mental Health.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2020.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2005). Mental health policies and programmes in the workplace. Geneva: WHO.
  • World Health Organization. (2001). Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope.
  • Yanık, M. (2007). Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Sistemi Üzerine Değerlendirme ve Öneriler: Ruh Sağlığı Eylem Planı Önerisi. Psikiyatride Derlemeler, Olgular ve Varsayımlar, 1(Özel Sayı), 1-80
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Koruyucu Sağlık Hizmetleri, Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri, Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İsmail Akgül 0000-0002-0592-2130

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akgül, İ. (2024). Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 15(3), 321-336. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1497328
AMA Akgül İ. Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika. TJCL. Eylül 2024;15(3):321-336. doi:10.18663/tjcl.1497328
Chicago Akgül, İsmail. “Ruh sağlığı Ve Sosyal Politika”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15, sy. 3 (Eylül 2024): 321-36. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1497328.
EndNote Akgül İ (01 Eylül 2024) Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15 3 321–336.
IEEE İ. Akgül, “Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika”, TJCL, c. 15, sy. 3, ss. 321–336, 2024, doi: 10.18663/tjcl.1497328.
ISNAD Akgül, İsmail. “Ruh sağlığı Ve Sosyal Politika”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15/3 (Eylül 2024), 321-336. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1497328.
JAMA Akgül İ. Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika. TJCL. 2024;15:321–336.
MLA Akgül, İsmail. “Ruh sağlığı Ve Sosyal Politika”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, c. 15, sy. 3, 2024, ss. 321-36, doi:10.18663/tjcl.1497328.
Vancouver Akgül İ. Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika. TJCL. 2024;15(3):321-36.


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