Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında bitki tür çeşitliliği ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmada Dursunbey (Balıkesir) ilçesinde Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında, bitki tür çeşitliliği ile çevresel değişkenler ve bazı meşçere özellikleri ilişkilendirilmiştir. Alternatif indis (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Whittaker) ve sayısal dönüşümlerden faydalanılarak alfa, beta ve gama düzeylerinde çeşitlilik hesaplamaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkili doğrusal ilişkiler ve modelleme analiz sonuçlarına göre, yörede karaçam, kızılçam ve boylu ardıç türlerinin hâkim olduğu ormanlarda, meşe ormanlarına kıyasla alfa bitki çeşitliliği daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca vadi ya da kanyon arazi yüzey formu özelliği bu ormanlardaki alfa tür çeşitliliğine önemli katkı sağlamıştır. Beta çeşitliliğinde kullanılan alternatif ölçekler ilişkilerde önemli farklılığa sebep olmuştur. 20x20m ölçekli dört alt örnek alan verisine göre yapılan hesaplamalarda beta çeşitliliği meşe ormanlarında en yüksek bulunurken, 100x100m boyutlarındaki ana örnek alanlardan elde edilen verilerde bu durumun tersi olarak meşe ormanlarında en düşük, karaçam ormanlarında ise en yüksek beta çeşitliliği hesaplanmıştır. Diğer yandan meşçerelerin kapalılık derecesi beta çeşitliliğinde önemli fark oluşturmuştur. Beta çeşitliliği en yüksek boşluklu kapalı meşçerelerde (%1-10 arası), en düşük ise tam kapalı meşçerelerde (%71-100 arası)’dir. Beta çeşitliliğinde en etkili çevresel değişken ise yükselti olmuştur. İlçe ormanlarında yükseltinin artışı ile değişen iklim koşulları ve jeomorfolojik heterojenlik beta çeşitliliğinin yükselmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada gama çeşitlilik düzeyinde ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark oluşturan herhangi bir çevresel değişken belirlenememiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyoçeşitlilik
• Çevresel faktörler
• Vejetasyon örtüsü
• Meşçere tipi
• Yükselti

Plant species diversity and environmental factor relations in black pine, brutian pine, crimean juniper and oak forests

Öz

In this study, plant species diversity in Black pine, Red pine, Crimean juniper and oak forests in Dursunbey (Balıkesir) district was associated with some environmental variables and stand characteristics. Diversity calculations were performed at alpha, beta and gamma levels by using alternative indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Whittaker) and numerical transformations. According to the results of linear correlations and modeling analysis, alpha plant diversity was found to be higher in the forests where black pine (Pinus nigra), red pine (Pinus brutia), and juniper (Juniperus excelsa) species are dominant compared to oaks. In addition, the valley or canyon landforms contributed significantly to the alpha species diversity in these forests. Alternative scales used in the study caused significant differences in beta diversity. In the calculations made according to the data of 4 sub-samples of 20x20m, beta diversity was found to be the highest in oak forests, whereas in the data obtained from the main sample areas of 100x100m, on the contrary, the lowest beta diversity was calculated in oak forests and the highest in black pine forests. The degree of the canopy of the stands made a significant difference in beta diversity. Beta diversity is highest in discontinuous stands (1-10%), and the lowest in full canopy stands (71-100%). The most significant environmental variable for beta diversity was elevation. Changing climatic conditions and geomorphological heterogeneity due to the increase in elevation in the forests of the district have led to an increase in beta diversity. No statistically significant relationship was found between environmental variables and gamma diversity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biodiversity
• Environmental factors
• Vegetation covace
• Stand type
• Elevation

Kaynakça

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