Araştırma Makalesi
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Assessment of public perception on urban environmental problems by using Q methodology

Yıl 2020, , 481 - 488, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.799763

Öz

This study aimed to determine perception of urban environmental problems in İzmir and İstanbul, two big cities of Turkey. Q methodology, which enables classifying human subjectivity through different perspectives bringing together the strong aspects of both qualitative and quantitative research methods, has been used as the research methodology. As a result of analysis of the participants’ views on urban environmental problems, which were sorted according to a certain guideline, two factors, in other words, two points of views were determined. Discrepancy correlation values of the factors were low, therefore, results states that the discrepancy of the two factors shows the represented point of views are clearly distinct. Significant majority of the participants from both cities agreed on factor 1 that “air pollution” is the primary environmental problem due to urbanization regardless of education background and gender. The other group forming factor 2 agreed on “smell pollution” as the primary environmental problem due to urbanization. The issues forwarded by the participants in this study significantly overlapped with the previously determined environmental problems of the two cities. As a conclusion, it has been pointed out in this study that Q methodology is an important tool in determining social opinions and priorities; guiding or supporting research; enlighten managers and planners in improving the effectiveness of their works.

Kaynakça

  • Amin, Z., 2000. Q methodology – A journey into the subjectivity of human mind. Singapore Medical Journal, 41(8): 410-414.
  • Brown, S.R., 1980. Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Brown, S.R., 1993. A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16(3/4): 91-138.
  • Brown, S.R., 1996. Q methodology and qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 6(4): 561-567.
  • Buchel, S., Frantzeskaki, N., 2015. Citizens’ voice: A case study about perceived ecosystem services by urban park users in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Ecosystem Services, 12: 169-177.
  • Çapraz, Ö., Efe, B., Deniz, A., 2016. Study on the association between air pollution and mortality in Istanbul, 2007-2012. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7:147-154.
  • Çetin, M.A., Bakırtaş, İ., 2019. Does urbanization induce the health expenditures? A dynamic macro-panel analysis for developing countries. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, 61: 208-222.
  • Collins, P., Maguire, M., O’dell, L., 2002. Smokers’ representations of their own smoking: A Q-methodological study. Journal of Health Psychology, 7(6): 641-652.
  • Çorumluoğlu, O., Asri, I., 2015. The effect of urban heat island on Izmir’s city ecosystem and climate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(5): 3202-3211.
  • Davies, B.B., Hodge, I.D., 2007. Exploring environmental perspectives in lowland agriculture: A Q methodology study in East Anglia, UK. Ecological Economics, 61(2-3): 323-333.
  • Dekker, J., Peen, J., Koelen, J., Smit, F., Schoevers, R., 2008. Psychiatric disorders and urbanization in Germany. BMC Public Health, 8(1): 17.
  • Demir, F., Kul, M., 2011. Q Method, A Modern Research Method. Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Dihkan, M., Karslı, F., Güneroğlu, A., Güneroğlu, B., 2015. Evaluation of surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect on coastal zone: The case of Istanbul Megacity. Ocean & Coastal Management, 118: 309-316.
  • Doody, D.G., Kearney, P., Barry, J., Moles, R., O’Regan, B., 2009. Evaluation of the Q-method as a method of public participation in the selection of sustainable development indicators. Ecological Indicators, 9(6): 1129–1137.
  • Doygun, H., Gurun, D.K., 2007. Analysing and mapping spatial and temporal dynamics of urban traffic noise pollution: a case study in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 142(1-3): 65-72.
  • Eden, S., Donaldson, A., Walker, G., 2005. Structuring subjectivities? Using Q methodology in human geography. Area, 37(4): 413–422.
  • Gao, J., Liu, Y., 2011. Climate warming and land use change in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. Applied Geography, 31(2): 476-482.
  • Gao, Y., Liu, G., Hao, Y., Zhang, Y., 2016. Ecological network based urban pollution transfer effect analysis at a river basin scale. Energy Procedia, 104: 135-140.
  • Graaf, G., Exel, J., 2008. Using Q methodology in administrative ethics. Public Integrity, 11(1): 63-78.
  • Hermans, F., Kok, K., Beers, P.J., Veldkamp, T., 2011. Assessing sustainability perspectives in rural innovation projects using Q-Methodology. Sociologia Ruralis, 52(1): 70-90.
  • Horton, R.A., Wing, S., Marshall, S.W., Brownley, K.A., 2009. Malodor as a trigger of stress and negative mood in neighbors of industrial hog operations. The American Journal of Public Health, 3(99): 610-615.
  • Jacobsen, J.K.S., 2007. Use of landscape perception methods in tourism studies: A review of photo - based research approaches. Tourism Geography, 9(3): 234-253.
  • Kara, F., Keçeli, A., 2017. Impact of rapid urbanisation on land cover in Istanbul Province. Int International Journal of Environmental Research, 25(2): 293-302.
  • Klooster, P.M., Visser, M., Jong, M.D.T., 2008. Comparing two image research instruments: The Q methodology method versus the Likert attitude questionnaire. Food Quality and Preference, 19(5): 511-518.
  • Köse, S., 2019. Determination of hotspots and development of solution methods for different noise sources within the scope of noise action plans in Istanbul. MSc Dissertation, Yildiz Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Kuzu, S.L., 2019. Source identification of combustion-related air pollution during an episode and afterwards in winter-time in Istanbul. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(17): 16815-16824.
  • Limin, B., Chunliang, X,, Xinghua, F., Daqian, L., 2019. Influence of urbanization on regional habitat quality: A case study of Changchun City. Habitat International, 93: 1-13.
  • Liu, M., Huang, Y., Jin, Z., Ma, Z., Liu, X., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, J., Bi, J., Kinney, P., 2017. The nexus between urbanization and PM2.5 related mortality in China. Environmental Pollution, 227: 15-23.
  • Lobinger, K., Brantner, C., 2016. Different ways of seeing political depictions: A qualitative–quantitative analysis using Q methodology. Communications, 41(1): 47-69.
  • Müezzinoğlu, A., Sponza, D., Köken, I., Alparslan, N., Akyarlı, A., Öztüre, N., 2000. Hydrogen sulfide and odor control in Izmir Bay. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 123(1-4): 245-257.
  • Nurlu, E., Erdem, U., Doygun, H., Oğuz, H., Atak, B.K., Doygun, N., Barut, I., Malkoç, E., 2013. The effects of land cover change on natural ecosystems: The case of Izmir, Turkey. Proceedings of ICOEST 2013: International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology18-21 June, Ürgüp, Turkey, pp. 371-378.
  • Ozcan, N.S., Cubukcu, K.M., 2015. Evaluation of air pollution effects on asthma disease: The case of Izmir. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 202: 448-455.
  • Paro, K.M., Siepak, K., Scott-Little, C., 2009. Assessing beliefs of preservice early childhood education teachers using Q-Sort methodology. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 30(1): 22–36.
  • Peen, J., Dekker, J., Schoevers, R.A., Have, M., Graaf, R., Beekman, A.T., 2007. Is the prevalence of psychiatric disorders associated with urbanization? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(12): 984-989.
  • Peng, C., Ouyang, Z., Wang, M., Chen, W., Li, X., Ctrittenden, J.C., 2013. Assessing the combined risks of PAHs and metals in urban soils byurbanization indicators. Environmental Pollution, 178: 426-432.
  • Pike, K., Wright, P., Wink, B., Fletcher, S., 2015. The assessment of cultural ecosystem services in the marine environment using Q methodology. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 19(5): 667-675.
  • Pun, V.C., Manjourides, J., Suh, H., 2017. Association of ambient air pollution with depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults: Results from the NSHAP study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(3): 342-348.
  • Rojas, C., Munizaga, J., Rojas, O., Martinez, C., Pino, J., 2019. Urban development versus wetland loss in a coastal Latin American city: Lessons for sustainable land use planning. Land Use Policy, 80: 47-56.
  • Sala, R., Oltra, C., Gonçalves, L., 2015. Attitudes towards urban air pollution: A Q methodology. Psyecology, 6(3): 359-385.
  • Sarı, D., Bayram, A., 2014. Quantification of emissions from domestic heating in residential areas of İzmir, Turkey and assessment of the impact on local/regional air-quality. Science of the Total Environment, 488-489: 429-436.
  • Schmolck, P., 2014. PQ Method Software, http://schmolck.org/qmethod/ Erişim: 02.05.2020.
  • Scholte, S., Teeffelen, A.J.A., Verburg, P.H., 2015. Integrating socio-cultural perspectives into ecosystem service valuation: A review of concepts and methods. Ecological Economics, 114: 67-78.
  • Stainton Rogers, R., 1995. Q methodology. J.A. Smith, R. Harre, L. Van Langenhove, (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology. Sage, London, s: 178-192.
  • Steelman, T.A., Maguire, L.A., 1999. Understanding participant perspectives: Q-Methodology in national forest management. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18(3): 361-388.
  • Stephenson, W., 1935. Technique of factor analysis. Nature, 136:297.
  • Stephenson, W., 1953. The Study of Behaviour: Q-Technique and Its Methodology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Stephenson, W., 1965. Definition of opinion, attitude and belief. Psychological Record, 15(2): 281-288.
  • Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Ren, G., Zwiers, F.W., Hu, T., 2016. Contribution of urbanization to warming in China. Nature Climate Change, 6(7): 706-709.
  • Swaffield, S.R., Fairweather, J.R., 1996. Investigation of attitudes towards the effects of land use change using image editing and Q sort method. Landscape and Urban Planning, 35(4): 213-230.
  • TSI, 2020. Dynamic Statistical Query and Databases, Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/, Erişim: 22.04.2020.
  • United Nations, 2019. World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Highlights https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf, Accessed: 09.05.2020.
  • Watts, S., Stenner, P., 2005. Doing Q methodology: Theory, method and interpretation. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2(1): 67-91.
  • Webler, T., Danielson, S., Tuler, S., 2009. Using Q Method to Reveal Social Perspectives in Environmental Research. Greenfield MA: Social and Environmental Research Institute. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273697977_Using_Q_Method_to_Reveal_Social_Perspectives_in_Environmental_Research, Accessed: 01.05.2020.
  • White, M.D., Greer, K.A., 2006. The effects of watershed urbanization on the stream hydrology and riparian vegetation of Los Penasquitos Creek, California. Landscape and Urban Planning, 74(2): 125-138.
  • Winters, J.V., Li, Y., 2015. Urbanization, Natural Amenities, and Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from U.S. Counties. http://ftp.iza.org/dp8966.pdf, Accessed: 09.05.2020.
  • Yavaşlı, D.D., 2017. Spatio-temporal trends of urban heat island and surface temperature in Izmir, Turkey. American Journal of Remote Sensing, 5(3): 24-29.
  • Yıldırım, I., 2017. Eğitimin oyunlaştırılmasına ilişkin öğrenci algıları: Bir Q metodu analizi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 42(191): 235-246.
  • Zhai, T., Wang, J., Fang, Y., Quin, Y., Huang, L., Chen, Y., 2020. Assessing ecological risks caused by human activities in rapid urbanization coastal areas: Towards an integrated approach to determining key areas of terrestrial-oceanic ecosystems preservation and restoration. Science of the Total Environment, 708: 1-14.
  • Zhang, X., 2016. Sustainable urbanization: A bi-dimensional matrix model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134: 425-433.
  • Zivojinovic, I., Wolfslehner, B., 2015. Perceptions of urban forestry stakeholders about climate changeadaptation – A Q-method application in Serbia. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 14(4): 1079–1087.

Q metodoloji kullanılarak halkın kentsel çevre sorunlarına yönelik algısının belirlenmesi

Yıl 2020, , 481 - 488, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.799763

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin iki büyük kenti olan İstanbul ve İzmir örneğinde, kentsel çevre sorunlarına yönelik algının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nitel ve nicel araştırma yöntemlerinin güçlü yönlerini bir araya getirerek insan öznelliğini farklı bakış açıları doğrultusunda gruplandırmaya olanak tanıyan Q metodoloji bu araştırmada yöntem olarak kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların belirli bir yönerge doğrultusunda sıraladığı konuyla ilgili ifadelerin analiz edilmesi sonucunda, kentsel çevre sorunlarına yönelik iki faktörün yani iki bakış açısının olduğu belirlenmiştir. Faktörler arasındaki görüş farklılıklarını yansıtan korelasyon değerleri düşük çıkmış olup, bu durum her iki faktörü temsil eden bakış açılarının net bir şekilde birbirinden ayrıldığını işaret etmektedir. Araştırmaya her iki şehirden katılanların önemli bir çoğunluğu, eğitim veya cinsiyet farkı gözetmeksizin 1 nolu faktörde buluşmuşlar ve hava kirliliği kentleşmeye bağlı öncelikli çevre sorunu olarak belirtilmiştir. Diğer grubun meydana getirdiği 2 nolu faktörde ise koku kirliliği öncelikli çevre sorunu olarak belirlenmiştir. Katılımcılar tarafından belirtilen konular, bu kentler için varlığı daha önceden tespit edilen çevre sorunları ile önemli ölçüde örtüşmüştür. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada, Q metodolojisinin sosyal görüşlerin ve önceliklerin belirlenmesine yönelik araştırmaların desteklenmesinde ve geliştirilmesinde, yöneticilerin ve planlamacıların çalışmalarının etkinliğini artırmada önemli bir araç olduğu vurgulanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Amin, Z., 2000. Q methodology – A journey into the subjectivity of human mind. Singapore Medical Journal, 41(8): 410-414.
  • Brown, S.R., 1980. Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Brown, S.R., 1993. A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16(3/4): 91-138.
  • Brown, S.R., 1996. Q methodology and qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 6(4): 561-567.
  • Buchel, S., Frantzeskaki, N., 2015. Citizens’ voice: A case study about perceived ecosystem services by urban park users in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Ecosystem Services, 12: 169-177.
  • Çapraz, Ö., Efe, B., Deniz, A., 2016. Study on the association between air pollution and mortality in Istanbul, 2007-2012. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7:147-154.
  • Çetin, M.A., Bakırtaş, İ., 2019. Does urbanization induce the health expenditures? A dynamic macro-panel analysis for developing countries. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, 61: 208-222.
  • Collins, P., Maguire, M., O’dell, L., 2002. Smokers’ representations of their own smoking: A Q-methodological study. Journal of Health Psychology, 7(6): 641-652.
  • Çorumluoğlu, O., Asri, I., 2015. The effect of urban heat island on Izmir’s city ecosystem and climate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(5): 3202-3211.
  • Davies, B.B., Hodge, I.D., 2007. Exploring environmental perspectives in lowland agriculture: A Q methodology study in East Anglia, UK. Ecological Economics, 61(2-3): 323-333.
  • Dekker, J., Peen, J., Koelen, J., Smit, F., Schoevers, R., 2008. Psychiatric disorders and urbanization in Germany. BMC Public Health, 8(1): 17.
  • Demir, F., Kul, M., 2011. Q Method, A Modern Research Method. Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Dihkan, M., Karslı, F., Güneroğlu, A., Güneroğlu, B., 2015. Evaluation of surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect on coastal zone: The case of Istanbul Megacity. Ocean & Coastal Management, 118: 309-316.
  • Doody, D.G., Kearney, P., Barry, J., Moles, R., O’Regan, B., 2009. Evaluation of the Q-method as a method of public participation in the selection of sustainable development indicators. Ecological Indicators, 9(6): 1129–1137.
  • Doygun, H., Gurun, D.K., 2007. Analysing and mapping spatial and temporal dynamics of urban traffic noise pollution: a case study in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 142(1-3): 65-72.
  • Eden, S., Donaldson, A., Walker, G., 2005. Structuring subjectivities? Using Q methodology in human geography. Area, 37(4): 413–422.
  • Gao, J., Liu, Y., 2011. Climate warming and land use change in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. Applied Geography, 31(2): 476-482.
  • Gao, Y., Liu, G., Hao, Y., Zhang, Y., 2016. Ecological network based urban pollution transfer effect analysis at a river basin scale. Energy Procedia, 104: 135-140.
  • Graaf, G., Exel, J., 2008. Using Q methodology in administrative ethics. Public Integrity, 11(1): 63-78.
  • Hermans, F., Kok, K., Beers, P.J., Veldkamp, T., 2011. Assessing sustainability perspectives in rural innovation projects using Q-Methodology. Sociologia Ruralis, 52(1): 70-90.
  • Horton, R.A., Wing, S., Marshall, S.W., Brownley, K.A., 2009. Malodor as a trigger of stress and negative mood in neighbors of industrial hog operations. The American Journal of Public Health, 3(99): 610-615.
  • Jacobsen, J.K.S., 2007. Use of landscape perception methods in tourism studies: A review of photo - based research approaches. Tourism Geography, 9(3): 234-253.
  • Kara, F., Keçeli, A., 2017. Impact of rapid urbanisation on land cover in Istanbul Province. Int International Journal of Environmental Research, 25(2): 293-302.
  • Klooster, P.M., Visser, M., Jong, M.D.T., 2008. Comparing two image research instruments: The Q methodology method versus the Likert attitude questionnaire. Food Quality and Preference, 19(5): 511-518.
  • Köse, S., 2019. Determination of hotspots and development of solution methods for different noise sources within the scope of noise action plans in Istanbul. MSc Dissertation, Yildiz Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Kuzu, S.L., 2019. Source identification of combustion-related air pollution during an episode and afterwards in winter-time in Istanbul. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(17): 16815-16824.
  • Limin, B., Chunliang, X,, Xinghua, F., Daqian, L., 2019. Influence of urbanization on regional habitat quality: A case study of Changchun City. Habitat International, 93: 1-13.
  • Liu, M., Huang, Y., Jin, Z., Ma, Z., Liu, X., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, J., Bi, J., Kinney, P., 2017. The nexus between urbanization and PM2.5 related mortality in China. Environmental Pollution, 227: 15-23.
  • Lobinger, K., Brantner, C., 2016. Different ways of seeing political depictions: A qualitative–quantitative analysis using Q methodology. Communications, 41(1): 47-69.
  • Müezzinoğlu, A., Sponza, D., Köken, I., Alparslan, N., Akyarlı, A., Öztüre, N., 2000. Hydrogen sulfide and odor control in Izmir Bay. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 123(1-4): 245-257.
  • Nurlu, E., Erdem, U., Doygun, H., Oğuz, H., Atak, B.K., Doygun, N., Barut, I., Malkoç, E., 2013. The effects of land cover change on natural ecosystems: The case of Izmir, Turkey. Proceedings of ICOEST 2013: International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology18-21 June, Ürgüp, Turkey, pp. 371-378.
  • Ozcan, N.S., Cubukcu, K.M., 2015. Evaluation of air pollution effects on asthma disease: The case of Izmir. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 202: 448-455.
  • Paro, K.M., Siepak, K., Scott-Little, C., 2009. Assessing beliefs of preservice early childhood education teachers using Q-Sort methodology. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 30(1): 22–36.
  • Peen, J., Dekker, J., Schoevers, R.A., Have, M., Graaf, R., Beekman, A.T., 2007. Is the prevalence of psychiatric disorders associated with urbanization? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(12): 984-989.
  • Peng, C., Ouyang, Z., Wang, M., Chen, W., Li, X., Ctrittenden, J.C., 2013. Assessing the combined risks of PAHs and metals in urban soils byurbanization indicators. Environmental Pollution, 178: 426-432.
  • Pike, K., Wright, P., Wink, B., Fletcher, S., 2015. The assessment of cultural ecosystem services in the marine environment using Q methodology. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 19(5): 667-675.
  • Pun, V.C., Manjourides, J., Suh, H., 2017. Association of ambient air pollution with depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults: Results from the NSHAP study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(3): 342-348.
  • Rojas, C., Munizaga, J., Rojas, O., Martinez, C., Pino, J., 2019. Urban development versus wetland loss in a coastal Latin American city: Lessons for sustainable land use planning. Land Use Policy, 80: 47-56.
  • Sala, R., Oltra, C., Gonçalves, L., 2015. Attitudes towards urban air pollution: A Q methodology. Psyecology, 6(3): 359-385.
  • Sarı, D., Bayram, A., 2014. Quantification of emissions from domestic heating in residential areas of İzmir, Turkey and assessment of the impact on local/regional air-quality. Science of the Total Environment, 488-489: 429-436.
  • Schmolck, P., 2014. PQ Method Software, http://schmolck.org/qmethod/ Erişim: 02.05.2020.
  • Scholte, S., Teeffelen, A.J.A., Verburg, P.H., 2015. Integrating socio-cultural perspectives into ecosystem service valuation: A review of concepts and methods. Ecological Economics, 114: 67-78.
  • Stainton Rogers, R., 1995. Q methodology. J.A. Smith, R. Harre, L. Van Langenhove, (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology. Sage, London, s: 178-192.
  • Steelman, T.A., Maguire, L.A., 1999. Understanding participant perspectives: Q-Methodology in national forest management. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18(3): 361-388.
  • Stephenson, W., 1935. Technique of factor analysis. Nature, 136:297.
  • Stephenson, W., 1953. The Study of Behaviour: Q-Technique and Its Methodology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Stephenson, W., 1965. Definition of opinion, attitude and belief. Psychological Record, 15(2): 281-288.
  • Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Ren, G., Zwiers, F.W., Hu, T., 2016. Contribution of urbanization to warming in China. Nature Climate Change, 6(7): 706-709.
  • Swaffield, S.R., Fairweather, J.R., 1996. Investigation of attitudes towards the effects of land use change using image editing and Q sort method. Landscape and Urban Planning, 35(4): 213-230.
  • TSI, 2020. Dynamic Statistical Query and Databases, Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/, Erişim: 22.04.2020.
  • United Nations, 2019. World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Highlights https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf, Accessed: 09.05.2020.
  • Watts, S., Stenner, P., 2005. Doing Q methodology: Theory, method and interpretation. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2(1): 67-91.
  • Webler, T., Danielson, S., Tuler, S., 2009. Using Q Method to Reveal Social Perspectives in Environmental Research. Greenfield MA: Social and Environmental Research Institute. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273697977_Using_Q_Method_to_Reveal_Social_Perspectives_in_Environmental_Research, Accessed: 01.05.2020.
  • White, M.D., Greer, K.A., 2006. The effects of watershed urbanization on the stream hydrology and riparian vegetation of Los Penasquitos Creek, California. Landscape and Urban Planning, 74(2): 125-138.
  • Winters, J.V., Li, Y., 2015. Urbanization, Natural Amenities, and Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from U.S. Counties. http://ftp.iza.org/dp8966.pdf, Accessed: 09.05.2020.
  • Yavaşlı, D.D., 2017. Spatio-temporal trends of urban heat island and surface temperature in Izmir, Turkey. American Journal of Remote Sensing, 5(3): 24-29.
  • Yıldırım, I., 2017. Eğitimin oyunlaştırılmasına ilişkin öğrenci algıları: Bir Q metodu analizi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 42(191): 235-246.
  • Zhai, T., Wang, J., Fang, Y., Quin, Y., Huang, L., Chen, Y., 2020. Assessing ecological risks caused by human activities in rapid urbanization coastal areas: Towards an integrated approach to determining key areas of terrestrial-oceanic ecosystems preservation and restoration. Science of the Total Environment, 708: 1-14.
  • Zhang, X., 2016. Sustainable urbanization: A bi-dimensional matrix model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134: 425-433.
  • Zivojinovic, I., Wolfslehner, B., 2015. Perceptions of urban forestry stakeholders about climate changeadaptation – A Q-method application in Serbia. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 14(4): 1079–1087.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Orijinal Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Neslihan Doygun 0000-0002-5174-7847

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Doygun, N. (2020). Assessment of public perception on urban environmental problems by using Q methodology. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(4), 481-488. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.799763
AMA Doygun N. Assessment of public perception on urban environmental problems by using Q methodology. Turkish Journal of Forestry. Aralık 2020;21(4):481-488. doi:10.18182/tjf.799763
Chicago Doygun, Neslihan. “Assessment of Public Perception on Urban Environmental Problems by Using Q Methodology”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 21, sy. 4 (Aralık 2020): 481-88. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.799763.
EndNote Doygun N (01 Aralık 2020) Assessment of public perception on urban environmental problems by using Q methodology. Turkish Journal of Forestry 21 4 481–488.
IEEE N. Doygun, “Assessment of public perception on urban environmental problems by using Q methodology”, Turkish Journal of Forestry, c. 21, sy. 4, ss. 481–488, 2020, doi: 10.18182/tjf.799763.
ISNAD Doygun, Neslihan. “Assessment of Public Perception on Urban Environmental Problems by Using Q Methodology”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 21/4 (Aralık 2020), 481-488. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.799763.
JAMA Doygun N. Assessment of public perception on urban environmental problems by using Q methodology. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2020;21:481–488.
MLA Doygun, Neslihan. “Assessment of Public Perception on Urban Environmental Problems by Using Q Methodology”. Turkish Journal of Forestry, c. 21, sy. 4, 2020, ss. 481-8, doi:10.18182/tjf.799763.
Vancouver Doygun N. Assessment of public perception on urban environmental problems by using Q methodology. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2020;21(4):481-8.