Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana ve Pinus sylvestris tohumlarında Diplodia sapinea’nın yoğunluğu
Yıl 2021,
, 218 - 228, 30.09.2021
Funda Oskay
,
Adem Karataş
Öz
Diplodia sapinea, dünya çapında, çam ağaçlarının bilinen en yaygın ve tehlikeli nekrotrofik patojenlerinden biridir. Patojenle bulaşık kozalak, tohum ve fidan gibi bitki materyallerinin taşınması bu hastalığın uzun mesafelerde yayılışında önemli bir role sahiptir. Fungusun sebep olduğu Diplodia sürgün yanıklığı Türkiye’de yaygınlığı ve zararı her geçen gün artan bir hastalıktır. Bununla birlikte, bildiğimiz kadarı ile Türkiye’de bu patojenin çam tohumlarındaki varlığının ve tohumlar aracılığı ile fidanlıklara ve orman alanlarına taşınma riskinin ortaya konulmasına yönelik araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma, iptal edilmiş bazı tohum bahçelerinden toplanan karaçam (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) ve sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris) tohumlarında Diplodia sapinea’nın varlığının ve yoğunluğunun ortaya konulması amacı ile 2017-2018 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Karşılaştırma amacı ile sağlıklı, aktif durumdaki tohum kaynaklarından temin edilen tohumlar da çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. İptal edilmiş karaçam ve sarıçam tohum bahçelerinden temin edilen tohumların %70’inin (sırasıyla ortalama %72 ve %57) D. sapinea ile bulaşık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşılık, aktif tohum kaynaklarından sadece sarıçam tohum meşceresinde tek bir tohumdan (%0,50) D. sapinea izole edilmiş, aktif karaçam tohum bahçesinden gelen tohumlarda ise patojen tespit edilmemiştir. Buna ek olarak, iptal edilmiş tohum bahçelerinden gelen karaçam ve sarıçam tohumlarının bindane ağırlıkları ve çimlenmeleri aktif tohum kaynaklarından gelen tohumlardan daha düşük bulunmuştur. Tüm bunlar bir arada değerlendirildiğinde, iptal edilen tohum bahçelerinde tohum kalitesinin azalmasında D. sapinea’nın önemli bir rol üstlendiği söylenebilir. Daha da önemlisi, sonuçlar D. sapinea'nın P. nigra ve P. sylvestris tohumları aracılığıyla yayılma potansiyelini doğrulamaktadır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Tübitak (2209/A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destek Programı)
Proje Numarası
1919B011700637
Teşekkür
Çalışmada kullanılan tohumların ilgili tohum bahçeleri ve meşcerelerinden toplanılmasına izin veren, arazi çalışmaları ile tohum kalite testlerinin yapılmasına kurum olanaklarını sunan Orman Ağaçları ve Tohumları Islah Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne çok teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Adamson, K., Klavina, D., Drenkhan, R., Gaitnieks, T., Hanso, M., 2015. Diplodia sapinea is colonizing the native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the northern Baltics. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 143: 343-350.
- Aday-Kaya, A.G., Yeltekin, Ş., Doğmuş-Lehtijarvi, T., Lehtijarvi, A., Woodward, S., 2019. Severity of Diplodia shoot blight (caused by Diplodia sapinea) was greatest on Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra in a plantation containing five pine species. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 58: 249-259.
- Aday Kaya, A., Gültekin, H.C., Karakaya, A., 2019. Marmara Bölgesindeki orman fidanlıklarında yetiştirilen odunsu bitkilerdeki fungus ve su küflerinin tespiti. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 20: 324-332.
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- Akıllı, S., 2004. Türkiye'de ağaçlandırma çalışmalarında kullanılan bazı iğne yapraklı orman ağaçları tohumlarında fungal floranın tespiti. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fenbilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Mühendsliği Ana Bilim Dalı Ankara.
- Akıllı, S., Katırcıoğlu, Y.Z., 2006. Türkiye'de Ağaçlandırma Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Bazı İğne Yapraklı Orman Ağaçları Tohumlarında Fungal Floranın Tespiti. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 6: 63-73.
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- Blumenstein, K., Langer, G., Bußkamp, J., Langer, E., Terhonen, E., 2020. The opportunistic pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea is found to be one of the most abundant fungi in symptomless and diseased Scots pine in Central-Europe. BMC Plant Biology. [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-48366/v1.
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Incidence of Diplodia sapinea in Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana and Pinus sylvestris seed
Yıl 2021,
, 218 - 228, 30.09.2021
Funda Oskay
,
Adem Karataş
Öz
Diplodia sapinea, the causal agent of Diplodia shoot blight, is one of the most common and dangerous necrotrophic pathogen of pines worldwide. Movement of plant materials such as cones, seeds and seedlings infected with the pathogen plays an important role in the dissemination of the disease over long distances. While the incidence and damage caused by the pathogen is increasing in Turkey, to our knowledge, the presence of the pathogen on pine seeds and the risk of transmission to nurseries and forest areas through seed movement have not been studied before. This study was carried out between 2017 and 2018 in order to investigate the presence and incidence of Diplodia sapinea in Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds collected from four abandoned seed orchards in Turkey. Seeds obtained from an active P. nigra seed orchard and a P. sylvestris seed stand were also included in the study. D. sapinea was detected on both P. nigra and P. sylvestris seeds collected from the abandoned seed orchards. On average 70% of the seeds (72% and 57% for P. nigra and P. sylvestris respectively) were infected with the pathogen. The pathogen was not detected on seeds from the active P. nigra seed orchard, yet was detected on 0.50% of seeds from the P. sylvestris seed stand. Thousand-seed-weights as well as germination of seeds from the abandoned seed orchards were lower than those of active seed sources. Taken together, these findings suggest that D. sapinea could have an important role in the reduction of seed quality in the abandoned seed orchards. More importantly, results confirm the potential for dissemination of D. sapinea on P. nigra and P. sylvestris seeds.
Proje Numarası
1919B011700637
Kaynakça
- Adamson, K., Klavina, D., Drenkhan, R., Gaitnieks, T., Hanso, M., 2015. Diplodia sapinea is colonizing the native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the northern Baltics. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 143: 343-350.
- Aday-Kaya, A.G., Yeltekin, Ş., Doğmuş-Lehtijarvi, T., Lehtijarvi, A., Woodward, S., 2019. Severity of Diplodia shoot blight (caused by Diplodia sapinea) was greatest on Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra in a plantation containing five pine species. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 58: 249-259.
- Aday Kaya, A., Gültekin, H.C., Karakaya, A., 2019. Marmara Bölgesindeki orman fidanlıklarında yetiştirilen odunsu bitkilerdeki fungus ve su küflerinin tespiti. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 20: 324-332.
- Aday Kaya, A., Lehtijärvi, A., Kaya, Ö., Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, T., 2014. First report of Diplodia pinea on Pseudotsuga menziesii in Turkey. Plant disease, 98: 689-689.
- Akıllı, S., 2004. Türkiye'de ağaçlandırma çalışmalarında kullanılan bazı iğne yapraklı orman ağaçları tohumlarında fungal floranın tespiti. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fenbilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Mühendsliği Ana Bilim Dalı Ankara.
- Akıllı, S., Katırcıoğlu, Y.Z., 2006. Türkiye'de Ağaçlandırma Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Bazı İğne Yapraklı Orman Ağaçları Tohumlarında Fungal Floranın Tespiti. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 6: 63-73.
Argun, N., Ceylan, S., Velioğlu, E., Aydın, Ü., 2014. Karaçam [Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold subsp. nigra var. pallasiana (Loudon) Rehder] tohum meşçere ve bahçelerinde üretilen tohumlarda bulunan fungusların tespiti ve fidanlardaki patojeniteleri Türkiye II. Orman Entomolojisi ve Patolojisi Sempozyumu. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Antalya, Türkiye, pp. 748-758.
- Aslan, B., 2018. Kastamonu Taşköprü-Tekçam klonal tohum bahçesindeki kozalak zararlıları ve bazı doğal düşmanlarının araştırılması. Master, Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kastamonu.
- Bihon, W., Slippers, B., Burgess, T., Wingfield, M.J., Wingfield, B.D., 2011. Sources of Diplodia pinea endophytic infections in Pinus patula and P. radiata seedlings in South Africa. Forest Pathology, 41: 370-375.
- Blumenstein, K., Langer, G., Bußkamp, J., Langer, E., Terhonen, E., 2020. The opportunistic pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea is found to be one of the most abundant fungi in symptomless and diseased Scots pine in Central-Europe. BMC Plant Biology. [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-48366/v1.
- Brodde, L., Adamson, K., Julio Camarero, J., Castano, C., Drenkhan, R., Lehtijarvi, A., Luchi, N., Migliorini, D., Sanchez-Miranda, A., Stenlid, J., Ozdag, S., Oliva, J., 2018. Diplodia Tip Blight on Its Way to the North: Drivers of Disease Emergence in Northern Europe. Front Plant Sci, 9: 1818.
- Burgess, T., Wingfield, M.J., 2002. Quarantine is important in restricting the spread of exotic seed-borne tree pathogens in the southern hemisphere. International Forestry Review, 4: 56-65.
- Can, P., 2003. İzmir ve Manisa illeri Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) tohum bahçelerinde bulunan kozalak ve tohum zararlıları, zarar şekilleri ve bulunma dönemlerinin belirlenmesi üzerinde araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- Capretti, P., Santini, A., Solheim, H., 2013. 21 Branch and Tip Blights. Infectious Forest Diseases: 420.
- Cleary, M., Oskay, F., Doğmuş, H.T., Lehtijärvi, A., Woodward, S., Vettraino, A.M., 2019. Cryptic Risks to Forest Biosecurity Associated with the Global Movement of Commercial Seed. Forests, 10: 459.
- Decourcelle, T., Piou, D., Desprez-Loustau, M.L., 2015. Detection of Diplodia sapinea in Corsican pine seeds. Plant Pathology, 64: 442-449.
- Deligöz, A., Gezer, A., 2005. Anadolu Karaçamı [Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe]'Nin Bazı Tohum Meşcereleri, Klonal Tohum Bahçeleri ve Plantasyonlarında Kozalak ve Tohum Özellikleri. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 6: 1-16.
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