Improving antifungal properties of wood with copper, zinc and cerium containing chemicals

Öz

Wood being an organic material can be degraded and destroyed by wood-destroying organisms. For this purpose, many wood preservatives have been developed from the past to the present, and are still being developed. In this study, scots pine samples were impregnated with zinc chloride (ZnCl2), nano cerium oxide (CeO2), nano zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper II sulphate (CuSO4) at a concentration level of 0.25%, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.5. Decay resistance against brown (Coniophora puteana) and white (Trametes versicolor) rot fungi attacks has been determined. The antifungal effectiveness of the preservatives was determined for both leached and unleached samples. Furthermore, toxicity in leachate was determined by measuring the mycelium growth of the same fungi species in the petri dishes. Decay test results showed that ZnCl2 was effective in inhibiting both fungi growth on wood samples. In addition, ZnCl2 was found to be the most leach resistant and effective chemical in preventing both decay fungi among the other chemicals. A minimum concentration level of 1.5% was needed for efficient decay resistance for both CeO2 and CuSO4. 1% concentration of ZnO was found to be effective in suppressing the tested fungi attacks in unleached samples, while, all concentration levels in leached samples were not found to be effective to prevent T. versicolor attack. Mycelium growth of the both fungi on leachates was similar to the growth level on references after 2 weeks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Impregnation
• Antifungal
• Nano metal oxides
• Zinc
• Copper

Bakır, çinko ve seryum içeren kimyasal maddeler ile odunun antifungal özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi

Öz

Organik bir malzeme olan odun, odun tahripçisi organizmalar tarafından bozundurulmakta ve tahrip edilebilmektedir. Bu amaçla geçmişten günümüze kadar birçok emprenye maddesi geliştirilmiş ve halen de geliştirilmeye devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sarıçam örnekleri %0,25, 0,5, 1, 1,5 ve 2,5 konsantrasyon seviyesinde çinko klorür (ZnCl2), nano seryum oksit (CeO2), nano çinko oksit (ZnO) ve bakır II sülfat (CuSO4) ile emprenye edilerek, örneklerin esmer (Coniophora puteana) ve beyaz (Trametes versicolor) çürüklük mantar saldırılarına karşı dayanımı belirlenmiştir. Emprenye maddelerinin etkinliği, yıkanmış ve yıkanmamış örneklerde tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, yıkanma sularında zehirlilik tespiti, çalışmada kullanılan mantar türlerinin misel gelişimi ile takip edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, ZnCl2’ün her iki mantarın saldırısını önlemede etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca ZnCl2’ün yıkanmaya karşı dayanıklı olduğu ve test edilen kimyasal maddeler arasında en etkili sonucun ZnCl2 ile alındığı tespit edilmiştir. Biyolojik dayanım için CeO2 ve CuSO4’ün minimum %1,5’luk konsantrasyonlarının gerekli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yıkanmamış örneklerde ZnO’in %1 konsantrasyon seviyesi her iki mantara karşı dayanım gösterirken, yıkanmış örneklerin tüm grupları T. versicolor’a karşı bir dayanım göstermemiştir. Yıkanma sularının zehirlilik testinde, 2 hafta sonunda misel gelişimi, kontrol örneklerinde görülen büyüme seviyesine benzer bulunmuştur. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Emprenye
• Antifungal
• Nano metal oksitler
• Çinko
• Bakır

Kaynakça

1. Akhtari, M., Arefkhani, M., 2010. Application of nanotechnology in wood preservation. In 41st Annual Meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Protection, 9-13 May, Biarritz, France, pp. IRG-WP 10-30542.
2. Akhtari, M., Taghiyari, H.R., Kokandeh, M.G., 2013. Effect of some metal nanoparticles on the spectroscopy analysis of Paulownia wood exposed to white-rot fungus. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 71(2): 283-285.
3. Bak, M., Mbouyem, Yımmou, B., Csupor, C., Németh, R., Csoka, L., 2012. Enhancing the durability of wood against wood destroying fungi using nano-zink. International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological Footprint. March 26-27, Sopron, Hungary, pp. 27.
4. Blanchard, V., Blanchet, P., 2011. Color stability for wood products during use: Effects of inorganic nanoparticles. BioResources, 6(2): 1219-1229.
5. Can, A., Palanti, S., Sivrikaya, H., Hazer, B., Stefani, F., 2019. Physical, biological and chemical characterisation of wood treated with silver nanoparticles. Cellulose, 26(8): 5075-5084.
6. Can, A., Sivrikaya, H., Hazer, B., 2018. Fungal inhibition and chemical characterization of wood treated with novel polystyrene-soybean oil copolymer containing silver nanoparticles. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 133: 210-215.
7. Clausen, C.A., Green III, F., Woodward, B.M., Evans, J.W., DeGroot, R.C., 2000. Correlation between oxalic acid production and copper tolerance in Wolfiporia cocos. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46(1): 69-76.
8. Clausen, C.A., Yang, V.W., Arango, R.A., Green III, F., 2009. Feasibility of nanozinc oxide as a wood preservative. Proceedings of American Wood Protection Association, 105: 255-260.

9. Clausen, C.A., Green, F., Kartal, S.N., 2010. Weatherability and leach resistance of wood impregnated with nano-zinc oxide. Nanoscale Research Letters, 5(9): 1464-1467.
10. Clausen, C.A., Kartal, S.N., Arango, R.A., Green, F., 2011. The role of particle size of particulate nano-zinc oxide wood preservatives on termite mortality and leach resistance. Nanoscale Research Letters, 6(1): 1-5.
11. EN 84, 1997. Wood preservatives. Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing. Leaching procedure. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
12. EN 113, 1980. Wood preservatives. Test method for determining the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes, Determination of the toxic values.
13. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
14. Fufa, S.M., Hovde, P.J. 2010. Nano-based modifications of wood and their environmental impact. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), 20-24 June, Trentino, Italy, pp. 2387-2388.
15. Green, F., Clausen, C.A., 2005. Copper tolerance of brown-rot fungi: Oxalic acid production in southern pine treated with arsenic-free preservatives. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 56(2): 75-79.
16. Humar, M., Kalan, P., Sentjurc, M., Pohleven, F., 2005. Influence of carboxylic acids on fixation of copper in wood impregnated with copper amine based preservatives. Wood Science and Technology, 39(8): 685. Kartal, S.N., Yoshimura, T., Imamura, Y., 2009. Modification of wood with Si compounds to limit boron leaching from treated wood and to increase termite and decay resistance. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 63(2): 187-190.
17. Mantanis, G., Terzi, E., Kartal, S.N., Papadopoulos, A.N., 2014. Evaluation of mold, decay and termite resistance of pine wood treated with zinc-and copper-based nanocompounds. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 90: 140-144.
18. Marzbani, P., Afrouzi, Y.A., 2014. Investigation on leaching and decay resistance of wood treated with nano-titanium dioxide. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10): 974-978.
19. Sivrikaya, H., Can, A., Tümen, I., Aydemir, D., 2017. Weathering performance of wood treated with copper azole and water repellents. Wood Research, 62(3): 437-450.
20. Sun, F., Duan, X., Mao, S., Lü, J., Wang, J., 2007. Mechanical and preservative performances of bamboo wood treated with chitosan-metal complexes. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 43(8): 106-110.
21. Terzi, E., Kartal, S.N., Yılgör, N., Rautkari, L., Yoshimura, T., 2016. Role of various nano-particles in prevention of fungal decay, mold growth and termite attack in wood, and their effect on weathering properties and water repellency. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 107: 77-87.
22. Tomak, E.D., Yazici, O.A., Parmak, E.D.S., Gönültaş, O., 2018. Influence of tannin containing coatings on weathering resistance of wood: Combination with zinc and cerium oxide nanoparticles. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 152: 289-296.
23. Young, G.Y., 1961. Copper Tolerance of Some Wood-Rotting Fungi (No. 2223). USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Wisconsin.