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EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 30 - 42, 22.02.2010

Habip Eroğlu Temel Sarıyıldız Mehmet Küçük Erhan Sancal

Öz

In this study, we investigated the effects of three timber logging techniques (skyline, tractor and manpower) on some physical properties of Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis) forest soil. Permeability, moisture, water holding capacity, bulk density, fine and coarse soil and soil texture (sand, silt and clay) at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) were determined at the loading, unloading, skid road, under skyline and undisturbed plots. The results show that in the region machine passes and manpower can have an important influence on soil permeability, bulk density and the soil water balance, and may therefore considerably affect soil organisms, root development, nutrient and water uptake and in turn lead to reduced Oriental spruce tree growth.
Keywords: Logging, Oriental spruce, Soil damage

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • Ablan, H.D., Host, G.E., Elioff, J.D., Shadis, D.A., 1994. Soil and Vegetation Response to Soil Compaction anf Forest Flor Removal after Apsen Harvesting, Research Paper NC-315, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, Minnesota.
  • Acar, H.H.,1998. Transport Tekniği ve Tesisleri. KTÜ Orman Fakültesi Yayın No:56, Trabzon, 235 s.
  • Acar, H.H, Eroğlu, H., Yoshimura, T., 2000. Technical and economical analysis of the wood production system using Koller K 300 and Urus M III on steep terrain. In: Proceeding of Forest and Wood Technology vs. Environment, Brno, Chech Republic, pp. 13-19.
  • Akay, A.E., Sessions, J., Aruga, K., 2007. Designing a forwarder operation considering tolerable soil disturbance and minimum total cost. Journal of Terramechanics, 44: 187-195.
  • Ampoorter, E., Goris, R., Cornelis, W.M., Verheyen, K., 2007. Impact of Mechanized logging on compaction status of sandy forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 241: 162-174.
  • Anonim, 2008. Artvin Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü Kayıtları, Artvin.
  • Aust, W.M., Burger, J.A., Carter, E.A., Preston, D.P., Patterson, S.C., 1998. Visually determined soil disturbance classes used as indices of forest harvesting disturbance. Southern Journal of Forest Research, 22: 245-250.
  • Balcı N., 1996. Toprak Koruması, İÜ Orman Fakültesi, Yayın no: 439 İstanbul.
  • Ballard, T.M., 2000. Impacts of forest management on Northern forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 133: 37-42.
  • Baumgras, J.E., Herar, J.R., LeDoux, C.B., 1995. Environmental impacts from skyline yarding partial cuts in an Appalachian hardwood stand: A case study. Council On Forest Engineering 18th Annual Meeting, Sustainability, Forest Health & Meeting The Nation’s Needs for Wood Products, North Carolina, pp. 413-419.
  • Bettinger, P., Armlovich, D., Kellogg, L.D., 1994. Evaluating Area in Logging Trails with a Geographic Information System, Transactions of the ASAE, Volume 37: 1327-1330.
  • Bock, M.D., Van Rees, K.C., 2002. Forest harvesting impacts on soil properties and vegetation communities in the Northwest Territories, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32: 713-724.
  • Bouyoucos, G.J., 1936. Direction for making Mechanical Analysis of Soils by Hydrometer Method, Soil Science Soc. Amer. Proc. Volume 42, 225-229p.
  • Croke, J., Hairsine, P., Fogarty, P., 2001. Soil Recovery From Track Construction and Harvesting Changes In Surface Infiltration, Erosion and Delivery Rates With Time, Forest Ecology and Management, 143: 3-12.
  • Cullen, S.J., Montagne, C., Ferguson, H., 1991. Timber harvest trafficking and soil compaction in Western Montana, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 55:1416-1421.
  • Demir, M., Makineci, E., Yılmaz, E., 2007a. Harvesting impacts on herbaceous understory, forest floor and top soil properties on skid road in a beech, Journal of Environmental Biology, 28:427- 432.
  • Demir, M., Makineci, E., Yılmaz, E., 2007b. Investigation of timber harvesting impacts on herbaceous cover, forest floor and surface soil properties on skid road in oak (Quescus Petrea L.) stand. Building and Environment, 42:1194-1199.
  • Dickerson, B.P., 1976. Soil compaction after tree-length skidding in Northern Mississippi. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 40:65-966.
  • Dykstra, D., Heinrich, R., 1996. FAO model code of forest harvesting practice, FAO, Rome, 85s.
  • Elias, A., 1998. Reduced impact timber harvesting in the tropical natural forest in Indonesia. Forest Harvesting Case-Study 11. Rome.
  • Eroğlu, H., 2007. A theoretical approach for determining environmental hazards caused by technical forestry operations. International Symposium, The 150th Anniversary of Forestry Education In Turkey: Bottlenecks, Solution, and Priorities In The Context of Functions of Forest Resources. İstanbul, Turkey, pp. 374-383.
  • Eroğlu, H., Öztürk U.Ö., Sönmez, T. Tilki F., Akkuzu E., 2009a. The Impacts of Timber Harvesting Techniques on Residual Trees, Seedlings, and Timber Products in Natural Oriental Spruce Forests, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4:220-224.
  • Eroğlu, H., Özkaya M.S., Acar H.H., Karaman A., Yolasığmaz H.A., 2009b. An Investigation on Roundwood Extraction of Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Abies nordmanniana (Stew.) Spach. and Picea orientalis (L.) Link. by URUS MIII Forest Skyline on Snow. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8:1082-1089.
  • Fairweather, S.E., 1991. Damage to residual trees after cable logging in Northern hardwoods, Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 8: 15-17.
  • FAO, 1997., Forest Harvesting in Natural Forests of the Republic of the Congo, Forest Harvesting Case-Study 7, Rome.
  • FAO, 1998., Reduced Impact Timber Harvesting In The Tropical Natural Forest In Indonesia. Forest Harvesting Case-Study 11. Rome.
  • Fisher, R.F., Binkley, D., 2000., Ecology and Management of Forest Soils. Wiley, New York.
  • Froerlich, H.A., 1981. Designing Skid Trail Systems to Reduce Soil Impacts From Tractive Logging Machines, Forest Research Lab, Oregon Stade University.
  • Froehlich, H.A., Aulerich, D.E., Curtis, R., 1981. Designing Skid Trail Systems to Reduce Soil Impacts from Tractive Logging Machines, Oregon State Univ., Research Paper: 44: 1981, 15 p.
  • Gebauer, R., Martinkova, M., 2005. Effects of pressure on the root systems of Norway spruce plants (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Journal of Forest Science, 51: 268-275.
  • Gobat, J.M., Aragno, M., Matthey, W., 1998. Le sol vivant. Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Laussanne.
  • Hartanto, H., Prabhu, R., Widayat, A.S.E., Adsak, C., 2003. Factors Affecting Runoff and Soil Erosion: Plot-Level Soil Loss Monitoring For Assessing Sustainability of Forest Management, Forest Ecology and Management, Volume 6210, pp.1-14.
  • Herbauts, J., El Bayad, J., Gruber, W., 1996. Influence of logging traffic on the hydromorphic degradation of acid soils developed on loessic loam in middle Belgium, Forest Ecology and Management 87:193-207.
  • Johns, J.S., Barreto, P., Uhl, C., 1996. Logging damage during planned and unplanned logging operations in the Eastern Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 89: 59-77.
  • Kozlowski, T.T., 1999. Soil compaction oand growth of woody plants. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 14: 596-619.
  • Krzic, M., Newman, R.F., Broersma, K., 2003. Plant species diversity and soil quality in harvested and grazed boreal aspen stands of Northeastern British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management, 182: 315-325.
  • Makineci, E., Demir, M., Yılmaz, E., 2007. Long-Term Harvesting Effects on Skid Trail Road in a Fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) Plantation Forest. Building and Environment, 42: 1538-1543.
  • Mangan, P., Bertolo, A., 2003. Impact of logging on yellow perch recruitment in Boreal Shield Lakes. Project Reports 2003/2004, Sustainable Forest Management Network.
  • Miller, R.E., Scott, W., Hazard, J.W., 1996. Soil Compaction and Conifer Growth after tractor yarding at three coastal Washington Locations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26:225-236.
  • Öztürk, T., Demir, M., 2007. Transporting of oriental spruce timbers by Urus M III cable system from selective forests of Artvin region, Building Environment 42: 1278-1282.
  • Özyuvacı, N., 1976. Arnavutköy Deresi Yağış Havzasında Hidrolojik Durumu Etkileyen Bazı Bitki- Toprak-Su İlişkileri, İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 221 İstanbul.
  • Pinard, M.A., Barker, M.G., Tay, J., 2000. Soil disturbance and post-logging forest recovery on bulldozer paths In Sabah, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 130: 213-225.
  • Quesnel, H.J., Curan, M.P., 2000. Shelterwood harvesting in root-disease infected stands-post-harvest soil disturbance and compaction. Forest Ecology and Management, 133: 89-113.
  • Rushton, T., Brown, S., McGrath, T., 2003. Impact of tree length versus short-wood harvesting systems on natural regeneration. Forest Research Report 70. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. 14 s.
  • Scrimgeour, G.J., Tonn, W.M., Paszkowski, C.A., Aku, P.M.K., 2000. Evaluating the effects of forest harvesting on littoral benthic communities within a natural disturbance-based management model. Forest Ecology and Management. 126: 77-86.
  • Smidt, M., Blinn, C.R., 1995. Logging For The 21st Century: Forest Ecology and Regeneration, University of Minnesota, FO-06517, 23 p.
  • Tompson, L.M., 1952, Soil and Soil Fertility, Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York.
  • Tüzüner, A., 1990. Toprak ve Su Analiz Laboratuarları El Kitabı, Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.

DOĞU LADİNİ MEŞCERELERİNDE BÖLMEDEN ÇIKARMA ÇALIŞMALARININ ORMAN TOPRAĞININ FİZİKSEL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 30 - 42, 22.02.2010

Habip Eroğlu Temel Sarıyıldız Mehmet Küçük Erhan Sancal

Öz

Bu çalışmada üç farklı bölmeden çıkarma tekniğinin (insan gücü, traktör ve hava hattı) Doğu ladini orman topraklarının bazı fiziksel özellikleri üzerinde etkileri araştırılmıştır. Tomrukların yüklendiği, sürütüldüğü, boşaltıldığı, hava hattı altı ve bozulmamış doğal alan, topraklarının permeabilite, nem, su tutma kapasitesi, hacim ağırlığı, ince ve kaba kısmı ve tekstürü iki derinlik kademesinde (0-15 cm ve 15-30 cm) belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Artvin yöresinde traktör ve insan gücü ile yapılan bölmeden çıkarma çalışmalarının orman topraklarının permeabilite, hacim ağırlığı ve toprak suyu dengesinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu, bu etkilenmenin de toprak organizmaları, bitkilerin kök gelişimi, bitki besin elementleri ve bitkilerin su alımı açısından olumsuz etkiler doğuracağı ve zamanla Doğu ladini ağaçlarının gelişimini yavaşlatabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bölmeden çıkarma, Doğu ladini, Toprak zararı

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bölmeden çıkarma Doğu ladini Toprak zararı

Kaynakça

  • Ablan, H.D., Host, G.E., Elioff, J.D., Shadis, D.A., 1994. Soil and Vegetation Response to Soil Compaction anf Forest Flor Removal after Apsen Harvesting, Research Paper NC-315, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, Minnesota.
  • Acar, H.H.,1998. Transport Tekniği ve Tesisleri. KTÜ Orman Fakültesi Yayın No:56, Trabzon, 235 s.
  • Acar, H.H, Eroğlu, H., Yoshimura, T., 2000. Technical and economical analysis of the wood production system using Koller K 300 and Urus M III on steep terrain. In: Proceeding of Forest and Wood Technology vs. Environment, Brno, Chech Republic, pp. 13-19.
  • Akay, A.E., Sessions, J., Aruga, K., 2007. Designing a forwarder operation considering tolerable soil disturbance and minimum total cost. Journal of Terramechanics, 44: 187-195.
  • Ampoorter, E., Goris, R., Cornelis, W.M., Verheyen, K., 2007. Impact of Mechanized logging on compaction status of sandy forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 241: 162-174.
  • Anonim, 2008. Artvin Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü Kayıtları, Artvin.
  • Aust, W.M., Burger, J.A., Carter, E.A., Preston, D.P., Patterson, S.C., 1998. Visually determined soil disturbance classes used as indices of forest harvesting disturbance. Southern Journal of Forest Research, 22: 245-250.
  • Balcı N., 1996. Toprak Koruması, İÜ Orman Fakültesi, Yayın no: 439 İstanbul.
  • Ballard, T.M., 2000. Impacts of forest management on Northern forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 133: 37-42.
  • Baumgras, J.E., Herar, J.R., LeDoux, C.B., 1995. Environmental impacts from skyline yarding partial cuts in an Appalachian hardwood stand: A case study. Council On Forest Engineering 18th Annual Meeting, Sustainability, Forest Health & Meeting The Nation’s Needs for Wood Products, North Carolina, pp. 413-419.
  • Bettinger, P., Armlovich, D., Kellogg, L.D., 1994. Evaluating Area in Logging Trails with a Geographic Information System, Transactions of the ASAE, Volume 37: 1327-1330.
  • Bock, M.D., Van Rees, K.C., 2002. Forest harvesting impacts on soil properties and vegetation communities in the Northwest Territories, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32: 713-724.
  • Bouyoucos, G.J., 1936. Direction for making Mechanical Analysis of Soils by Hydrometer Method, Soil Science Soc. Amer. Proc. Volume 42, 225-229p.
  • Croke, J., Hairsine, P., Fogarty, P., 2001. Soil Recovery From Track Construction and Harvesting Changes In Surface Infiltration, Erosion and Delivery Rates With Time, Forest Ecology and Management, 143: 3-12.
  • Cullen, S.J., Montagne, C., Ferguson, H., 1991. Timber harvest trafficking and soil compaction in Western Montana, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 55:1416-1421.
  • Demir, M., Makineci, E., Yılmaz, E., 2007a. Harvesting impacts on herbaceous understory, forest floor and top soil properties on skid road in a beech, Journal of Environmental Biology, 28:427- 432.
  • Demir, M., Makineci, E., Yılmaz, E., 2007b. Investigation of timber harvesting impacts on herbaceous cover, forest floor and surface soil properties on skid road in oak (Quescus Petrea L.) stand. Building and Environment, 42:1194-1199.
  • Dickerson, B.P., 1976. Soil compaction after tree-length skidding in Northern Mississippi. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 40:65-966.
  • Dykstra, D., Heinrich, R., 1996. FAO model code of forest harvesting practice, FAO, Rome, 85s.
  • Elias, A., 1998. Reduced impact timber harvesting in the tropical natural forest in Indonesia. Forest Harvesting Case-Study 11. Rome.
  • Eroğlu, H., 2007. A theoretical approach for determining environmental hazards caused by technical forestry operations. International Symposium, The 150th Anniversary of Forestry Education In Turkey: Bottlenecks, Solution, and Priorities In The Context of Functions of Forest Resources. İstanbul, Turkey, pp. 374-383.
  • Eroğlu, H., Öztürk U.Ö., Sönmez, T. Tilki F., Akkuzu E., 2009a. The Impacts of Timber Harvesting Techniques on Residual Trees, Seedlings, and Timber Products in Natural Oriental Spruce Forests, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4:220-224.
  • Eroğlu, H., Özkaya M.S., Acar H.H., Karaman A., Yolasığmaz H.A., 2009b. An Investigation on Roundwood Extraction of Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Abies nordmanniana (Stew.) Spach. and Picea orientalis (L.) Link. by URUS MIII Forest Skyline on Snow. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8:1082-1089.
  • Fairweather, S.E., 1991. Damage to residual trees after cable logging in Northern hardwoods, Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 8: 15-17.
  • FAO, 1997., Forest Harvesting in Natural Forests of the Republic of the Congo, Forest Harvesting Case-Study 7, Rome.
  • FAO, 1998., Reduced Impact Timber Harvesting In The Tropical Natural Forest In Indonesia. Forest Harvesting Case-Study 11. Rome.
  • Fisher, R.F., Binkley, D., 2000., Ecology and Management of Forest Soils. Wiley, New York.
  • Froerlich, H.A., 1981. Designing Skid Trail Systems to Reduce Soil Impacts From Tractive Logging Machines, Forest Research Lab, Oregon Stade University.
  • Froehlich, H.A., Aulerich, D.E., Curtis, R., 1981. Designing Skid Trail Systems to Reduce Soil Impacts from Tractive Logging Machines, Oregon State Univ., Research Paper: 44: 1981, 15 p.
  • Gebauer, R., Martinkova, M., 2005. Effects of pressure on the root systems of Norway spruce plants (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Journal of Forest Science, 51: 268-275.
  • Gobat, J.M., Aragno, M., Matthey, W., 1998. Le sol vivant. Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Laussanne.
  • Hartanto, H., Prabhu, R., Widayat, A.S.E., Adsak, C., 2003. Factors Affecting Runoff and Soil Erosion: Plot-Level Soil Loss Monitoring For Assessing Sustainability of Forest Management, Forest Ecology and Management, Volume 6210, pp.1-14.
  • Herbauts, J., El Bayad, J., Gruber, W., 1996. Influence of logging traffic on the hydromorphic degradation of acid soils developed on loessic loam in middle Belgium, Forest Ecology and Management 87:193-207.
  • Johns, J.S., Barreto, P., Uhl, C., 1996. Logging damage during planned and unplanned logging operations in the Eastern Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 89: 59-77.
  • Kozlowski, T.T., 1999. Soil compaction oand growth of woody plants. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 14: 596-619.
  • Krzic, M., Newman, R.F., Broersma, K., 2003. Plant species diversity and soil quality in harvested and grazed boreal aspen stands of Northeastern British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management, 182: 315-325.
  • Makineci, E., Demir, M., Yılmaz, E., 2007. Long-Term Harvesting Effects on Skid Trail Road in a Fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) Plantation Forest. Building and Environment, 42: 1538-1543.
  • Mangan, P., Bertolo, A., 2003. Impact of logging on yellow perch recruitment in Boreal Shield Lakes. Project Reports 2003/2004, Sustainable Forest Management Network.
  • Miller, R.E., Scott, W., Hazard, J.W., 1996. Soil Compaction and Conifer Growth after tractor yarding at three coastal Washington Locations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26:225-236.
  • Öztürk, T., Demir, M., 2007. Transporting of oriental spruce timbers by Urus M III cable system from selective forests of Artvin region, Building Environment 42: 1278-1282.
  • Özyuvacı, N., 1976. Arnavutköy Deresi Yağış Havzasında Hidrolojik Durumu Etkileyen Bazı Bitki- Toprak-Su İlişkileri, İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 221 İstanbul.
  • Pinard, M.A., Barker, M.G., Tay, J., 2000. Soil disturbance and post-logging forest recovery on bulldozer paths In Sabah, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 130: 213-225.
  • Quesnel, H.J., Curan, M.P., 2000. Shelterwood harvesting in root-disease infected stands-post-harvest soil disturbance and compaction. Forest Ecology and Management, 133: 89-113.
  • Rushton, T., Brown, S., McGrath, T., 2003. Impact of tree length versus short-wood harvesting systems on natural regeneration. Forest Research Report 70. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. 14 s.
  • Scrimgeour, G.J., Tonn, W.M., Paszkowski, C.A., Aku, P.M.K., 2000. Evaluating the effects of forest harvesting on littoral benthic communities within a natural disturbance-based management model. Forest Ecology and Management. 126: 77-86.
  • Smidt, M., Blinn, C.R., 1995. Logging For The 21st Century: Forest Ecology and Regeneration, University of Minnesota, FO-06517, 23 p.
  • Tompson, L.M., 1952, Soil and Soil Fertility, Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York.
  • Tüzüner, A., 1990. Toprak ve Su Analiz Laboratuarları El Kitabı, Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Orijinal Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Habip Eroğlu

Temel Sarıyıldız Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Küçük Bu kişi benim

Erhan Sancal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Şubat 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Eroğlu, H., Sarıyıldız, T., Küçük, M., Sancal, E. (2010). EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 11(1), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.33166
AMA Eroğlu H, Sarıyıldız T, Küçük M, Sancal E. EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS. Turkish Journal of Forestry. Şubat 2010;11(1):30-42. doi:10.18182/tjf.33166
Chicago Eroğlu, Habip, Temel Sarıyıldız, Mehmet Küçük, ve Erhan Sancal. “EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 11, sy. 1 (Şubat 2010): 30-42. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.33166.
EndNote Eroğlu H, Sarıyıldız T, Küçük M, Sancal E (01 Şubat 2010) EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS. Turkish Journal of Forestry 11 1 30–42.
IEEE H. Eroğlu, T. Sarıyıldız, M. Küçük, ve E. Sancal, “EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS”, Turkish Journal of Forestry, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 30–42, 2010, doi: 10.18182/tjf.33166.
ISNAD Eroğlu, Habip vd. “EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 11/1 (Şubat 2010), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.33166.
JAMA Eroğlu H, Sarıyıldız T, Küçük M, Sancal E. EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2010;11:30–42.
MLA Eroğlu, Habip vd. “EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS”. Turkish Journal of Forestry, c. 11, sy. 1, 2010, ss. 30-42, doi:10.18182/tjf.33166.
Vancouver Eroğlu H, Sarıyıldız T, Küçük M, Sancal E. EFFECTS OF LOGGING TECHNIQUES ON PHSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOREST SOILS IN ORIENTAL SPRUCE STANDS. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2010;11(1):30-42.
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