An environmental preference model through ecological approaches

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 143 - 151, 09.12.2013

Sema Mumcu , Serap Yılmaz Ali Özbilen

Öz

It is observed that while some urban outdoor spaces become preferred places with many users and rich activity patterns, some others become non-preferred, abandoned places which people avoid. In this study in order to answer these kinds of questions on urban outdoor spaces, a conceptual framework is established. Instead of the approaches which take human and environment as separate entities, ecological approaches which acknowledge these two as an inseparable whole was adopted. Understanding environmental preference through concepts of ecological approaches is aimed. “Behavior Setting Theory” and “Affordance Theory”, which are products of ecological perspective on human-environment relationship, were considered, the concepts of these theories were associated with environmental preference, and a model was established and explained. Urban outdoor spaces were considered as behavior settings; components of a behavior setting like milieu, behavior pattern, synomorphy were applied to outdoor spaces. The activities performed in urban outdoor spaces defined as “behavior patterns”, the physical properties of place and time as “milieu” and consistency between the personal attributes of users and physical properties of place as “synomorphy”. Since successful urban outdoor spaces are preferred by more users than others, in these places richly various behavior patterns are observed. It was considered that, this is the result of various opportunities afforded by milieu of outdoor spaces and these opportunities can be defined by “Affordance Theory”. Thus affordance and behavior setting concepts are combined in a model and environmental preference is explained. The last part of the study contains the explanations of these concepts on a taken urban outdoor space. The activities performed in an outdoor urban space schematized through adopted concepts by this way behavior setting, milieu, affordance and synomorphy concepts were embodied.
Keywords: Behavior setting, Affordance, Environmental preference, Urban outdoor space, Human-environment relationship, Ecological approach

Anahtar Kelimeler

Behavior setting, Affordance, Environmental preference, Urban outdoor space, Human-environment relationship, Ecological approach

Ekolojik yaklaşımlar doğrultusunda çevresel tercih modeli

Öz

Bazı kentsel mekanlar çok sayıda kullanıcının yer aldığı, çok çeşitlilikte etkinliklerin sergilendiği ve tercih edilen yerler haline gelirken bazılarının boş kaldığı, sakınılan yerlere dönüştüğü ve tercih edilmediği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada kentsel açık mekanlara ilişkin bu tür soruların yanıtlanmasında kullanılabilecek kavramsal bir çatkı ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. İnsan ve çevre bütününü ayrı varlıklar olarak ele alan yaklaşımlar yerine, bu iki kavramı ayrılmaz bir bütün olarak kabul eden ekolojik yaklaşımlar benimsenmiştir. Bu yaklaşımların ortaya koyduğu kavramlar kullanılarak insanın çevresel tercihinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ekolojik yaklaşımla ortaya koyulan Davranış Konumu Teorisi ve Olanaklılık Teorileri ele alınmış, çevresel tercih ile bu teorilerin kavramları ilişkilendirilmiş, bir modele oturtulmuş ve açıklanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda kentsel açık mekanlar bir davranış konumu olarak irdelenmiş, teorinin ortaya koyduğu konumun ortam, davranış kalıbı (örüntüsü), eşgüdüm (sinomorfi) gibi bileşenleri kentsel açık mekanlara uyarlanmıştır. Kentsel açık mekanlarda oluşan etkinlikler “davranış kalıbı”, mekanın ortaya koyduğu fiziksel özellikler ve kullanım zamanları “ortam” kullanıcıların bireysel özellikleri ile mekanın fiziksel özellikleri arasındaki uyum ise “sinomorfi” olarak tanımlamıştır. Başarılı kentsel açık mekanlar daha çok kullanıcı tarafından tercih edildiklerinden buralarda daha zengin çeşitlilikte davranış kalıpları gözlemlenir. Bu durumun kentsel mekanların ortamlarının kullanıcılara sunduğu imkanların çeşitliliğinin sonucu olduğu, bu imkanların Olanaklılık Teorisi ile tanımlanabileceği düşünülmüştür. Böylece olanaklılık kavramı ve davranış konumu kavramları bir modelde bir araya getirtilmiş ve çevresel tercih açıklanmıştır. Çalışmanın son kısmında bu kavramlar kentsel bir açık mekan seçilerek örneklendirilmiştir. Bu kentsel açık mekanda oluşan etkinlikler, ele alınan kavramlar ile şematize edilmiş; davranış kalıbı, ortam, olanaklılık, sinomorfi gibi kavramlar böylece somutlaştırılmıştır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Davranış konumu, Olanaklılık, Çevresel tercih, Kentsel açık mekan, İnsan-çevre ilişkisi, Ekolojik yaklaşım

Anahtar Kelimeler

Davranış konumu, Olanaklılık, Çevresel tercih, Kentsel açık mekan, İnsan-çevre ilişkisi, Ekolojik yaklaşım

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