BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The effects of forests on landslides

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 84 - 93, 26.05.2014
https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.31067

Öz

Especially because of adverse results of stability problems in mountainous regions, in point of their effects on the landslides, the importance of forests and forestry activities as well as their protection function has been increased. Forests and forestry activities such as logging and road construction in terms of landslide related problems have been studied in literature with different aspects. However, it attracts the attention that is needed to a review article which discuss why and how forest and forestry activities affect the landslide occurrence. In this article, studies made in international levels were discussed by analyzing based on the subjects of forest-landslide and forestry-landslide.
Keywords: Landslide, Forest, Forestry, Vegetation

Kaynakça

  • Abe, K., Ziemer, R.R., 1991. Effect of tree roots on shallow-seated landslides. Proceedings, Geomorphic Hazards in Managed Forests, XIV IUFRO World Congress, 5– 11 August 1990, Montreal, Canada, USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report PSW-130, Berkeley, California, 11 – 20.
  • Ali, N., Farshchi, I., Mu’azu, M.A., Rees, S.W., 2012. Soil- Root interaction and effects on slope stability analysis. EJGE, 17: 319-328.
  • Allison, C., Sidle, R.C., Tait, D., 2004. Application of decision analysis to forest road deactivation in unstable terrain. Environmental Management 33(2): 173–185.
  • Anonim, 2006. Learning to live with landslides, Natural Hazards and Disasters.
  • Atalay, F.I., Bekaroğlu, N., 1973. Heyelanlar ve Mühendislik Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü yayını, Ankara. Bayındırlık Bakanlığı
  • Aydın, A., 2007. Ormanlık alanlarda taş ve kaya yuvarlanmaları. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 57 (2): 127-144.
  • Bathurst, J.C., Moretti, G., El-Hames, A., Begueria, S., Garcia-Ruiz, J.M., 2007. Modeling the impact of forest loss on shallow landslide sediment yield, Ijuez river catchment, Spanish Pyrenees. Hydrol. Earth Syst.Sci. 11(1): 569-583.
  • Bathurst, J.C., Bovolo, C.I., Cisneros, F., 2010. Modeling the effect of forest cover on shallow landslides at the river basin scale. Ecological Engineering, 36: 317–327.
  • Bawcom, J.A., 2007. Even-Aged Management and Landslide Inventory, Jackson Demonstration State Forest, Mendocino County, California. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-194.
  • Begueria, S., 2006. Changes in land cover and shallow landslide activity: a case study in the Spanish Pyrenees. Geomorphology, 74:196-206.
  • Berger, F., Rey, F., 2004. Mountain protection forests against natural hazards and risks: new french developments by integrating forests in risk zoning. Natural Hazards, 33: 395-404.
  • Bischetti, G.B., Chiaradia, E.A., Epis, T., Morlotti, E., 2009. Root cohesion of forest species in the Italian Alps. Plant Soil (inpress), Doi: 10.1007/s11104-009-9941-0.
  • Brang, P., Schönenberger, W., Ott, E., Gardner, B., 2001. Forests as protection from natural hazards. In The Forest Handbook, edited by Evans J, T.H. Blackwell Science.
  • Brardinoni, F., Hassan, M.A., Slaymaker, H.O., 2002. Complex mass wasting response of drainage basins to forest management in coastal British Columbia. Geomorphology 49: 109–124.
  • Burn, C.R., Friele, P.A., 1989. Geomorphology, vegetation succession, soil characteristics and permafrost in retrogressive thaw slumps near Mayo, Yukon territory. Arctic 42: 31–40.
  • Carrara, A., Guzetti, F., Cardinalli, M., Reichenbach, P., 1999. Use of the GIS technology in the prediction and monitoring of landslide hazard. Natural Hazards, 20: 117-135.
  • Chok, Y.H., 2008. Modelling the effects of soil variability and vegetation on the stability of natural slopes. Doctor of Philosophy, the University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering.
  • Church, M., Eaton, B., 2001. Hydrological effects of forest harvest in the Pacific Northwest. Technical Report, Prepared for the Joint Solutions Project.
  • Coker, R.I., Fahey, B.D., 1993. Road-related mass movement in weathered granite, Golden Downs and Motueka Forests, New Zealand: a note. Journal of Hydrology, (N.Z.), 31(1): 65-69.
  • Cruden, D.M., 1991. A simple definition of a landslide, Bulletin of the international association of engineering geology, 43.
  • Dhakal, A.S., Sidle, R.C., 2003. Long-term modelling of landslides for different forest management practices, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28: 853–868.
  • Dikau, R., Brunsden, D., Schrott, L., Ibsen, M.L., 1996. Landslide recognition: identification, movement and causes. John Wiley&Sons.
  • Dolidon, N., Hofer, T., Jansky, L., Sidle, R., 2009. Watershed and forest management for landslide risk reduction. p. 633-646. In Sassa, K. & Canuti, P. Landslides Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • Duan, J., Grant, G.E., 2000. Shallow landslide delineation for step forest watersheds based on topographic attributes and probability analysis, In Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications, Wilson JP, Gallant JC (eds), John Wiley&Sons: New York; 311–329.
  • Ekanayake, J.C., Marden, M., Watson, A.J., Rowan, D., 1997. Tree roots and slope stability: a comparison between Pinus Radiata and Kanuka. New Zeland Journal of Forestry Science, 27(2): 216-233.
  • Eker, R., Aydın, A., 2014. Assessment of the forest road conditions in terms of landslide susceptibility: A case study in Yığılca Forest Directorate (Turkey). Turk J Agric For. 38(2): 281-290.
  • Forbes, K., Broadhead, J., 2011. Forests and Landslides: The role of trees and forests in the prevention of landslides and rehabilitation of landslide-affected areas in Asia. Rap Publication 19.
  • Frehner, M., Wasser, B., Schwitter, R., 2007. Sustainability and success monitoring in protection forests. Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. UW-0727-E. Pp: 55.
  • Geertsema, M., Pojar, J.J., 2007. Influence of landslides on biophysical diversity – A perspective from British Columbia. Geomorphology 89: 55-69.
  • Görcelioğlu, E., 2003. Sel ve Çığ Kontrolü. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 4415/ 473,384 s. İstanbul.
  • Görcelioğlu, E., 2004a. Biyoteknik Yapılar. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 4512/483, 178 s., İstanbul.
  • Görcelioğlu, E., 2004b. Orman yolları-erozyon ilişkisi. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları No: 4460/ 476, 184 s., İstanbul.
  • Gray, D.H., 2009. Effect of woody vegetation removal on the hydrology and stability of slopes. Literature Review.
  • Gucinski, H., Furniss, M.J., Ziemer, R.R., 2001. Brookes MH. Forest roads: a synthesis of scientific information. Gen. Tech. ep.PNW-GTR-509. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
  • Haigh, M.J., Rawat, J.S., Rawat, M.S., Bartarya, S.K., Rai, S.P., 1995. Interactions between forest and landslide activity along new highways in Kumun Himalaya. Forest Ecology and Management 78: 173-189.
  • Hairiah, K., Widianto, Suprayogo, D., Lestari, N.D., Kurniasari, V., Santosa, A., Verbist, B., Noordwijk, M.V., 2006. Root effects on slope stability in Sumberjava, Symposium Towards Sustainable Livelihoods And Ecosystems In Mountaınous Regions, 7-9 March 2006, Chiang Mai, Thailand. (Indonesia). International
  • Imauzimi, F., Sidle, R.C., Karnei, R., 2008. Effects of forest harvesting on the occurrence of landslides and debris flows in steep terrain of central Japan. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 33: 827–840.
  • Innes, J., 2004. Forests In Environmental Protection. In Forests and Forest Plants, [Eds. John N. Owens, and H. Gyde Lund], in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK.
  • Jakob, M., 2000. The impacts of logging on landslide activity at Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Catena 38: 279–300.
  • Keim, R.F., Skaugset, A.E., 2003. Modelling effects of forest canopies on slope stability. Hydrol. Process. 17: 1457–1467.
  • Keppeler, E., Lewis, J., Lisle, T., 2003. Effects of forest management on streamflow, sediment yield, and erosion, Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds. The First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, 27-30 October 2003, Benson, AZ.
  • Kubota, T., Omura, H., Devkota, B.D., 2007. Influence of the forest on slope stability with different forest felling condition. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 9, 01505.
  • Kumar, S.V., Bhagavanulu, D.V.S., 2008. Effects of deforestation on landslides in Nilgiris District: a case study. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 36:105–108.
  • Lewis, N.K., 1998. Landslide-driven distribution of aspen and steppe on Kathul Mountain, Alaska. Journal of Arid Environments 38: 421–435.
  • Mafian, S., Huat, B.B.K., Ghiasi, V., 2009. Evaluation on root theories and root strength properties in slope stability. European Journal of Scientific Research, 30(4): 594-607.
  • May, C.L., 2002. Debris flows through different forest age classes in the Central Oregon Coast Region. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 38(4): 1097-1113.
  • Motta, R., Haudemand, J.C., 2000. Protective Forests and Silvicultural Development, 20(2):180-187. Mountain Research and
  • Mulder, H.F.H.M., Van Asch, T.W.J., Weiss, E.E.W., 1987. The influence of forest on landslide activity. Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim (Proceedings of the Corvallis Symposium, August, 1987). IAHS Publ. no. 165.
  • Nilaweera, N.S., Nutalaya, P., 1999. Role of tree roots in slope stabilization, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 57: 337–342.
  • O‘loughlin, C.J., 1974. The effect of timber removal on the stability of forest soils. The Journal of Hydrology (N.Z.) 13: 121–134.
  • Pantha, B.R., Yatabe, R., Bhandary, N.P., 2008. GIS-based landslide susceptibility zonation for roadside slope repair and maintenance in the Himalayan region, Episodes, Vol. 31, No. 4: 384-391.
  • Philips, C., Marden, M., Rowan, D., 1989. Planning for forestry after Cyclone Bola- a comment. N.Z. Forestry.
  • Price, M., Butt, N., 2000. Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development. IUFRO Research Series No 5.
  • Reichenbach, P., Ardizzone, F., Cardinali, M., Galli, M., Guzetti, F., Salvati, P., 2002. Landslide events and their impact on the transportation network in the Umbria region, central Italy, Proceedings of the 4th EGS Plinius Conference held at Mallorca, Spain.
  • Rice, R.M., 1977. Forest management to minimize landlslide risk, FAO Conservation Guide, Guidelines for Watershed Management.
  • Rickli, C.H., Graf, F., 2009. Effects of forests on shallow landslides – case studies in Switzerland, For. Snow Landsc. Res. 82, 1: 33–44.
  • Sakals, M.E., Innes, J.L., Wilford, D.J., Sidle, R.J., Grant, G.E., 2006. The role of forests in reducing hydrogeomorphic hazards; For. SnowLandsc. Res. 80, 1: 11–22.
  • Schönenberger, W., 2001. Trends in mountain forest management in Switzerland. Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 152(4): 152–156.
  • Sidle, R.C., Pearce, A.J., O’Loughlin, C.L., 1985. Hillslope Stability and Land Use. American Geophysical Union, Water Resources Monograph 11. American Geophysical Union: Washington, D.C.
  • Sidle, R., 2008. Slope Stability: Benefits of forests vegetation in Central Japan. Prepared for the report ‘‘The Role of Environmental Management and Eco- Engineering in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation’’ (ProAct Network 2008).
  • Sidle, R.C., Terry, P.K.K., 1992. Shallow landslide analysis in terrain with managed vegetation. Erosion, Debris Flows (Proceedings of the Chengdu Symposium, July 1992). IAHS Publ. no. 209. in Mountain Regions
  • Smith, R.B., Commandeur, P.R., Ryan, M.W., 1986. Soils, vegetation, and forest growth on landslides and surrounding logged and old growth areas on the Queen Charlotte Islands. BC Ministry of Forests, Land Management Report 41, 95 pp.
  • Steinacher, R., Medicus, G., Fellin, W., Zangerl, C., 2009. The Influence of Deforestation on Slope (In-) Stability, Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences (Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft) 102/2, 90 – 99.
  • Swanson, F.J., Dyrness, C.T., 1975. Impact of clear-cutting and road construction on soil erosion by landslides in the western Cascade Range, Oregon. Geology 3: 393–396.
  • Tosi, M., 2007. Root tensile strength relationship and their slope stability implications of three shrub species in the Northern Apennines (Italy). Geomorphology 87: 268– 283.
  • Turner, T.R., Duke, S.D., Fransen, B.R., Reiter, M.L., Kroll, A.J., Ward, J.W., Bach, J.L., Justice, T.E., Bilby, R.E., 2010. Landslide densities associated with rainfall, stand age, southwestern Washington, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 259: on 2233–2247. forested landscapes,
  • Varnes, D.J., 1978. Slope movements: types and processes, In landslides and engineering practice (Ed R.L. Schuster and R.J. Krizek) Transportation research board national Academy of sciences, special report, Pp 12-33.
  • Ziemer, R.R., 1981a. The role of vegetation in the stability of forested slopes. Proc. Int. Union of Forestry Research Organizations, XVII World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, vol. 1, 297–308.
  • Ziemer, R.R., 1981b. Roots and the stability of steep slopes, in Proceedings, Symposium on Erosion and Sediment Transport in Pacific Rim Steeplands, IAHS Publ. 132: 343–357.

Ormanların heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 84 - 93, 26.05.2014
https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.31067

Öz

Özellikle dağlık bölgelerde ortaya çıkan stabilite problemlerinin olumsuz sonuçlarından dolayı, heyelanlar üzerindeki etkileri bakımından ormanların ve ormancılık faaliyetlerinin önemi ormanların koruma fonksiyonu ile birlikte giderek artmaktadır. Ormanlar ve ormancılık faaliyetleri (ağaç kesimi, yol inşası gibi) heyelan kaynaklı stabilite problemleri açısından literatürde çeşitli yönleriyle çalışılmıştır. Ancak orman örtüsünün mevcudiyetinin etkileri ile ormancılık faaliyetlerinin heyelanlar üzerindeki etkilerinin nasıl ve ne yönde olduğuna dair yapılan çalışmaların temel alınarak tartışıldığı bir derleme çalışmaya ihtiyaç olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Bu makalede bu ihtiyaç göz önüne alınarak orman-heyelan ve ormancılık-heyelan konularında uluslararası düzeyde yapılan çalışmalar incelenerek tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Heyelan, Orman, Ormancılık, Vejetasyon

Kaynakça

  • Abe, K., Ziemer, R.R., 1991. Effect of tree roots on shallow-seated landslides. Proceedings, Geomorphic Hazards in Managed Forests, XIV IUFRO World Congress, 5– 11 August 1990, Montreal, Canada, USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report PSW-130, Berkeley, California, 11 – 20.
  • Ali, N., Farshchi, I., Mu’azu, M.A., Rees, S.W., 2012. Soil- Root interaction and effects on slope stability analysis. EJGE, 17: 319-328.
  • Allison, C., Sidle, R.C., Tait, D., 2004. Application of decision analysis to forest road deactivation in unstable terrain. Environmental Management 33(2): 173–185.
  • Anonim, 2006. Learning to live with landslides, Natural Hazards and Disasters.
  • Atalay, F.I., Bekaroğlu, N., 1973. Heyelanlar ve Mühendislik Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü yayını, Ankara. Bayındırlık Bakanlığı
  • Aydın, A., 2007. Ormanlık alanlarda taş ve kaya yuvarlanmaları. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 57 (2): 127-144.
  • Bathurst, J.C., Moretti, G., El-Hames, A., Begueria, S., Garcia-Ruiz, J.M., 2007. Modeling the impact of forest loss on shallow landslide sediment yield, Ijuez river catchment, Spanish Pyrenees. Hydrol. Earth Syst.Sci. 11(1): 569-583.
  • Bathurst, J.C., Bovolo, C.I., Cisneros, F., 2010. Modeling the effect of forest cover on shallow landslides at the river basin scale. Ecological Engineering, 36: 317–327.
  • Bawcom, J.A., 2007. Even-Aged Management and Landslide Inventory, Jackson Demonstration State Forest, Mendocino County, California. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-194.
  • Begueria, S., 2006. Changes in land cover and shallow landslide activity: a case study in the Spanish Pyrenees. Geomorphology, 74:196-206.
  • Berger, F., Rey, F., 2004. Mountain protection forests against natural hazards and risks: new french developments by integrating forests in risk zoning. Natural Hazards, 33: 395-404.
  • Bischetti, G.B., Chiaradia, E.A., Epis, T., Morlotti, E., 2009. Root cohesion of forest species in the Italian Alps. Plant Soil (inpress), Doi: 10.1007/s11104-009-9941-0.
  • Brang, P., Schönenberger, W., Ott, E., Gardner, B., 2001. Forests as protection from natural hazards. In The Forest Handbook, edited by Evans J, T.H. Blackwell Science.
  • Brardinoni, F., Hassan, M.A., Slaymaker, H.O., 2002. Complex mass wasting response of drainage basins to forest management in coastal British Columbia. Geomorphology 49: 109–124.
  • Burn, C.R., Friele, P.A., 1989. Geomorphology, vegetation succession, soil characteristics and permafrost in retrogressive thaw slumps near Mayo, Yukon territory. Arctic 42: 31–40.
  • Carrara, A., Guzetti, F., Cardinalli, M., Reichenbach, P., 1999. Use of the GIS technology in the prediction and monitoring of landslide hazard. Natural Hazards, 20: 117-135.
  • Chok, Y.H., 2008. Modelling the effects of soil variability and vegetation on the stability of natural slopes. Doctor of Philosophy, the University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering.
  • Church, M., Eaton, B., 2001. Hydrological effects of forest harvest in the Pacific Northwest. Technical Report, Prepared for the Joint Solutions Project.
  • Coker, R.I., Fahey, B.D., 1993. Road-related mass movement in weathered granite, Golden Downs and Motueka Forests, New Zealand: a note. Journal of Hydrology, (N.Z.), 31(1): 65-69.
  • Cruden, D.M., 1991. A simple definition of a landslide, Bulletin of the international association of engineering geology, 43.
  • Dhakal, A.S., Sidle, R.C., 2003. Long-term modelling of landslides for different forest management practices, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28: 853–868.
  • Dikau, R., Brunsden, D., Schrott, L., Ibsen, M.L., 1996. Landslide recognition: identification, movement and causes. John Wiley&Sons.
  • Dolidon, N., Hofer, T., Jansky, L., Sidle, R., 2009. Watershed and forest management for landslide risk reduction. p. 633-646. In Sassa, K. & Canuti, P. Landslides Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • Duan, J., Grant, G.E., 2000. Shallow landslide delineation for step forest watersheds based on topographic attributes and probability analysis, In Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications, Wilson JP, Gallant JC (eds), John Wiley&Sons: New York; 311–329.
  • Ekanayake, J.C., Marden, M., Watson, A.J., Rowan, D., 1997. Tree roots and slope stability: a comparison between Pinus Radiata and Kanuka. New Zeland Journal of Forestry Science, 27(2): 216-233.
  • Eker, R., Aydın, A., 2014. Assessment of the forest road conditions in terms of landslide susceptibility: A case study in Yığılca Forest Directorate (Turkey). Turk J Agric For. 38(2): 281-290.
  • Forbes, K., Broadhead, J., 2011. Forests and Landslides: The role of trees and forests in the prevention of landslides and rehabilitation of landslide-affected areas in Asia. Rap Publication 19.
  • Frehner, M., Wasser, B., Schwitter, R., 2007. Sustainability and success monitoring in protection forests. Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. UW-0727-E. Pp: 55.
  • Geertsema, M., Pojar, J.J., 2007. Influence of landslides on biophysical diversity – A perspective from British Columbia. Geomorphology 89: 55-69.
  • Görcelioğlu, E., 2003. Sel ve Çığ Kontrolü. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 4415/ 473,384 s. İstanbul.
  • Görcelioğlu, E., 2004a. Biyoteknik Yapılar. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 4512/483, 178 s., İstanbul.
  • Görcelioğlu, E., 2004b. Orman yolları-erozyon ilişkisi. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayınları No: 4460/ 476, 184 s., İstanbul.
  • Gray, D.H., 2009. Effect of woody vegetation removal on the hydrology and stability of slopes. Literature Review.
  • Gucinski, H., Furniss, M.J., Ziemer, R.R., 2001. Brookes MH. Forest roads: a synthesis of scientific information. Gen. Tech. ep.PNW-GTR-509. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
  • Haigh, M.J., Rawat, J.S., Rawat, M.S., Bartarya, S.K., Rai, S.P., 1995. Interactions between forest and landslide activity along new highways in Kumun Himalaya. Forest Ecology and Management 78: 173-189.
  • Hairiah, K., Widianto, Suprayogo, D., Lestari, N.D., Kurniasari, V., Santosa, A., Verbist, B., Noordwijk, M.V., 2006. Root effects on slope stability in Sumberjava, Symposium Towards Sustainable Livelihoods And Ecosystems In Mountaınous Regions, 7-9 March 2006, Chiang Mai, Thailand. (Indonesia). International
  • Imauzimi, F., Sidle, R.C., Karnei, R., 2008. Effects of forest harvesting on the occurrence of landslides and debris flows in steep terrain of central Japan. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 33: 827–840.
  • Innes, J., 2004. Forests In Environmental Protection. In Forests and Forest Plants, [Eds. John N. Owens, and H. Gyde Lund], in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK.
  • Jakob, M., 2000. The impacts of logging on landslide activity at Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Catena 38: 279–300.
  • Keim, R.F., Skaugset, A.E., 2003. Modelling effects of forest canopies on slope stability. Hydrol. Process. 17: 1457–1467.
  • Keppeler, E., Lewis, J., Lisle, T., 2003. Effects of forest management on streamflow, sediment yield, and erosion, Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds. The First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, 27-30 October 2003, Benson, AZ.
  • Kubota, T., Omura, H., Devkota, B.D., 2007. Influence of the forest on slope stability with different forest felling condition. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 9, 01505.
  • Kumar, S.V., Bhagavanulu, D.V.S., 2008. Effects of deforestation on landslides in Nilgiris District: a case study. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 36:105–108.
  • Lewis, N.K., 1998. Landslide-driven distribution of aspen and steppe on Kathul Mountain, Alaska. Journal of Arid Environments 38: 421–435.
  • Mafian, S., Huat, B.B.K., Ghiasi, V., 2009. Evaluation on root theories and root strength properties in slope stability. European Journal of Scientific Research, 30(4): 594-607.
  • May, C.L., 2002. Debris flows through different forest age classes in the Central Oregon Coast Region. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 38(4): 1097-1113.
  • Motta, R., Haudemand, J.C., 2000. Protective Forests and Silvicultural Development, 20(2):180-187. Mountain Research and
  • Mulder, H.F.H.M., Van Asch, T.W.J., Weiss, E.E.W., 1987. The influence of forest on landslide activity. Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim (Proceedings of the Corvallis Symposium, August, 1987). IAHS Publ. no. 165.
  • Nilaweera, N.S., Nutalaya, P., 1999. Role of tree roots in slope stabilization, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 57: 337–342.
  • O‘loughlin, C.J., 1974. The effect of timber removal on the stability of forest soils. The Journal of Hydrology (N.Z.) 13: 121–134.
  • Pantha, B.R., Yatabe, R., Bhandary, N.P., 2008. GIS-based landslide susceptibility zonation for roadside slope repair and maintenance in the Himalayan region, Episodes, Vol. 31, No. 4: 384-391.
  • Philips, C., Marden, M., Rowan, D., 1989. Planning for forestry after Cyclone Bola- a comment. N.Z. Forestry.
  • Price, M., Butt, N., 2000. Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development. IUFRO Research Series No 5.
  • Reichenbach, P., Ardizzone, F., Cardinali, M., Galli, M., Guzetti, F., Salvati, P., 2002. Landslide events and their impact on the transportation network in the Umbria region, central Italy, Proceedings of the 4th EGS Plinius Conference held at Mallorca, Spain.
  • Rice, R.M., 1977. Forest management to minimize landlslide risk, FAO Conservation Guide, Guidelines for Watershed Management.
  • Rickli, C.H., Graf, F., 2009. Effects of forests on shallow landslides – case studies in Switzerland, For. Snow Landsc. Res. 82, 1: 33–44.
  • Sakals, M.E., Innes, J.L., Wilford, D.J., Sidle, R.J., Grant, G.E., 2006. The role of forests in reducing hydrogeomorphic hazards; For. SnowLandsc. Res. 80, 1: 11–22.
  • Schönenberger, W., 2001. Trends in mountain forest management in Switzerland. Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 152(4): 152–156.
  • Sidle, R.C., Pearce, A.J., O’Loughlin, C.L., 1985. Hillslope Stability and Land Use. American Geophysical Union, Water Resources Monograph 11. American Geophysical Union: Washington, D.C.
  • Sidle, R., 2008. Slope Stability: Benefits of forests vegetation in Central Japan. Prepared for the report ‘‘The Role of Environmental Management and Eco- Engineering in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation’’ (ProAct Network 2008).
  • Sidle, R.C., Terry, P.K.K., 1992. Shallow landslide analysis in terrain with managed vegetation. Erosion, Debris Flows (Proceedings of the Chengdu Symposium, July 1992). IAHS Publ. no. 209. in Mountain Regions
  • Smith, R.B., Commandeur, P.R., Ryan, M.W., 1986. Soils, vegetation, and forest growth on landslides and surrounding logged and old growth areas on the Queen Charlotte Islands. BC Ministry of Forests, Land Management Report 41, 95 pp.
  • Steinacher, R., Medicus, G., Fellin, W., Zangerl, C., 2009. The Influence of Deforestation on Slope (In-) Stability, Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences (Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft) 102/2, 90 – 99.
  • Swanson, F.J., Dyrness, C.T., 1975. Impact of clear-cutting and road construction on soil erosion by landslides in the western Cascade Range, Oregon. Geology 3: 393–396.
  • Tosi, M., 2007. Root tensile strength relationship and their slope stability implications of three shrub species in the Northern Apennines (Italy). Geomorphology 87: 268– 283.
  • Turner, T.R., Duke, S.D., Fransen, B.R., Reiter, M.L., Kroll, A.J., Ward, J.W., Bach, J.L., Justice, T.E., Bilby, R.E., 2010. Landslide densities associated with rainfall, stand age, southwestern Washington, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 259: on 2233–2247. forested landscapes,
  • Varnes, D.J., 1978. Slope movements: types and processes, In landslides and engineering practice (Ed R.L. Schuster and R.J. Krizek) Transportation research board national Academy of sciences, special report, Pp 12-33.
  • Ziemer, R.R., 1981a. The role of vegetation in the stability of forested slopes. Proc. Int. Union of Forestry Research Organizations, XVII World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, vol. 1, 297–308.
  • Ziemer, R.R., 1981b. Roots and the stability of steep slopes, in Proceedings, Symposium on Erosion and Sediment Transport in Pacific Rim Steeplands, IAHS Publ. 132: 343–357.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Remzi Eker

Abdurrahim Aydın

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Eker, R., & Aydın, A. (2014). Ormanların heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 15(1), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.31067
AMA Eker R, Aydın A. Ormanların heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry. Mayıs 2014;15(1):84-93. doi:10.18182/tjf.31067
Chicago Eker, Remzi, ve Abdurrahim Aydın. “Ormanların Heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki Etkileri”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 15, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2014): 84-93. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.31067.
EndNote Eker R, Aydın A (01 Mayıs 2014) Ormanların heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry 15 1 84–93.
IEEE R. Eker ve A. Aydın, “Ormanların heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri”, Turkish Journal of Forestry, c. 15, sy. 1, ss. 84–93, 2014, doi: 10.18182/tjf.31067.
ISNAD Eker, Remzi - Aydın, Abdurrahim. “Ormanların Heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki Etkileri”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 15/1 (Mayıs 2014), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.31067.
JAMA Eker R, Aydın A. Ormanların heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2014;15:84–93.
MLA Eker, Remzi ve Abdurrahim Aydın. “Ormanların Heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki Etkileri”. Turkish Journal of Forestry, c. 15, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 84-93, doi:10.18182/tjf.31067.
Vancouver Eker R, Aydın A. Ormanların heyelan oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2014;15(1):84-93.