The status of the parrot trade from tropical forests to Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 275 - 283, 30.09.2018

Esra Per

https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.450007

Cited By: 3

Öz

Parrots are birds that naturally spread in the tropical regions of the world. International trade is carried out according to the CITES Convention. 135 parrot species were imported and 40 parrot species were re-exported between 1982 and 2016 in Turkey. Two of these exotic species have started to spread and established breeding populations in wild in Turkey. Nine species have been monitored in wild as cage escapes. Establishing breeding populations of alien species in the country is undesirable because alien species can have adverse effects on the resident species of the countries. The sale of the Rose ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and the Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria)'s as cage birds must be banned to prevent the expansion of their spread because they have established breeding populations in Turkey. Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) is the most imported and exported species in Turkey. Very high number of individuals in some species which were imported to Turkey have been detected. It is known that the populations of these species have decreased in the regions where their natural distribution areas. Therefore, Turkey should implement quotas and restrictions based on species in the parrot trade.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Exotic, CITES, Psittacula, Cage bird, Parrot, Population, Import, Psittacula

Tropikal ormanlardan Türkiye’ye papağan ticaretinin durumu

Öz

Papağanlar dünyanın tropikal bölgelerinde doğal yayılış gösteren kuşlardır. CITES Sözleşmesi’ne bağlı olarak uluslararası ticareti yapılmaktadır. Türkiye’de 1982 – 2016 yılları arasında 135 papağan türü ithal ve 40 papağan türü yeniden ihraç edilmiştir. Bu egzotik türlerden ikisi Türkiye’de yayılış göstermeye başlayıp doğada üreme popülasyonu kurmuştur. Dokuz tür, kafes kaçkını olarak doğada görülmüştür. Yabancı türlerin ülkelerin yerli türleri üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olabildiği için doğada üreme popülasyonları kurması istenmeyen bir durumdur. Türkiye'de üreyen popülasyonlar kurmuş olan Yeşil papağan (Psittacula krameri) ve İskender papağanı (Psittacula eupatria)'nın yayılış alanını genişletmemesi için kafes kuşu olarak satışının yasaklanması gerekmektedir. Türkiye’de en çok ithal edilen ve ihraç edilen tür Gri papağan (Psittacus erithacus)’dır. Türkiye’ye ithal edilen bazı türlerde oldukça yüksek birey sayıları tespit edilmiştir. Bu türlerin, doğal yayılış gösterdiği bölgelerde, popülasyonunun azaldığı bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, Türkiye papağan ticaretine tür temelli olarak kota ve kısıtlamalar getirmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Egzotik, CITES, Psittacula, Kafes kuşu, Papağan, Popülasyon, İthal, Psittacula

Kaynakça

• Birdlife International, 2013. Trade in Africa’s Grey Parrots and Timneh Parrots is currently not sustainable. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb /casestudy/568, Accessed: 07.03.2018.
• Birdlife International, 2008. State of the World’s Birds: Indicators for Our Changing World. Birdlife International, UK, Cambridge.
• Boyla, K., Aydemir, G., Eken, G. 1998. The status and distribution of ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri in Turkey. Turna, 1 (1), 24–27.
• CITES Secretariat, 2018. CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), https://www.cites.org, Erişim: 01.02.2018.
• CITES Secretariat, 2017a. CITES Appendices I, II, III, https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php, Erişim: 01.06.2018.
• CITES Secretariat, 2017b. CITES Notification to the Parties, Democratic Republic of the Congo, https://cites.org/sites/default/files/notif/E-Notif-2017-063.pdf, Erişim: 01.06.2018.
• CITES Secretariat, 2012. CITES Trade: Recent Trends in International Trade in Appendix II listed species (1996– 2010). UNEP-WCMC, UK, Cambridge.
• Courchamp, F., Angulo, E., Rivalan, P., Hall, R.J., Signoret, L., Bull, L., Meinard, Y., 2006. Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect. PLoS Biology, 4, 2405–2410.
• Commission Regulation, 2007. Commission regulation (EC) No 318/2007 of 23 March 2007 laying down animal health conditions for imports of certain birds into the community and the quarantine conditions thereof. Official Journal of European Union, 84, 7-29.
• Commission Decision, 2005. Commission decision of 27 October 2005 concerning certain protection measures in relation to highly pathogenic avian influenza in certain third countries for the import of captive birds. Official Journal of European Union, 285, 60-62.
• Daut, E.F., Brightsmith, D.J., Mendoza, A.P., Puhakka, L., Peterson, M.J., 2015. Illegal domestic bird trade and the role of export quotas in Peru. Journal for Nature Conservation, 27, 44 - 53.
• Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2017. Changes to international trade controls for African grey parrots, Cat. No.: CW66-561/2017E-PDF, ISBN: 978-0-660-09034-4.
• Iñigo-Elias, E.E., 2007. Parrots of the World: An Identification Guide. The Auk, 124 (3), 1099-1101.
• IUCN, 2018. Birds. https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/ our-work/birds, Erişim: 07.04.2018.
• Kantarlı, S., 2006. Yaban Hayatı Ticareti. Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Derneği, Tunç Reklam Tanıtım Hizmetleri, Ankara.
• Kirwan, G.M., Boyla, K.A., Castell, P., Demirci, B., Özen, M., Welch, H., Marlow, T., 2008. The Birds of Turkey. Christopher Helm, London.
• Leader-Williams, N., Tibanyenda, R.K., 1996. The Live Bird Trade in Tanzania. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom.
• Menchetti, M., Mori, E., 2014. Worldwide impact of alien parrots (Aves Psittaciformes) on native biodiversity and environment: a review. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 26: 2-3, 172-194.
• Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, 2018. Kongo’dan kaçak yollarla gönderilen 341 Afrika Gri Papağanına İstanbul gümrüğünde-el konuldu. http://www.ormansu.gov.tr/ haber, Erişim:09.01.2018.
• Per, E., 2018. The spread of the Rose-ringed Parakeet, Psittacula krameri, in Turkey between 1975 and 2015 (Aves: Psittacidae), Zoology in the Middle East. DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2018.1511294.
• Per, E., 2017. The first report and preliminary observations on escaped parrot species (Psittaciformes) in Turkey through citizen science. Bird Census News, 2017, 30/2, 47–52.
• Pires, S.F., 2012. The illegal parrot trade: A literature review. Global Crime, 13, 176–190.
• Reino, L., Figueira, R., Beja, P., Araújo, M.B., Capinha, C., Strubbe, D., 2017. Networks of global bird invasion altered by regional trade ban. Science Advances, 3(11), e1700783. Rosser, A.M., Mainka, S.A., 2002. Overexploitation and species extinctions. Conservation Biology, 16, 584–586.
• Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, 2018. Psittaciformes Tanımlama Kılavuzu, CITES Türkiye, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, http://cites.ormansu.gov.tr/cites/Files/CITES %20Psittaciformes.pdf, Erişim: 14.02.2018.
• Türkiye Papağan Sayımları, 2018. Gözlem formu, http://tinyurl.com/zl6k34d, Erişim: 01.08.2018.
• UNEP-WCMC, 2018. CITES Trade Database. Cambridge, UK http://trade.cites.org/, Erişim: 02.02.2018.
• UNEP-WCMC, 2016. EU Wildlife Trade 2014: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2014.
• Vall-Llosera, M., Su, S., 2018. Trends and characteristics of imports of live CITES-listed bird species into Japan. Ibis, DOI: 10.1111/ibi.12653.
• World Parrot Trust, 2004. Deadly Newcastle disease discovered in parrots and other birds imported from Pakistan to Italy. https://www.parrots.org/pdfs/our_ publications/psittascene/2004/04May59.pdf. Erişim: 20.07.2018.