Emzirme Sürecindeki Annelerin Beden İmajı ve Algılanan Stres Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Giriş: Bu araştırma 0-6 aylık bebeği olan emzirme sürecindeki annelerin beden imajı ve algılanan stres düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Kesitsel ilişki arayıcı nitelikte olan bu çalışma, çocuk polikliniğine muayene için gelen 0-6 aylık bebeği olan 406 anne ile yapılmıştır. Veriler soru formu, Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ve Beden Algısı Ölçeğinden oluşan anket formu ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde; yüzdelik, ortalamalar, Independent Samples T-test, One-way ANOVA testi ve korelasyon analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan annelerin yaş grupları, eğitim durumu, iş durumu, gelir durumu, çocuk sayısı, aile tipi ve Beden Kütle İndeksi sınıflandırması ile Algılanan Stres Ölçeği puanlarının ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Yaş grupları, eğitim durumu, iş durumu, gelir durumu, çocuk sayısı, aile tipi, Beden Kitle İndeksi sınıflandırması ve herhangi bir diyet uygulama durumu ile Beden Algısı Ölçeği puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sadece anne sütü ile besleme süresinin beden algısı (r=0.26) ile pozitif yönde zayıf düzeyde ve algılanan stres ile (r=0.27) negatif yönde zayıf düzeyde ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Sonuç: Annelerin algıladıkları stres düzeyi arttıkça beden algısı ve bebeklerini sadece anne sütü ile besleme süresinin azaldığı saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Algılanan stres
• beden imajı
• emzirme
• sadece anne sütü

Determination of Body Image and Perceived Stress Levels of Mothers During Breastfeeding

Öz

Background: This research was carried out to determine the body image and perceived stress levels of mothers who have 0-6 months old babies during the breastfeeding process. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 406 mothers with 0-6 month old babies who came to the pediatric outpatient clinic for examination. Data were collected with a questionnaire consisting of a questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale and Body Perception Scale. In the evaluation of the data; percentage, means, Independent Samples T-test, One-way ANOVA test, and correlation analysis were used. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the age groups, educational status, job status, income status, number of children, family type, Body Mass Index classification, and the mean scores of the Perceived Stress Scale of the mothers participating in the study (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between age groups, educational status, job status, income status, number of children, family type, Body Mass Index classification and any diet application status and Body Perception Scale mean scores (p<0.05). It was determined that the duration of exclusive breastfeeding was positively weakly correlated with Body image (r=0.26) and weakly negatively correlated with Perceived Stress (r=0.27) (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was determined that as the perceived stress level of mothers increased, body image and the duration of feeding their babies with only breast milk decreased.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• exclusive breastfeeding.
• Peceived stress
• body image
• breastfeeding

Kaynakça

1. 1. El-Houfey DAA. Factors that ınfluence exclusive breastfeeding: A literature review. Int J Nurs Didact 2017;7(11):24-31. doi:10.15520/ijnd.2017.vol7.iss11.264.24-31
2. 2. Xu H, Marshall S, Jones JM, Phongsavan P, Wen LM. Modifiable predictors of breastfeeding status and duration at 6 and 12 months postpartum. Birth 2021:1-10. doi:10.1111/birt.12578
3. 3. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. 2018; Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması. http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11655/23356/2018_TNSA_Ozet_Rapor.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Erişim: 7.12.2021
4. 4. World Health Organization. 2021;Infant and young child feeding. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding. Erişim: 7.12.2021
5. 5. Gillen MM, Markey CH, Rosenbaum DL, Dunaev JL. Breastfeeding, body image, and weight control behavior among postpartum women. Body Image 2021;38:201-209. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.006
6. 6. Schalla SC, Witcomb GL, Haycraft E. Body Shape and Weight Loss as Motivators for Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation.Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14(7):754. doi:10.3390/ijerph14070754
7. 7. Flores TR. Prepregnancy weight excess and cessation of exclusive breastfeeding : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018:480-488. doi:10.1038/s41430-017-0073-y
8. 8. Zimmerman E, Rodgers RF, O’Flynn J, Bourdeau A. Weight-Related concerns as barriers to exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months. J Hum Lact 2019;35(2):284-291. doi:10.1177/0890334418797312

9. 9. Brown A, Rance J, Warren L. Body ımage concerns during pregnancy are associated with a shorter breast feeding duration. Midwifery 2015;31(1):80-9. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2014.06.003
10. 10. Han SY, Brewis AA. Influence of weight concerns on breastfeeding: Evidence from the Norwegian mother and child cohort study. Am J Hum Biol 2018;30(2):1-4 doi:10.1002/ajhb.23086
11. 11. Swanson V, Keely A, Denison FC. Does body image influence the relationship between body weight and breastfeeding maintenance in new mothers? Br J Health Psychol 2017;22(3):557-576. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12246
12. 12. Chan CY, Lee AM, Koh YW, et al. Associations of body dissatisfaction with anxiety and depression in the pregnancy and postpartum periods: A longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2020;263(September 2019):582-592. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.032
13. 13. Collings R, Hill B, Skouteris H. The influence of psychological factors on postpartum weight retention 12 months post-birth. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2018;36(2):177-191. doi:10.1080/02646838.2018.1424323
14. 14. Zanardo V, Volpe F, Giustardi A, Canella A, Straface G, Soldera G. Body image in breastfeeding women with depressive symptoms: A prospective study. J Matern Neonatal Med 2016;29(5):836-840. doi:10.3109/14767058.2015.1020786
15. 15. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein T. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2016;24(4):385-396.
16. 16. Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkiran F, Dereboy Ç. The adaptation of the perceived stress scale into Turkish: A reliability and validity analysis. Yeni Symp 2013;51(3):132-140.
17. 17. Jourard S, Secord P. Body Cathexis and Personality. British Journal of Psychology 1953;46:136-138.
18. 18. Hovardaoğlu S. Vücut Algısı Ölçeğinin Güvenirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Unpublshed Master Thesis, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.
19. 19. World Health Organization. Body mass index - BMI. 2000;https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi Erişim: 7.12.2021
20. 20. Brown A, Rance J, Warren L. Body image concerns during pregnancy are associated with a shorter feeding breastfeeding duration. Midwifery 2015;31(1):80-89. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2014.06.003
21. 21. Güney E, Uçar T. Gebelikteki beden imajının emzirme tutumu ve doğum sonu emzirme sürecine etkisi. Zeynep Kamil Med J 2018;49(1):49-53. doi:10.16948/zktipb.338783
22. 22. Mancini K. Body ımage, eating attitudes and breastfeeding ıntention: ımplications for mental health and maternal child nurses. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2017;38(9):750-755. doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1324928
23. 23. Yağmur Y, Ulukoca N. Social support and postpartum depression in low-socioeconomic level postpartum women in Eastern Turkey. Int J Public Health 2010:543-549. doi:10.1007/s00038-010-0182-z
24. 24. Mollard E, Kupzyk K, Moore T. Postpartum stress and protective factors in women who gave birth in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.Womens Health (Lond) 2021; 17:1-10 . doi:10.1177/17455065211042190
25. 25. Jewell SL, Luecken LJ, Gress-smith J, et al. Economic stress and cortisol among postpartum low-ıncome mexican american women : buffering ınfluence of family support economic stress and cortisol among postpartum low-ıncome Mexican American women : buffering ınfluence of family support. Behav Med 2015;41(3):138-144. doi:10.1080/08964289.2015.1024603
26. 26. Şahin B. Postpartum maternal travmatik stres ve bağlanma arasındaki ilişki. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi 2021;12(3):227-236. doi:10.14744/phd.2021.57704
27. 27. Bigman G, Wilkinson A V, Homedes N, Pérez A. Body ımage dissatisfaction, obesity and their associations with breastfeeding in Mexican Women, a Cross-Sectional Study. Matern Child Health J 2018;22(12):1815-1825. doi:10.1007/s10995-018-2583-1
28. 28. Duran S, Kaynak S, Karadaş A. The relationship between breastfeeding attitudes and perceived stress levels of Turkish mothers. Scand J Caring Sci 2020;34(2):456-463. doi:10.1111/scs.12749
29. 29. Mizuhata K, Taniguchi H, Hikita N, Shimada M, Morokuma S. Effects of breastfeeding on stress measured by saliva cortisol level and perceived stress. Asian/Pacific Isl Nurs J 2020;5(3):128-138. doi:10.31372/20200503.1100
30. 30. Hartley E, Hill B, Bailey C, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Skouteris H. The associations of weight status and body attitudes with depressive and anxiety symptoms across the first year postpartum. Women’s Heal Issues 2018;28(6):530-538. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2018.07.002
31. 31. Hallowell SG, Froh EB, Spatz DL. Human milk and breastfeeding: An intervention to mitigate toxic stress. Nurs Outlook 2017;65(1):58-67. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2016.07.007
32. 32. Tavakoli M, Hasanpoor-azghady SB. Predictors of mothers ’ postpartum body dissatisfaction based on demographic and fertility factors. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2021;21(1):1-8.
33. 33. Lyons S, Currie S, Peters S, Lavender T, Smith DM. The association between psychological factors and breastfeeding behaviour in women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg m −2 : a systematic review. Obes Rev 2018;19(7):947-959. doi:10.1111/obr.12681
34. 34. Erbil N, Şenkul A, Başara GF, Saǧlam Y, Gezer M. Body Image Among Turkish Women During the First Year Postpartum. Health Care Women Int 2012;33(2):125-137. doi:10.1080/07399332.2011.603977