COVID-19 Salgınının Üniversite Çalışanlarında Ruhsal Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Giriş: Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 salgınının üniversite çalışanlarının ruhsal sağlığı üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Kesitsel türde olan araştırma Yalova Üniversitesinde görev yapan 326 personel (akademik n=184, idari n=142) ile Haziran-Ağustos 2020 tarihlerinde yapıldı. Veriler Tanımlayıcı Soru Formu, Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği (DASS-21) ve Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği (BTÖ-12) kullanılarak çevrimiçi olarak toplandı. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan personelin anksiyete, depresyon ve stres puan ortalamaları sırası ile 3,87±3,12; 4,95±4,07; 3,98±3,84 ve BTÖ-12 toplam puan ortalaması 35,10±10,37; ileriye yönelik kaygı puan ortalaması 21,05±5,96 ve engelleyici kaygı puan ortalaması ise 14,04±5,16 olarak belirlendi. Katılımcıların %20,9'unun orta düzeyde depresyon, %23,6'sının orta düzeyde anksiyete ve %5,2’sinin ise orta düzeyde stres deneyimlediği; DASS-21 puan ortalamaları ile BTÖ-12 toplam ve ileriye yönelik kaygı ve engelleyici kaygı puan ortalamaları arasında orta düzeyde pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu tespit edildi (p<0,001). Kadın olma, bekâr/dul/boşanmış olma, 31-39 yaş aralığında olma, lisansüstü eğitime sahip olma, akademik personel olma, aynı evde yaşayan kişi sayısının 1-2 olması, kendisinde ve evde yaşayan yakınında kronik hastalık olması, sağlık durumunu kötü algılama, COVID-19 ile ilgili güncel bilgileri takip etme ve bilim insanları tarafından yapılan önerileri uygulama depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve/veya belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğü artıran etkenler olarak saptandı (p<0,001;p<0,01;p<0,05). Sonuç: Araştırmaya katılan üniversite çalışanlarının belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlükleri arttıkça depresyon, anksiyete ve stres düzeyleri artmaktadır. Üniversite çalışanlarının psikolojik dayanıklılığını ve baş etme mekanizmalarını güçlendirmede destek sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19 salgını
• ruhsal sağlık
• üniversite çalışanları

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health of University Staff

Öz

Background: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of university staff. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2020 with 326 staff (academic n=184, administrative n=142) working at Yalova University. Data were collected online using the Descriptive Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12). Results: The anxiety, depression and stress mean scores of the participants were 3.87±3.12, 4.95±4.07; 3.98±3.84 respectively; and IUS-12 prospective anxiety sub-dimension mean score of 21.05±5.96, inhibitory anxiety 14.04±5.16, and total BTS-12 score average 35.10±10.37. It was determined that 20.9% experienced moderate depression, 23.6% experienced moderate anxiety and 5.2% experienced moderate stress. A moderately positive and significant correlation was observed between the DASS-21 mean scores of the participants and the BST-12 prospective anxiety, inhibitory anxiety sub-dimensions and total score averages (p<0.001). Being a woman, being single/widowed/divorced, being between the ages of 31-39, having postgraduate education, being an academic staff, having 1-2 people living in the family, having chronic diseases in themselves and their relatives, poor perception of health status, COVID-19 following up-to-date information about and applying the recommendations made by scientists were found to be factors that increase depression, anxiety, stress and/or intolerance to uncertainty (p<0.001, p<0.01, p<0.05). Conclusion: As the intolerance of uncertainty increases, the levels of depression, anxiety and stress of university staff participating in the research increase. It is important to develop support systems in strengthening the psychological resilience and coping mechanisms of university staff.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19 pandemic
• mental health
• university staff.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public–A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research. 2020;291:113190.
2. 2. European University Association. Universities without walls: A vision for 2030. 2021. https://eua.eu/downloads/publications/universities%20without%20walls%20%20a%20vision%20for%202030.pdf (Erişim: 07.09.2021).
3. 3. Giorgi G, Lecca LI, Alessio F, Finstad GL, Bondanini G, Lulli LG, Arcangeli G, Mucci, N. COVID-19-related mental health effects in the workplace: a narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health. 2020;7(21):7857.
4. 4. Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, Rasoulpoor S, Khaledi-Paveh B. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health. 2020;16(1):1-11.
5. 5. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Thavorn K, Hutton B, Awiphan R, Phosuya C, Ruanta Y, Wongpakaran T. Global prevalence of mental health issues among the general population during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1-18.
6. 6. Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020;66(5):504-511.
7. 7. Jiang W, Liu X, Zhang J, Feng Z. Mental health status of Chinese residents during the COVID-19 epidemic. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):1-14.
8. 8. Seco Ferreira DC, Oliveira WL, Costa Delabrida ZN, Faro A, Cerqueira-Santos, E. Intolerance of uncertainty and mental health in Brazil during the Covid-19 pandemic. Suma Psicológica. 2020;27(1):62-69.

9. 9. Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan H. Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2020;28:1-17.
10. 10. Öztürk O, Uluşahin A. Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları, Ankara: Sözkesen Matbaacılık; 2020. p.354.
11. 11. Carleton RN, Norton MA, Asmundson GJG. Fearing the unknown: A short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. Journal of Anxiety Disordersi. 2007;21(1):105-117.
12. 12. European University Association. Universities without walls: A vision for 2030. https://eua.eu/downloads/publications/universities%20without%20walls%20%20a%20vision%20for%202030.pdf (Erişim: 07.09.2021).
13. 13. Leal Filho W, Wall T, Rayman-Bacchus L, Mifsud M, Pritchard DJ, Lovren VO, Farinha C, Petrovic DS, Balogun AL. Impacts of COVID-19 and social isolation on academic staff and students at universities: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1-19.
14. 14. Evanoff BA, Strickland JR, Dale AM, Hayibor L, Page E, Duncan JG, Kannampallil T, Gray DL. Work-related and personal factors associated with mental well-being during the COVID-19 response: survey of health care and other workers. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(8):e21366.
15. 15. Çapık, C. İstatistiksel güç analizi ve hemşirelik araştırmalarında kullanımı: Temel bilgiler. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2014;17(4):268-274.
16. 16. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1995;33(3):335-343.
17. 17. Yılmaz Ö, Boz H, Arslan A. Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeğinin (DASS 21) Türkçe kısa formunun geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalışması. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2017;2(2):78-91.
18. 18. Silva HAD, Passos MHPD, Oliveira VMAD, Palmeira AC, Pitangui ACR, Araújo RCD. Short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Is it valid for Brazilian adolescents? Einstein (São Paulo). 2016;14:486-493.
19. 19. Henry JD, Crawford JR. The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2005;44(2):227-239.
20. 20. Sarıçam H, Erguvan FM, Akın A, Akça MŞ. Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği (BTÖ-12) Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Route Educational and Social Science Journal. 2014;1(3):148-157.
21. 21. Tersi, Y. Temel istatistik I ders notları. 2018. https://ist-fef.omu.edu.tr/tr/hakkimizda/ders-notlari/TEMEL%20%C4%B0ST%20I%202018.pdf
22. 22. Ozamiz -Etxebarria N, Dosil Santamaría M, Idoiaga Mondragon N, Berasategi Santxo N. Estado emocional del profesorado de colegios y universidades en el norte de España ante la COVID-19. Revista Española de Salud Pública. 2021;95(1):e1-e8.
23. 23. Der Feltz-Cornelis V, Maria C, Varley D, Allgar VL, De Beurs E. Workplace stress, presenteeism, absenteeism, and resilience amongst university staff and students in the COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020;11:1284.
24. 24. Jojoa M, Lazaro E, Garcia-Zapirain B, Gonzalez MJ, Urizar E. The İmpact of COVID 19 on university staff and students from Iberoamerica: Online learning and teaching experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(11):5820.
25. 25. Duman, N. Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 2020;4(8):426-437.
26. 26. Şentürk, S, Bakir N. The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and the depression, anxiety and stress levels of nursing students during the Covid-19 Outbreak. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi. 2021;3(2):97-105.
27. 27. Du J, Mayer G, Hummel S, Oetjen N, Gronewold N, Zafar A, Schultz JH. Mental health burden in different professions during the final stage of the COVID-19 lockdown in China: cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(12):e24240.
28. 28. Traunmüller C, Stefitz R, Gaisbachgrabner K, Schwerdtfeger A. Psychological correlates of COVID-19 pandemic in the Austrian population. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09489-5
29. 29. del Valle M, Andrés ML, Urquijo S, Yerro Avincetto MM, López Morales H, Canet Juric L. Intolerance of uncertainty over covid-19 pandemic and its effect on anxiety and depressive symptoms. Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology. 2020;54(2):e1335
30. 30. Wang S, Zhang Y, Ding W, Meng Y, Hu H, Liu Z, Zeng X, Wang, M. Psychological distress and sleep problems when people are under interpersonal isolation during an epidemic: a nationwide multicenter cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry. 2020;63(1):e77.
31. 31. 4TU.Centre for Engineering Education. The impact of COVID-19 on university teaching and learning: Evidence for the central importance of student and staff well-being. https://www.4tu.nl/cee/publications/4tu.cee-white-paper-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-university-teaching-and-learning.pdf (Erişim Eylül 2021).
32. 32. Ceyhan S, Uzuntarla Y. Akademik personelin COVID-19’a yönelik bilgi, tutum ve davranışlarının belirlenmesi. Turkish Studies. 2020;15(6);259-276.
33. 33. Carleton RN. The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2012;12(8):937–947.
34. 34. Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction. 2020;1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
35. 35. Kasapoğlu F. COVID-19 salgını sürecinde kaygı ile maneviyat, psikolojik sağlamlık ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies. 2020;15(4):599-614.