Awareness, Attitudes and Behaviors of Parents for Child Exposure to Tobacco Smoke

Öz

Introduction: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has several adverse effects on child health. We aimed to determine awareness, attitudes and behaviors of parents about the effects of tobacco smoke exposure among children. Method: A total of 286 parents, whose children admitted to the Social Pediatrics Department, received a survey including questions about adverse effects of smoking on children, attitudes and behaviors of parents for protecting their child from smoking. Results: Tobacco using ratio were 16.3% and 46.3% in mothers and in fathers; respectively. Although 96.9% of the parents stated that they prefer to sit in the non-smoking section of public open spaces such as cafes / restaurants, 51% stated that they allow their guests to smoke at home. Smoking incidence was significantly higher in families whose monthly income was below the poverty line (p<0.001). In the non-smoking group; providing education (p=0.025) and avoid smoking people around (p<0.001) were found significantly higher to prevent the child from smoking cigarettes in the future. Conclusion: Raising the awareness of parents and to develop attitudes and behaviors against tobacco use carry quiet importance to protect children from smoking.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Awareness,smoking,children,attitudes

Sigaranın Çocuğa Etkileri Konusunda Ailelerin Farkındalıkları, Tutum ve Davranışları

Öz

Sigara dumanına pasif maruziyetin çocuk sağlığı üzerine birçok olumsuz etkisi bulunmaktadır. Amacımız ebeveynlerin sigaranın çocuklara etkileri konusunda bilgi ve farkındalıklarını değerlendirmek, çocuklarını sigaradan korumak adına aldıkları önlemleri ve gelecek stratejilerini belirlemektir. Yöntem: Sosyal Pediatri Polikliniğine çocuklarını sağlıklı çocuk izlemine getiren 286 ebeveyn için sigaranın çocuğa etkileri ve ailelerin önlem amaçlı tutumları konusunda sorular içeren anket formu yüz yüze doldurulmuştur. Bulgular: Araştırmamızda annelerin %16,3’ü, babaların %46,3’ü halen sigara kullandıklarını belirtmiştir. Ebeveynlerin %96,9’u kafe/restoran gibi kamuya açık alanlarda sigara kullanılmayan bölümde oturmayı tercih ettiklerini belirtmelerine rağmen %51’i eve gelen misafirlerin evde
sigara içmelerine izin verdiklerini ifade etmiştir. Yoksulluk sınırının altında aylık geliri olan ailelerde sigara içme sıklığı anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Çocuğunun ileride sigaraya başlamasını önlemede, sigara içmeyen grupta eğitim vererek (p=0,025) ve etrafında sigara içilmesine engel olarak sigara içilmesini önleme stratejileri sigara içen gruba göre daha etkili bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Sonuç: Ebeveynlerin çevresel sigara dumanı maruziyeti konusunda bilgileri, günlük yaşantılarına yön vermede öncelikleri ve önlem yöntemleri konusunda yaklaşımları çocukları korumakta etkili faktörlerdir. Çocukları sigara dumanından korumak için anne-babaların bilinçlendirilmesi ve buna yönelik tutum ve davranışlar geliştirmeleri önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Farkındalık,sigara içmek,çocuklar,alışkanlıklar

Kaynakça

1. 1. Ülkemizde her yıl 30 bin kişi akciğer kanseri oluyor. http://www.toraks.org.tr/halk/News.aspx?detail=2215/ (online erişim: 11.12.2017).
2. 2. Brown N, Luckett T, Davidson PM, Di Giacomo M. Interventions to reduce harm from smoking with families in infancy and early childhood: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015;12:3091-119.
3. 3. Owili PO, Muga MA, Pan WC, Kuo HW. Indoor secondhand tobacco smoke and risk of under-five mortality in 23 sub-Saharan Africa countries: A population based study and meta-analysis. PLoSOne 2017;12:e0177271.
4. 4. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Second-hand smoke Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 [cited 2017 June15]. Available from:http://www.who.int/gho/phe/secondhand_smoke/en. Accessed August 5, 2017.
5. 5. World Health Organization, 2015. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015. Available from:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/156262/1/9789241564922_eng.pdf Accessed August 6, 2017.
6. 6. Anderson HR, Cook DG. Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of the epidemiological evidence. Thorax 1997;52:1003-9.
7. 7. Farber HJ, Groner J, Walley S, Nelson K, Section On Tobacco C. Protecting Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke. Pediatrics 2015;136:e1439-67.
8. 8. Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJ. Adverse health effects of passive smoking. Duodecim 2012;128:1097-106.

9. 9. Polanska K, Krol A, Merecz-Kot D, et al. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure during Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14(7).pii: E796. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14070796.
10. 10. MacDorman MF, Cnattingius S, Hoffman HJ, Kramer MS, Haglund B. Sudden infant death syndrome and smoking in the United States and Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:249-57.
11. 11. Ton AT, Biet M, Delabre JF, Morin N, Dumaine R. In-utero exposure to nicotine alters the development of the rabbit cardiac conduction system and provides a potential mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Toxicol 2017;doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-2006-x. [Epub ahead of print].
12. 12. Vanker A, Gie RP, Zar HJ. The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017;11:661-73.
13. 13. Tanaka K, Miyake Y, Furukawa S, Arakawa M. Second hand smoke exposure and risk of wheeze in early childhood: a prospective pregnancy birth cohort study. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:30.
14. 14. Henderson J, Granell R, Heron J, et al. Associations of wheezing phenotypes in the first 6 years of life with atopy, lung function and airway responsiveness in mid-childhood. Thorax 2008; 63:974–980.
15. 15. Hovland V, Riiser A, Mowinckel P, Carlsen KH, LodrupCarlsen KC. The significance of early recurrent wheeze for asthma outcomes in late childhood. Eur Respir J 2013;41:838–845. 16. Törmänen S, Lauhkonen E, Riikonen R, et al. Risk factors for asthma after infant bronchiolitis. Allergy 2017; Nov 4. doi: 10.1111/all.13347. [Epubahead of print].
16. 17. Scalici F, Schulz PJ. Influence of perceived parent and peer endorsement on adolescent smoking intentions: parents have more say, but their influence wanes as kids get older. PLoSOne 2014; 9(7):e101275.
17. 18. Halterman JS, Fagnano M, Conn KM, Szilagyi PG. Do parents of urban children with persistent asthma ban smoking in their homes and cars? Ambul Pediatr 2006;6:115-9.
18. 19. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Yoksulluk İstatistikleri Available from: www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1013 Accessed August 8, 2017.
19. 20. Tütün Mamulleri Piyasasi, Tütün Mamülleri İstatistikleri. Available from: http://www.tapdk.gov.tr/tr/piyasa-duzenlemeleri/tutun-mamulleri-piyasasi/tutun-mamulleri-istatistikleri.aspx Accessed August 8, 2017.
20. 21. Global Health Observatory data. Prevalence of tobacco smoking. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/tobacco/use/en/ Accessed November 20, 2017.
21. 22. Küresel Yetişkin Tütün Kullanımı İstatistikleri Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1042 Accessed August 8, 2017.
22. 23. Xu X, Rao Y, Wang L, et al. Smoking in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in China. Tob Induc Dis 2017;15:35.
23. 24. Yang L, Tong EK, Mao Z, Hu TW. Exposure to second hand smoke and associated factors among non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands in Sichuan province, China. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010;89:549-57.
24. 25. Tütün Ürünlerinin Zararlarinin Önlenmesi ve Kontrolü Hakkında Kanun. Available from: http:// www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.4207.doc. Accessed August 8, 2017.
25. 26. Yousey Y. Family attitudes about tobacco smoke exposure of young children at home. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2007;32:178-83.
26. 27. Belvin C, Britton J, Holmes J, Langley T. Parental smoking and child poverty in the UK: an analysis of national survey data. BMC Public Health 2015;15:507.
27. 28. Busch SH, Jofre-Bonet M, Falba TA, Sindelar JL. Burning a hole in the budget: tobacco spending and its crowd-out of other goods. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2004;3:263-72.
28. 29. Hiscock R, Bauld L, Amos A, Fidler JA, Munafo M. Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1248:107-23.
29. 30. Türkiye. Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Tütün Bağımlılığı Eğitimi ve Tedavisi Available from: http://www.havanikoru.org.tr) (http://thsk.saglik.gov.tr) Accessed August 8, 2017.
30. 31. Jamal A, King BA, Neff LJ, Whitmill J, Babb SD, Graffunder CM. Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults - United States, 2005-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1205-11.
31. 32. Map of Current Cigarette Use Among Adults, Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/statesystem/cigaretteuseadult.html Accessed August 8, 2017.
32. 33. Üçer H, Keten HS, Ersoy Ö, Çelik M, Sucaklı MH, Kahraman H. Aile hekimlerinin sigara bağımlılığı tedavisi konusundaki bilgi, tutum ve uygulamaları. Türkiye Aile Hekimligi Dergisi 2014; 2:58-62.
33. 34. Castrucci BC, Gerlach KK. The association between adolescent smokers' desire and intentions to quit smoking and their views of parents' attitudes and opinions about smoking. Matern Child Health J 2005;9:377-84.
34. 35. DiNapoli PP. Early initiation of tobacco use in adolescent girls: key sociostructural influences. Appl Nurs Res 2009;22:126-32.
35. 36. Hill KG, Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Abbott RD, Guo J. Family influences on the risk of daily smoking initiation. J Adolesc Health 2005;37:202-10.
36. 37. Thomas RE, Baker PR, Thomas BC, Lorenzetti DL. Family-based programmes for preventing smoking by children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015:CD004493.
37. 38. Navon L, Fiore B, Anderson H. Asthma and tobacco: double trouble for Wisconsin adolescents. WMJ 2005; 104:47-53.39.
38. 39. Helgason AR, Lund KE. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure of young children--attitudes and health-risk awareness in the Nordic countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2001; 3:341-5.