Evaluation of the Covid-19 Pandemic and the Psychological Effects of Protective Behaviors on Individuals

Öz

Aim: Our study was conducted to evaluate the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and protective behaviors for disease control on individuals. Method: Our study was of cross-sectional descriptive type between October and November 2020, and the participants were grouped into two groups as COVID-19 patients and those without a history or contact with COVID-19 and completed with 402 participants. 1. Group, who were diagnosed with COVID-19 with a positive COVID-19 PCR test, who were older than 18 years and younger than 65 years of age, who agreed to participate in the study after the information, Group 2, who had never been diagnosed with COVID-19 before, Those who did not have a history of close contact with the individual who had -19, who were older than 18 years old and younger than 65 years old, and who agreed to participate in the study after the information were selected. The questionnaire form consists of questions about the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants and their compliance with infection control measures. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were applied to determine the psychological status of the participants. Results: Of the participants in the case group, 99 (49.5%) were male and 101 (50.5%) were female. Of the participants in the case group, 99 (49.5%) were male and 101 (50.5%) were female. Of the control group participants, 100 (49.5%) were male and 102 were female. The mean age of the case group was 36.6±10.9 years, and the mean age of the control group was 35.3±12.6 years. GAD-7 total score average 4.78±4.52 points (mild) in participating females, 6.35±4.86 points (mild) in PHQ-9 total points, 2.98±3.96 points (absent or minimal) in males the mean total score was 4.75±4.47 (mild) and it was found to be significantly higher in women than in men (p<0.001). Conclusion: In our study, as we determined during the pandemic process, it should be well emphasized that in order to create behavioral changes in individuals, regardless of the reason, compliance with the preventive behaviors from infection in the health services we will provide and attention to the measures to protect others. Again, we think that it should be kept in mind, especially in this period, to carry out a mental state examination during the examinations, in order to live this process more healthily and to use the treatments given more willingly by the individuals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• PANDEMİC
• attitudes
• psychological effects

COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİ VE KORUYUCU DAVRANIŞLARIN BİREYLER ÜZERİNDEKİ PSİKOLOJİK ETKİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmamız, COVID-19 pandemisi ve hastalık kontrolü için yapılacak koruyucu davranışların bireyler üzerindeki psikolojik etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapıldı. Yöntem: Çalışmamız Ekim-Kasım 2020 ayları arasında kesitsel tanımlayıcı tipte olup, katılımcılar COVID-19 hastaları ve COVID-19 öyküsü veya teması olmayanlar olarak iki grup şekilinde gruplandırılarak 402 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1. Grup, COVID-19 PCR testi pozitifliği ile COVID-19 tanısı alan, 18-65 yaş aralığında, bilgilendirme sonrası araştırmaya katılmayı kabul etmiş olanlar arasından seçilerek oluşturulmuşken 2. Grup, daha önce hiç COVID-19 tanısı almamış, COVID-19 geçiren bireyle yakın temas öyküsü olmayan, 118-65 yaş aralığında, bilgilendirme sonrası araştırmaya katılmayı kabul etmiş olanlar arasından seçilerek oluşturlumuştur. Anket formu katılımcıların sosyodemografik özellikleri ve enfeksiyon kontrol önlemlerine uyumu öğrenmeye yönelik sorulardan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların psikolojik durumlarını belirlemek amacıyla Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) Ölçeği ve Hasta Sağlık Anketi-9 (HSA-9) uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Vaka grubundaki katılımcıların 99’unu erkekler (%49,5), 101’ini kadınlar (%50,5) oluştururken kontrol grubu katılımcılarının 100’ünü erkeklar (%49,5), 102’sini ise kadınlar oluşturmuştur. Vaka grubunun yaş ortalaması 36,6±10,9 yıl, kontrol grubunun yaş ortalaması ise 35,3±12,6 yıldır. Katılımcı kadınlarda YAB-7 toplam puan ortalaması 4,78±4,52 puan (hafif); HSA-9 toplam puan ortalaması 6,35±4,86 puan (hafif); erkeklerde YAB-7 toplam puan ortalaması 2,98±3,96 puan (yok veya minimal); HSA-9 toplam puan ortalaması ise 4,75±4,47 (hafif) puan olup kadınlarda erkeklere göre anlamlı yüksek saptandı (p<0,001). Sonuç: Çalışmamızda pandemi sürecinde saptadığımız gibi bireylerde davranış değişikliği oluşturabilmek adına nedenine bakılmaksızın vereceğimiz sağlık hizmetlerinde enfeksiyondan koruyucu davranışlara uyumun sağlanmasının ve başkalarını korumaya yönelik önlemlere dikkat edilmesinin iyi vurgulanması gerekmektedir. Yine özellikle bu dönemde muayeneler sırasında ruhsal durum muayenesinin de yapılmasının, bu süreci daha sağlıklı yaşamak ve verilen tedavilerin bireyler tarafından daha istekli kullanılabilmesi için aklımızda bulundurulması gerektiğini düşünmekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVİD-19
• DAVRANIŞLAR
• PANDEMİ
• psikolojik etkiler

Kaynakça

1. 1. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığıi Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) Genel Bilgiler, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı (Bilimsel Danışma Kurulu Çalışması). https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/; 2020 (Erişim tarihi:07.02.2020)
2. 2. Saadatian-Elahi M, Facy F, Del Signore C, Vanhems P. Perception of epidemic's related anxiety in the general French population: a cross-sectional study in the Rhône-Alpes region. BMC public health. 2010;10:191. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-191
3. 3. Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1206-12. doi: 10.3201/eid1007.030703.
4. 4. Lei L, Huang X, Zhang S, Yang J, Yang L, Xu M. Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China. Medical Science Monitor 2020;26:e924609. doi:10.12659/MSM.924609
5. 5. Inchausti F, MacBeth A, Hasson-Ohayon I, Dimaggio G. Psychological Intervention and COVID-19: What We Know So Far and What We Can Do. J Contemp Psychother 2020; 27:1-8.
6. 6. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(5). :1729 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729
7. 7. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006;166(10):1092-1097.
8. 8. Konkan R, Şenormancı Ö, Güçlü O, Aydın E, Sungur MZ. Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) Testi Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi. 2013:50(1):53-59.

9. 9. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA 1999;282(18):1737-1744.
10. 10. Corapcioglu A, Ozer GU. Adaptation of revised Brief PHQ (Brief-PHQ-r) for diagnosis of depression, panic disorder and somatoform disorder in primary healthcare settings. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 2004;8(1):11-18.
11. 11. O'Sullivan TL, Phillips KP. From SARS to pandemic influenza: the framing of high-risk populations. Natural hazards (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 2019;98(1):103-117.
12. 12. Khalatbari-Soltani S, Cumming RC, Delpierre C, Kelly-Irving M. Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2020;74(8):620-623.
13. 13. Meyerowitz EA, Richterman A, Gandhi RT, Sax PE. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors. Annals of Internal Medicine 2021;174(1):69-79.
14. 14. Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, et al. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infectious Disease Modelling 2020; 5: 293–308.
15. 15. Lau JT, Yang X, Tsui H, Pang E, Kim JH. SARS preventive and risk behaviours of Hong Kong air travellers. Epidemiology and infection. 2004;132(4):727-736.
16. 16. Lau JT, Kim JH, Tsui HY, Griffiths S. Anticipated and current preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated human-to-human H5N1 epidemic in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. BMC Infectious Diseases 2007;7:18. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-18.
17. 17. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Place S, Van Laethem Y, Cabaraux P, Mat Q, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. Journal of Internal Medicine 2020;288(3):335-344.
18. 18. Pormohammad A, Ghorbani S, Khatami A, Farzi R, Baradaran B, Turner DL, et al Comparison of confirmed COVID-19 with SARS and MERS cases-Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30(4):e2112. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2112.
19. 19. Vilke GM, Brennan JJ, Cronin AO, Castillo EM. Clinical features of patients with COVID-19: Is temperature screening useful? The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2020;59(6):952-956.
20. 20. Zhang J, Lu H, Zeng H, Zhang S, Du Q, Jiang T, et al. The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behavior, and Immunity. 2020;87:49-50.
21. 21. Lu P, Li X, Lu L, Zhang Y. The psychological states of people after Wuhan eased the lockdown. PloS one. 2020;15(11):e0241173 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241173
22. 22. Pedrosa AL, Bitencourt L, Fróes ACF, Cazumbá MLB, Campos RGB, de Brito S, et al. Emotional, behavioral, and psychological impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. frontiers in psychology. 2020;11:566212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212
23. 23. Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S, et al. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PloS one. 2020;15(4):e0231924. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231924