Kadınların Servikal Kanserin Erken Tanısına İlişkin Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 605 - 612, 20.12.2020

Meltem Akbaş , Şule Gökyıldız Sürücü , Burcu Avcıbay

https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.766646

Cited By: 3

Öz

Amaç: Kadınların serviks kanserinin erken tanısına ilişkin tutumlarının belirlenmesi küresel bir sağlık probleminin çözümündeki engelleri aşmak bakımından önemlidir. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın amacı, kadınların servikal kanserin erken tanısına ilişkin tutumlarını belirlemektir. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel nitelikteki bu araştırmada tabakalı, oranlı olasılığa dayalı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Kadın Doğum ve Çocuk Hastalıkları Hastanesi’nde çalışmanın yapıldığı tarihlerde herhangi bir nedenle ilgili polikliniğe başvuran, 20-64 yaş arasındaki 1248 kadın oluşturmuştur. Veriler, araştırmacılar tarafından literatür doğrultusunda özgün olarak hazırlanan sosyo-demografik anket formu ve Servikal Kanserin Erken Tanısına İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan kadınların %66.6’sı düzenli jinekolojik muayeneye gitmektedir. Düzenli muayeneye gitmeyen kadınların yaklaşık yarısı utandıkları için kaçındıklarını ifade etmiştir. Serviks kanserinde erken tanıya ilişkin tutumlarının orta düzeyde olduğu görülmektedir. Yaş, eğitim, ekonomik durum ve evli olmak erken tanıya ilişkin tutumlarını etkileyen faktörler olarak belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Düzenli jinekolojik muayeneye gidenlerin erken tanıya ilişkin duyarlılık, ciddiyet, yarar algıları gitmeyenlere göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksektir. Sonuçlar: Bulgular doğrultusunda serviks kan¬serinin erken tanılanmasını sağlayan güvenilir ve ulaşılabilir bir test olmasına rağmen kadınların orta düzeyde bir tutum sergilemeleri serviks kanserine bağlı ölümlerin önlenmesinde ve azaltılmasında önemli bir engeldir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

servikal kanser, pap smear, erken tarama, tutum

Identification of Women’s Attitudes towards Early Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

Öz

Purpose: Identification of women’s attitudes towards early diagnosis of cervical cancer is important in terms of overcoming the barriers to the solution to a global health problem. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify women’s attitudes towards early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study utilized a stratified, proportional sampling method. The participants were 1248 women aged between 20 and 64 who applied to the Maternity and Children Hospital polyclinics due to any reason. Data were collected through the socio-demographic form which was originally developed by the researchers in line with the literature and the Attitude Scale toward Early Detection of Cervical Cancer. Results: Of all the participants, 66.6% were found to have a regular gynecological examination. Almost half of the women who did not undergo regular examination reported to have done so because they felt embarrassed. Attitudes of women towards early diagnosis of cervical cancer were found to be at moderate level. Age, education level, financial situation, and being married were identified as the factors that affected attitudes towards early diagnosis (p<0.05). Perceived susceptibility, seriousness, and benefits of women who had regular gynecological examination were found to be significantly higher than those who did not. Conclusions: In line with the findings, although there is a reliable and accessible test that enables early diagnosis of cervical cancer, medium level of attitudes among women is an important barrier in preventing and decreasing deaths caused by cervical cancer.

Anahtar Kelimeler

cervical cancer, pap smear, early diagnosis, attitudes

Kaynakça

• 1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68:394-424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492.
• 2. World Health Organization. Cervical cancer. http://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis-screening/cervical-cancer/en/. Accessed 12 February 2020.
• 3. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2018. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/fact-sheets-populations. Accessed 10 February 2020.
• 4. Bora Basara B, Soytutan Caglar I, Aygun A, Ozdemir TA, et al. Health Statistics Yearbook 2017. Birinci S, Ulgu M, Eds. Ankara: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, 2017. p.40. https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/30148,ingilizcesiydijiv1pdf.pdf?0. Accessed 23 January 2020.
• 5. Gultekin M, Boztas G, Utku ES, Kavak Ergun A, et al. Turkey Cancer Statistics 2016. Sencan I, Ince GN, Eds. Ankara: Public Health Agency of Turkey, 2018. p.41-44. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/istatistik/Trkiye_Kanser_statistikleri_2016.pdf . Accessed 23 January 2020.
• 6. Castle PE, Fetterman B. Five-year experience of human papillomavirus DNA and papanicolaou test cotesting. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113(3):595-600. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181996ffa.
• 7. Gumuş AB, Cam O. Relationships between early diagnosis attitudes in cervical cancer of women and levels of self-esteem, body perception and hopelessness. Nobel Med 2011;7(3):46-52.
• 8. Yazıcıoglu Y, Erdogan S. SPSS Applied Scientific Research Methods. Ankara: Detay Publishing; 2014. p. 67-84.
• 9. Özmen D. Developing a scale to examine attitudes toward early diagnosis of cervical cancer by using Health Belief Model as a theoretical framework (Master dissertation). Izmir: Ege University; 2004.
• 10. IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention. Cervix Cancer Screening: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer. Preventive Strategies. Lyon: IARC. (http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/prev/handbook10/index.php. Accessed 22 February 2020).
• 11. Gakidou E, Nordhagen S, Obermeyer Z. Coverage of cervical cancer screening in 57 countries: Low average levels and large inequalities. PLoS Med 2008;5(6):e132. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050132.
• 12. Byrd TL, Peterson SK, Chavez R, Heckert A. Cervical cancer screening beliefs among young Hispanic women. Prev Med 2004;38(2):192-197. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.017.
• 13. Nguyen TT, McPhee SJ, Nguyen T, Lam T, Mock J. Predictors of cervical Pap Smear screening awareness, intention, and receipt among Vietnamese-American women. Am J Prev Med 2002;23(3):207-214. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00499-3.
• 14. Juon HS, Seung-Lee C, Klassen AC. Predictors of regular Pap Smear’s among Korean-American women. Prev Med 2003;37(1):585-592. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.006.
• 15. Sirowich BE, Woloshin S, Schwartz LM. Screening for cervical cancer: will women accept less? Am J Med 2005;118(2):151-158. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.08.021.
• 16. Kesic V, Markovic M, Matejic B, Topic L. Awareness of cervical cancer screening among women in Serbia. Gynecol Oncol 2005;99(1):222-225. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.07.092.
• 17. Akyuz A, Guvenc G, Yavan T, Cetinturk A, Kok G. Evaluation of the pap smear test status of women and of the factors affecting this status. Gülhane Medical Journal 2006;48:25-9.
• 18. Esin MN, Bulduk S, Ardıc A. Beliefs about cervical cancer screening among Turkish married women. J Cancer Educ 2011;26(3):510-5. doi:10.1007/s13187-011-0198-y
• 19. Bal MD. Evaluation of women having pap smear test by health belief model scale. MUSBED 2014;4(3):133-138. doi: 10.5455/musbed.20140711031132
• 20. Isik O, Celik M, Keten, HS, Dalgacı AF, Yıldırım F. Determination of knowledge, attitude, and behaviors of female physicians about Pap smear test. Cukurova Med J 2016;41(2):291-8. https://doi.org/10.17826/cutf.208422
• 21. Ozcam H, Cimen G, Uzuncakmak C, Aydin S, Ozcan T, Boran B. Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of female health workers about breast cancer, cervical cancer, and routine screening tests. Istanbul Medical Journal 2014;15(3):154-60. doi: 10.5152/imj.2014.86548
• 22. Yücel Ü. Evaluating the effectiveness of training given to women concerning the risk factors of and prevention from the cervical cancer (Master dissertation). İzmir: Ege University; 2006.
• 23. Demirhindi H, Nazlican E, Akbaba M. Cervical cancer screening in Turkey: A community-based experience after 60 years of Pap smear usage. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;13(12):6497-500. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.12.6497
• 24. Ashtarian H, Mirzabeigi E, Mahmoodi E, Khezeli M. Knowledge about cervical cancer and pap smear and the factors ınfluencing the pap test screening among women. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery 2017;5(2):188-95. PMID: 28409172
• 25. Karimy M, Shamsi M, Araban M, Gholamnıa Z, Kasmai P. Pap smear test structures for measuring health belief model and factors affecting women in urban centers covered zarandieh. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2012;6(3):52-9.
• 26. Rezaie-Chamani S, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Kamalifard M. Knowledge, attitudes and practice about pap smear among women reffering to a public hospital. J Family Reprod Health 2012;6(4):177-182.
• 27. Aswathy S, Quereshi MA, Kurian B, Leelamoni K. Cervical cancer screening: Current knowledge & practice among women in a rural population of Kerala, India. Indian J Med Res 2012;136(2):205-210. PMID: 22960886
• 28. Ranabhat S, Tiwari M, Dhungana G, Shrestha R. Association of knowledge, attitude and demographic variables with cervical pap smear practice in Nepal. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15(20):8905-8910.
• 29. Abedian Z, Dormohamadi M. Investigating awareness, attitude and practice of women who referred to Health Centers of Mashhad City toward pap smear in 2009. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2013;15:22-28.
• 30. Asgharnia M, Mirbolouk F, Oudi M, Shakiba M, GhaforiPoor B. Frequency of pap smears test and attitude about ıt among postpartum women referred to Alzahra Hospital in Rasht (2009). Health J Ardabil 2010;1(1):57-65.
• 31. Yakhforushha A, Solhi M, Ebadif Fard Azar F. Effects of education via health belief model on knowledge and attitude of voluntary health workers regarding pap smear in urban centers of Qazvin. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery 2008;18(63):25-30.
• 32. Nssem MB, Amal IBH. The knowledge attitude and practice of pap smear among local school teacher in the sharjah district. Middle East J Fam Med 2004;4(4):10-8.