Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 121 - 131, 30.08.2022
Şükriye Yeşilot
,
Mehmet Kaya Özer
,
Fatih Gültekin
,
Meral Öncü
,
İbrahim Aydın Candan
,
Birsen Harun Dağdeviren
,
Ekrem Çiçek
Destekleyen Kurum
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimi t
Kaynakça
- 1. Aşıcı N, Oturak G, Ekerbiçer H. Geçmişten Günümüze Yüksek Fruktozlu Mısır Şurubu ve Sağlık Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi. 2020; 10(Özel Sayı): 57-68.
- 2. Parker K, Salas M, Nwosu VC. High fructose corn syrup: production, uses and public health concerns. Biotechnol Mol Biol Rev. 2010:5(5):71–78
- 3. Pepin A, Stanhope KL, Imbeult P. Are Fruit Juices Healthier Th an Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11(5):1006.
- 4. Ventura EE, Davis JN, Goran MI. Sugar content of popular sweetened beverages based on objective laboratory analysis: focus on fructose content. Obesity. 2011, 19, 868–874
- 5. Hühnerfuss H. Carbohydrate-Modifying Biocatalysts. Chapter-Basics in Carbohydrate Chemistry 1st Edition. Jenny Stanford Publishing. 2012. eBook ISBN9780429067396
- 6. Korkmaz A. Fructose; a Hidden Threat for Chronic Diseases. TAF Prev Med Bull 2008; 7(4):343-346
- 7. Arslan S, Şanlıer N. Fruktoz ve sağlık. Mersin Univ Saglık Bilim derg. 2016; 9(3): 150-158.
- 8. Kanazawa J, Kakisaka K, Suzuki Y, Yonezawa T, Abe H, Wang T, Takikawa Y. Excess fructose enhances oleatic cytotoxicity via reactive oxygen species production and causes necroptosis in hepatocytes, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2022; 107,109052.
- 9. White J, Hobbs L. & Fernandez S. Fructose content and composition of commercial HFCS-sweetened carbonated beverages. Int J Obes 2015;.39, 176–182
- 10. G Ang BR, Yu GF. Th e Role of Fructose in Type 2 Diabetes and Other Metabolic Diseases. J Nutr Food Sci 2018;8(1):1-4.
- 11. Hu FB, Malik VS. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Epidemiologic evidence. Physiol. Behav. 2010; 100(1): 47–54.
- 12. Teff KL, Grudziak J, Townsend RR, Dunn TN, Grant RW, et al. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming fructose and glucose- sweetened beverages with meals in obese men and women: influence of insulin resistance on plasma triglyceride responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94: 1562-1569. 19.
- 13. Tappy L, Egli L, Lecoultre V, Schneider P. Effects of fructose-containing caloric sweeteners on resting energy expenditure and energy efficiency: a review of human trials. Nutr Metab 2013; 10: 54.
- 14. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549028 (Access Date: 01.07.2022).
- 15. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/high-fructose-corn-syrup-questions-and-answers (Access Date: 01.07.2022).
- 16. Yan S, Yang H, Lee H, Yin M. Protective effects of maslinic acid against alcohol-induced acute liver injury in mice, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2014;74:149-155.
- 17. Zhang D-M, Jiao R-Q, Kong L-D. High Dietary Fructose: Direct or Indirect Dangerous Factors Disturbing Tissue and Organ Functions. Nutrients. 2017; 9(4):335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040335
- 18. Das UN. Sucrose, fructose, glucose, and their link to metabolic syndrome and cancer. Nutrition 2015, 31, 249–257.
- 19. de Piano A, Estadella D, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, Dâmaso AR, et al. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), a Manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome: New Perspectives on the Nutritional Therapy. Endocrinol Metab Synd 2014; 3: 135. doi:10.4172/2161-1017.1000135
- 20. Pehlivan FE. Vitamin C: An Antioxidant agent. Edited by Hamza AH. IntechOpen. Rijeka, Croatia, 2017, chapter 2, 23-35, online ISBN 978-953-51-3422-0
- 21. Ali SS, Ahsan H, Zia MK, Siddiqui T, Khan FH. Understanding oxidants and antioxidants: Classical team with new players. J Food Biochem. 2020; 44:e13145. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13145
- 22. Kara Y, Kumbul DD, Kulac E, Gultekin F. Acetylsalicylic acid and ascorbic acid combination improves cognition; Via antioxidant effect or increased expression of NMDARs and nAChRs?, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2014;37(3),916-927, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.02.019.
- 23. Awtry EH, Loscalzo J, Aspirin. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1206–1208.
- 24. Arroyave-Ospina JC, Wu Z, Geng Y, Moshage H. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Implications for Prevention and Therapy. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020174
- 25. Yesilot S, Ozer MK, Bayram D, Oncu M, Karabacak HI, Cicek E. Effects of Aspirin and Nimesulide on tissue damage in diabetic rats. Cytokine 2010; 52(3) 163-167.
- 26. Shi X, Ding M, Dong Z. et al. Antioxidant properties of aspirin: Characterization of the ability of aspirin to inhibit silica-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NF-κB activation, and TNF-α production. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999;199, 93–102 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006934612368
- 27. Savran M, Cicek E, Doguc DK, et al. Vitamin C attenuates methotrexate-induced oxidative stress in kidney and liver of rats. Physiol Int. 2017; 29:1–11.
- 28. Santos--Sánchez, N.F.; Salas-Coronado, R.; Villanueva-Cañongo, C.; Hernández-Carlos, B. Antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant mechanism. In Antioxidants; Shalaby, E., Ed.; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2019; 1–28.
- 29. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Nada SA, Arbid MS. Ochratoxicosis: prevention of developmental toxicity by L-methionine in rats. J Appl Toxicol. 1999;19:7–12. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1263.
- 30. Refaiy A, Muhammad E, ElGanainy EO. Semiquantitative smoothelin expression in detection of muscle invasion in transurethral resection and cystectomy specimens in cases of urinary bladder carcinoma. African J Urol. 2011: 17(1);6-10
- 31. Akar F. Şeker ve Hazır Gıdalara Eklenen Früktozun Toplum Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Türk Farmakoloji Derneği Bülteni.2011;108:16-18.
- 32. Tappy L, Le KA, Tran C, Paquot N. Fructose and metabolic diseases: New findings, new questions. Nutrition 2010; 26(11-12): 1044–1049.
- 33. Hannou SA, Haslam DE, McKeown NM, and Herman MA. Fructose metabolism and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(2):545-555. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI96702.
- 34. Herman MA, Birnbaum MJ. Molecular aspects of fructose metabolism and metabolic disease, Cell Metabolism. 2021;33(12):2329-2354.
- 35. Ginter E, Bobek P, Jurcovicova M: Role of ascorbic acid in lipid metabolism. In: Ascorbic acid, chemistry, metabolism and uses. Edited by: Seith PA, Toblert, BM. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC; 1982: 381-393
- 36. Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR. Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, beta carotene, and other carotenoids. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992;669:7-20.
- 37. Chambial S, Dwivedi S, Shukla KK et al. Vitamin C in Disease Prevention and Cure: An Overview. Ind J Clin Biochem (2013); 28, 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3
- 38. Diehl AM, Poordad F. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 7th ed, Volume 2, Philadelphia: Saunders, 2002:1393-1401.
- 39. Torkadi PP, Apte IC & Bhute AK. Biochemical Evaluation of Patients of Alcoholic Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Liver Disease. Ind J Clin Biochem (2014); 29, 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0310-7
- 40. Manco M. Insulin Resistance and NAFLD: A Dangerous Liaison beyond the Genetics. Children. 2017; 4(8):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4080074
- 41. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli Labate AM, Bianchi G, Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ, Forlani G, Melchionda N. Associaton of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. The American Journal of Medicine, 1999;107(5):450-455.
- 42. Okumara H, Ichikawa T, Obayashi K, Aramaki T. Studies on aspirin induced hepatic injury. Rec Adv Gastroenterol 1967; 3: 223.
- 43. Nseir W, Nassar F, Assy N. Soft drinks consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease World. J. Gastroenterol. 2010; 16(21): 2579-2588
- 44. Akar F, Uludag O, Aydın A, Aytekin Y A, Elbeg S, Tuzcu M, Sahin K. High-fructose corn syrup causes vascular dysfunction associated with metabolic disturbance in rats: Protective effect of resveratrol. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2012; 50(6) 2135–2141.
- 45. Watt MJ, Miotto PM, De Nardo W, Montgomery MK. The Liver as an Endocrine Organ—Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance, Endocrine Reviews (2019);40(5),1367–1393, https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2019-00034
- 46. Mager DR, Iñiguez IR, Gilmour S, and Yap J. The Effect of a Low Fructose and Low Glycemic Index/ Load (FRAGILE) Dietary Intervention on Indices of Liver Function, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2013; 37:10. DOI: 10.1177/0148607113501201
- 47. Softic S, Stanhope KL, Boucher J, Divanovic S, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ. & Kahn CR. Fructose and hepatic insulin resistance, Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences (2020);57:5, 308-322, DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1711360
- 48. Schwabe RF and Brenner DA. Mechanisms of Liver Injury. I. TNF-α-induced liver injury: role of IKK, JNK, and ROS pathways. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2006 290:4, G583-G589
- 49. Tilg H, Diehl AM. Cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1467-1476.
- 50. Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98: 2485-2490.
- 51. Frei B, Stocker R, England L, Ames BN. Ascorbate: the most effective antioxidant in human blood plasma. Av Exp Med Biol. 1990; 264:155-163.
- 52. Amin HM and Youssef MA. Immunological, Hematological and Biochemical Effects of Aspirin in Low and High Doses in Male Albino Rats. Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med, 2020;7(11):6700-6713.
- 53. Castro MC, Massa ML, Arbeláez LG, Schinella G, Gagliardino JJ, Francini F. Fructose-induced inflammation, insulin resistance and oxidative stress: A liver pathological triad effectively disrupted by lipoic acid, Life Sciences (2015),137,1-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.010.
- 54. Pekmezci S. Akut Pankreatitte Yaklaşım ve Tedavi C.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri Hepato-Bilier Sistem ve Pankreas Hastalıkları Sempozyum Dizisi No: 28 • Ocak 2002; s. 239-262.
- 55. Paloyan D, Simonowizt D. Diagnostic considerations in acute alcoholic and gallstone pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1976; 132(3): 329-331.
- 56. Sadowski DC, Todd JK, Sutherland LR. Biochemical models as early predictors of the etiology of acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38(4): 637-643.
- 57. Mollaoğlu H, Yılmaz H. R, Gökalp O, Altuntaş İ. Methidathion’un Pankreas Üzerine Etkileri: Vitamin E ve C’nin Rolü. Van Tıp Dergisi.2003;10 (4):98-100.
- 58. Pasko P, Barton H, Zagrodzki P et al. Effect of Diet Supplemented with Quinoa Seeds on Oxidative Status in Plasma and Selected Tissues of High Fructose-Fed Rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr (2010),65, 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-010-0164-6
- 59. Feldstein AE, Werneburg NW, Canbay A, et al. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF‐α expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology, (2004): 40, 185-194.
- 60. Özkan H, Kutlu T, Yakın A, Özsoy ŞY. Molecular, biochemical and histopathological effects of long term low and high percentage fructose consumption on liver in rats. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2022; 0-0. doi:10.33988/auvfd.855124
- 61. Ozkan H, Yakan A. Dietary high calories from sunflower oil, sucrose and fructose sources alters lipogenic genes expression levels in liver and skeletal muscle in rats. Ann Hepatol. 2019;18(5):715-724. doi: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.03.013. Epub 2019 Jun 11. PMID: 31204236.
- 62. Van Geenen E-JM, Smits SMM, Schreuder TCMA, van der Peet DL, Bloemena E. and Mulder CJJ. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Related to Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease. Pancreas 2010;39(8): 1185-1190
- 63. Ou H-Y, Wang C-Y, Yang Y-C, Chen M-F, Chang C-J. The Association between Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease and Diabetes. PLOS ONE 2013;8(5):e62561.
- 64. Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Marchesini G, Angulo P, Loria P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A precursor of the metabolic syndrome, Digestive and Liver Disease, 2015;47(3):181-190.
An experimental study to investigate the impact of Aspirin and Vitamin C therapy on fructose induced hepatic and pancreatic damage
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 121 - 131, 30.08.2022
Şükriye Yeşilot
,
Mehmet Kaya Özer
,
Fatih Gültekin
,
Meral Öncü
,
İbrahim Aydın Candan
,
Birsen Harun Dağdeviren
,
Ekrem Çiçek
Öz
It is assumed that excessive fructose consumption is associated with the risk of developing various diseases, especially metabolic disease. The aims of this study were two fold: 1) Does liver and pancreatic damage occur due to excessive fructose consumption 2) If damage occurs, can we reduce this damage by using (ASA) and Vit. C. The rats were divided randomly into five groups of eight as follows: Group1-control; Group2-corn syrup (Fructose: F; 30% F solution); Group3-F and ASA (F+10 mg/kg/day, ASA, oral); Group4-F and Vit. C (F+200 mg/kg/day, Vit. C, oral); Group5-F, ASA and Vit C (F+A+C -same dose administration, respectively). The rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last application at the end of the 6th week, and their blood serum, liver and pancreas tissues were taken and evaluated histologically and biochemically. It was found that serum cholesterol and AST levels were significantly lower in the F+C and F+A+C groups, and ALT and TG levels were significantly lower in the F+A+C group compared to the F group (p<0.05). ASA and Vit.C significantly decreased TNF-alpha, which is responsible for inflammatory cytokines, and amylase, which is an indicator of pancreatic damage, compared to group F (p<0.05). As a result of histopathological examinations, the protective effects of ASA and Vit. C against the damage and fattening caused by fructose in the liver and pancreas tissues were observed. The use of antioxidants seems to be an important and promising option in preventing the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease due to excessive fructose consumption and the accompanying diseases.
Kaynakça
- 1. Aşıcı N, Oturak G, Ekerbiçer H. Geçmişten Günümüze Yüksek Fruktozlu Mısır Şurubu ve Sağlık Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi. 2020; 10(Özel Sayı): 57-68.
- 2. Parker K, Salas M, Nwosu VC. High fructose corn syrup: production, uses and public health concerns. Biotechnol Mol Biol Rev. 2010:5(5):71–78
- 3. Pepin A, Stanhope KL, Imbeult P. Are Fruit Juices Healthier Th an Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11(5):1006.
- 4. Ventura EE, Davis JN, Goran MI. Sugar content of popular sweetened beverages based on objective laboratory analysis: focus on fructose content. Obesity. 2011, 19, 868–874
- 5. Hühnerfuss H. Carbohydrate-Modifying Biocatalysts. Chapter-Basics in Carbohydrate Chemistry 1st Edition. Jenny Stanford Publishing. 2012. eBook ISBN9780429067396
- 6. Korkmaz A. Fructose; a Hidden Threat for Chronic Diseases. TAF Prev Med Bull 2008; 7(4):343-346
- 7. Arslan S, Şanlıer N. Fruktoz ve sağlık. Mersin Univ Saglık Bilim derg. 2016; 9(3): 150-158.
- 8. Kanazawa J, Kakisaka K, Suzuki Y, Yonezawa T, Abe H, Wang T, Takikawa Y. Excess fructose enhances oleatic cytotoxicity via reactive oxygen species production and causes necroptosis in hepatocytes, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2022; 107,109052.
- 9. White J, Hobbs L. & Fernandez S. Fructose content and composition of commercial HFCS-sweetened carbonated beverages. Int J Obes 2015;.39, 176–182
- 10. G Ang BR, Yu GF. Th e Role of Fructose in Type 2 Diabetes and Other Metabolic Diseases. J Nutr Food Sci 2018;8(1):1-4.
- 11. Hu FB, Malik VS. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Epidemiologic evidence. Physiol. Behav. 2010; 100(1): 47–54.
- 12. Teff KL, Grudziak J, Townsend RR, Dunn TN, Grant RW, et al. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming fructose and glucose- sweetened beverages with meals in obese men and women: influence of insulin resistance on plasma triglyceride responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94: 1562-1569. 19.
- 13. Tappy L, Egli L, Lecoultre V, Schneider P. Effects of fructose-containing caloric sweeteners on resting energy expenditure and energy efficiency: a review of human trials. Nutr Metab 2013; 10: 54.
- 14. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549028 (Access Date: 01.07.2022).
- 15. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/high-fructose-corn-syrup-questions-and-answers (Access Date: 01.07.2022).
- 16. Yan S, Yang H, Lee H, Yin M. Protective effects of maslinic acid against alcohol-induced acute liver injury in mice, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2014;74:149-155.
- 17. Zhang D-M, Jiao R-Q, Kong L-D. High Dietary Fructose: Direct or Indirect Dangerous Factors Disturbing Tissue and Organ Functions. Nutrients. 2017; 9(4):335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040335
- 18. Das UN. Sucrose, fructose, glucose, and their link to metabolic syndrome and cancer. Nutrition 2015, 31, 249–257.
- 19. de Piano A, Estadella D, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, Dâmaso AR, et al. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), a Manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome: New Perspectives on the Nutritional Therapy. Endocrinol Metab Synd 2014; 3: 135. doi:10.4172/2161-1017.1000135
- 20. Pehlivan FE. Vitamin C: An Antioxidant agent. Edited by Hamza AH. IntechOpen. Rijeka, Croatia, 2017, chapter 2, 23-35, online ISBN 978-953-51-3422-0
- 21. Ali SS, Ahsan H, Zia MK, Siddiqui T, Khan FH. Understanding oxidants and antioxidants: Classical team with new players. J Food Biochem. 2020; 44:e13145. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13145
- 22. Kara Y, Kumbul DD, Kulac E, Gultekin F. Acetylsalicylic acid and ascorbic acid combination improves cognition; Via antioxidant effect or increased expression of NMDARs and nAChRs?, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2014;37(3),916-927, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.02.019.
- 23. Awtry EH, Loscalzo J, Aspirin. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1206–1208.
- 24. Arroyave-Ospina JC, Wu Z, Geng Y, Moshage H. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Implications for Prevention and Therapy. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020174
- 25. Yesilot S, Ozer MK, Bayram D, Oncu M, Karabacak HI, Cicek E. Effects of Aspirin and Nimesulide on tissue damage in diabetic rats. Cytokine 2010; 52(3) 163-167.
- 26. Shi X, Ding M, Dong Z. et al. Antioxidant properties of aspirin: Characterization of the ability of aspirin to inhibit silica-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NF-κB activation, and TNF-α production. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999;199, 93–102 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006934612368
- 27. Savran M, Cicek E, Doguc DK, et al. Vitamin C attenuates methotrexate-induced oxidative stress in kidney and liver of rats. Physiol Int. 2017; 29:1–11.
- 28. Santos--Sánchez, N.F.; Salas-Coronado, R.; Villanueva-Cañongo, C.; Hernández-Carlos, B. Antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant mechanism. In Antioxidants; Shalaby, E., Ed.; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2019; 1–28.
- 29. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Nada SA, Arbid MS. Ochratoxicosis: prevention of developmental toxicity by L-methionine in rats. J Appl Toxicol. 1999;19:7–12. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1263.
- 30. Refaiy A, Muhammad E, ElGanainy EO. Semiquantitative smoothelin expression in detection of muscle invasion in transurethral resection and cystectomy specimens in cases of urinary bladder carcinoma. African J Urol. 2011: 17(1);6-10
- 31. Akar F. Şeker ve Hazır Gıdalara Eklenen Früktozun Toplum Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Türk Farmakoloji Derneği Bülteni.2011;108:16-18.
- 32. Tappy L, Le KA, Tran C, Paquot N. Fructose and metabolic diseases: New findings, new questions. Nutrition 2010; 26(11-12): 1044–1049.
- 33. Hannou SA, Haslam DE, McKeown NM, and Herman MA. Fructose metabolism and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(2):545-555. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI96702.
- 34. Herman MA, Birnbaum MJ. Molecular aspects of fructose metabolism and metabolic disease, Cell Metabolism. 2021;33(12):2329-2354.
- 35. Ginter E, Bobek P, Jurcovicova M: Role of ascorbic acid in lipid metabolism. In: Ascorbic acid, chemistry, metabolism and uses. Edited by: Seith PA, Toblert, BM. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC; 1982: 381-393
- 36. Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR. Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, beta carotene, and other carotenoids. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992;669:7-20.
- 37. Chambial S, Dwivedi S, Shukla KK et al. Vitamin C in Disease Prevention and Cure: An Overview. Ind J Clin Biochem (2013); 28, 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3
- 38. Diehl AM, Poordad F. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 7th ed, Volume 2, Philadelphia: Saunders, 2002:1393-1401.
- 39. Torkadi PP, Apte IC & Bhute AK. Biochemical Evaluation of Patients of Alcoholic Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Liver Disease. Ind J Clin Biochem (2014); 29, 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0310-7
- 40. Manco M. Insulin Resistance and NAFLD: A Dangerous Liaison beyond the Genetics. Children. 2017; 4(8):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4080074
- 41. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli Labate AM, Bianchi G, Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ, Forlani G, Melchionda N. Associaton of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. The American Journal of Medicine, 1999;107(5):450-455.
- 42. Okumara H, Ichikawa T, Obayashi K, Aramaki T. Studies on aspirin induced hepatic injury. Rec Adv Gastroenterol 1967; 3: 223.
- 43. Nseir W, Nassar F, Assy N. Soft drinks consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease World. J. Gastroenterol. 2010; 16(21): 2579-2588
- 44. Akar F, Uludag O, Aydın A, Aytekin Y A, Elbeg S, Tuzcu M, Sahin K. High-fructose corn syrup causes vascular dysfunction associated with metabolic disturbance in rats: Protective effect of resveratrol. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2012; 50(6) 2135–2141.
- 45. Watt MJ, Miotto PM, De Nardo W, Montgomery MK. The Liver as an Endocrine Organ—Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance, Endocrine Reviews (2019);40(5),1367–1393, https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2019-00034
- 46. Mager DR, Iñiguez IR, Gilmour S, and Yap J. The Effect of a Low Fructose and Low Glycemic Index/ Load (FRAGILE) Dietary Intervention on Indices of Liver Function, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2013; 37:10. DOI: 10.1177/0148607113501201
- 47. Softic S, Stanhope KL, Boucher J, Divanovic S, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ. & Kahn CR. Fructose and hepatic insulin resistance, Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences (2020);57:5, 308-322, DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1711360
- 48. Schwabe RF and Brenner DA. Mechanisms of Liver Injury. I. TNF-α-induced liver injury: role of IKK, JNK, and ROS pathways. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2006 290:4, G583-G589
- 49. Tilg H, Diehl AM. Cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1467-1476.
- 50. Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98: 2485-2490.
- 51. Frei B, Stocker R, England L, Ames BN. Ascorbate: the most effective antioxidant in human blood plasma. Av Exp Med Biol. 1990; 264:155-163.
- 52. Amin HM and Youssef MA. Immunological, Hematological and Biochemical Effects of Aspirin in Low and High Doses in Male Albino Rats. Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med, 2020;7(11):6700-6713.
- 53. Castro MC, Massa ML, Arbeláez LG, Schinella G, Gagliardino JJ, Francini F. Fructose-induced inflammation, insulin resistance and oxidative stress: A liver pathological triad effectively disrupted by lipoic acid, Life Sciences (2015),137,1-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.010.
- 54. Pekmezci S. Akut Pankreatitte Yaklaşım ve Tedavi C.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri Hepato-Bilier Sistem ve Pankreas Hastalıkları Sempozyum Dizisi No: 28 • Ocak 2002; s. 239-262.
- 55. Paloyan D, Simonowizt D. Diagnostic considerations in acute alcoholic and gallstone pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1976; 132(3): 329-331.
- 56. Sadowski DC, Todd JK, Sutherland LR. Biochemical models as early predictors of the etiology of acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38(4): 637-643.
- 57. Mollaoğlu H, Yılmaz H. R, Gökalp O, Altuntaş İ. Methidathion’un Pankreas Üzerine Etkileri: Vitamin E ve C’nin Rolü. Van Tıp Dergisi.2003;10 (4):98-100.
- 58. Pasko P, Barton H, Zagrodzki P et al. Effect of Diet Supplemented with Quinoa Seeds on Oxidative Status in Plasma and Selected Tissues of High Fructose-Fed Rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr (2010),65, 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-010-0164-6
- 59. Feldstein AE, Werneburg NW, Canbay A, et al. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF‐α expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology, (2004): 40, 185-194.
- 60. Özkan H, Kutlu T, Yakın A, Özsoy ŞY. Molecular, biochemical and histopathological effects of long term low and high percentage fructose consumption on liver in rats. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2022; 0-0. doi:10.33988/auvfd.855124
- 61. Ozkan H, Yakan A. Dietary high calories from sunflower oil, sucrose and fructose sources alters lipogenic genes expression levels in liver and skeletal muscle in rats. Ann Hepatol. 2019;18(5):715-724. doi: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.03.013. Epub 2019 Jun 11. PMID: 31204236.
- 62. Van Geenen E-JM, Smits SMM, Schreuder TCMA, van der Peet DL, Bloemena E. and Mulder CJJ. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Related to Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease. Pancreas 2010;39(8): 1185-1190
- 63. Ou H-Y, Wang C-Y, Yang Y-C, Chen M-F, Chang C-J. The Association between Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease and Diabetes. PLOS ONE 2013;8(5):e62561.
- 64. Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Marchesini G, Angulo P, Loria P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A precursor of the metabolic syndrome, Digestive and Liver Disease, 2015;47(3):181-190.