Preparation and characterization of various column-filling materials in order to optimize 68Ge-68Ga generator column

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 15 - 24, 12.07.2024

Elif Ekebaş Okan Oktar Eren Çantay Ece Ergun Nur Banu Öztaş Büşra Aydın Özlem Abay

Öz

In order to obtain ready-to-use 68Ga in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) applications, the 68Ge/68Ga generator system is an ideal source and allows PET imaging in centers without cyclotrons. Radiochemical separation of Ge (mother) and Ga (daughter) radionuclide though commercial generators is carried out with columns consisted of inorganic metal oxides. In this study, commercially available tin dioxide (SnO2), laboratory-synthesized SnO2, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zeolite as a column filling material in 68Ge/68Ga generators were used. The sorption behavior of column-filling materials as adsorbent was investigated without the use of radioactive materials. All elements, especially Ge and Ga for representing 68Ge/68Ga generator system, were performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, since these column-filling materials used in the thesis will be exposed to radiation during the shelf life of the 68Ge/68Ga generator, their radiation stability were investigated. Structural characterization studies were performed with, Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). In order to calculate surface area and pore sizes, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method were used. The promising results obtained in this study, calcined at 900 °C Kw_SnO2 would be prepared and evaluated of pilot 68Ge/68Ga generators.

Anahtar Kelimeler

radionuclide, 68Ge/68Ga Generator, metal oxide, adsorption, Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Destekleyen Kurum

Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu

Kaynakça

• Bao, B. & Song, M.(1996). A new 68Ge/68Ga generator based on CeO2. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 213, p. 233–238 https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02163569.
• Romero, E. & Morcillo, M. A.( 2017). Inorganic oxides with potential application in the preparation of a 68Ge/68Ga generator system. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 119, pp. 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apradiso.2016.10.014.
• Rösch, F.(2013). 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals: Current status and future. s.l.:Johannes Gutenberg University. https://humanhealth.iaea.org/HHW/NuclearMedicine/ Conferences/IPET2015/Presentations/Tuesday/07_ Parallel_Session_1b/03_Roesch.pdf.
• Romero, E. et al.(2020). Development and long-term evaluation of a new 68Ge/68Ga generator based on nano-SnO2 for PET imaging. Scientific Reports. 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69659-8.
• Saha, G. B.(2010). Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy. New York: Springer. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5860-0.
• Ondrák Fialová, K. et al.(2023). Preparation and Surface Characterization of Cerium Dioxide for Separation of 68Ge/68Ga and Other Medicinal Radionuclides. Materials, Volume 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ma16051758.
• Neirinckx, R. D., Layne, W. W., Sawan, S. P. & Davis, M. A., (1982). Development of an ionic germanium 68 gallium 68 generator III.chelate resins as chromatographic substrates for germanium. International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 33 (4), pp. 259-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-708X(82)90024-2.
• Aardaneh, K. & van der Walt, T. N. (2006). Ga2O for target, solvent extraction for radiochemical separation and SnO2for the preparation of a68Ge/68Ga generator. ,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 268 (1), pp. 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10967-006-0118-5.
• Rösch, F. (2012). Past, present and future of 68Ge/68Ga generators. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 76, pp. 24-30. 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.10.012.
• IAEA, (2019). Gallium-68 Cyclotron Production, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEATECDOC- 1863 ¦ 978-92-0-100819-0.
• Chakravarty , R.(2011). s.l.:Doctoral Dissertation, Homi Bhabha National Institute.
• Chakravarty, R. et al. (2016). Mechanochemical Synthesis of Mesoporous Tin Oxide: A New Generation Nanosorbent for 68Ge/68Ga Generator Technology. Dalton Transaction, pp. 45 13361-13372. https://doi. org/10.1039/C6DT01921H.
• Ekebas Cavdar E.(2022). Ge-Ga Jeneratöründe Kullanilacak Olan Çeşitli Kolon Dolgu Malzemelerin Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu Ve Uygulamasi.TENMAK.
• Davies, C. M.,( 2012). Determination Of Distribution Coefficients For Cation Exchange Resin And Optimisation Of Ion Exchange Chromatography For Chromıum Separation For Geological Materials. s.l.:Doctoral Dissertation. The University of Manchester.
• Rzaij, J. M. & Abass, A. M. (2020). Review on TiO2 Thin Film as a Metal Oxide Gas Sensor. Journal of Chemical Reviews. 2, pp. 114-121. https://doi.org/10.33945/ SAMI/JCR.2020.2.4.
• Karthik, T. V. K., Maldonado, A. & Olvera, M. d. l. L. (2012). Synthesis of tin oxide powders by homogeneous precipitation. Structural and morphological characterization. Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control (CCE), 2012 9th International Conference on. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ICEEE.2012.6421145.
• Çetin, C. E.(2011). Mikrodalga ışınlanması ile çeşitli metal-kükürt yarı iletken nanoparçacıklarının sentezi ve karakterizasyonu. s.l.:Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Bhardwaj, N. & Mohapatra, S. (2015). Fabrication of SnO2 three dimentional complex microcrystal chains by carbothermal reduction method. Advanced Materials Letters. 6 (2), pp. 148-152. https://doi.org/10.5185/ amlett.2015.5681.
• Buwa, S. (2014). Production and Evaluation of a TiO2 based 68Ge/68Ga Generator. s.l., Doctoral Dissertation, University of the Western Cape.
• El-sherbiny, S., Morsy, F. A., Samir, M., & Fouad, O. A. (2014). Synthesis, characterization and application of TiO2 nanopowders as special paper coating pigment. Applied Nanoscience, 305-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13204-013-0196-y.
• Challagulla, S., Tarafder, K., Ganesan, R. & Roy,S.(2017). Structure sensitive photocatalytic reduction of nitroarenes over TiO2. Scientific Reports. 7. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08599-2.