DETERMINATION OF POST-EARTHQUAKE TRAUMA LEVEL AND INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STATUS

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between trauma levels caused by the February 6, 2023, Pazarcık-Elbistan earthquakes and individuals’ physical activity status. It also aims to assess the presence of post-earthquake pain and its relationship with trauma levels. Methods: The data were collected via Google Forms and completed by 388 voluntary participants (299 female, 89 male) aged 18-65 years. In the study, the “Sociodemographic Form” was used to determine the general characteristics, the “Scale for Determining the Level of Post-Earthquake Trauma” (PETLDS) was used to determine the level of trauma, and the “International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form” (IPAQ-SF) was used to determine the physical activity status. Results: A significant difference was found in PETLDS scores based on residence in the earthquake-affected region (p<0.001); individuals in the region had higher scores (57.66±19.87) than those outside (49.00±18.49). Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a weak negative correlation without statistical significance between the “Cognitive Restructuring” subscale and IPAQ-SF scores in individuals from the earthquake zone (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient =-0.18, p=0.042). Additionally, those who experienced post-earthquake pain had higher PETLDS scores than those who did not (p=0.000). Conclusion: This study found a negative relationship between post-earthquake trauma levels and physical activity. While inactive individuals had higher trauma levels, minimally active individuals showed lower trauma levels. These findings suggest that increasing physical activity after an earthquake may be an effective strategy for reducing trauma levels. Further research, education, and project-based initiatives are needed in this field.

Keywords

• Earthquake
• Physical activity
• Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
• Trauma

DEPREM SONRASI TRAVMA DÜZEYİNİN BELİRLENMESİ VE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE DURUMU İLE İLİŞKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı; 06 Şubat 2023’te meydana gelen Pazarcık-Elbistan merkezli depremler sebebiyle kişilerde oluşan travma düzeyinin, kişinin fiziksel aktivite durumu ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Aynı zamanda, kişilerde deprem sonrası ağrı varlığının sorgulanması ve bu durumun travma düzeyi ile ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Yöntem: Veriler çevrimiçi olarak Google formları aracılığıyla toplandı, 18-65 yaş arası 388 gönüllü katılımcı (299 kadın, 89 erkek) çalışmaya dahil edildi. Katılımcıların genel özelliklerini belirlemek için “Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu”, travma düzeyini değerlendirmek için “Deprem Sonrası Travma Düzeyini Belirleme Ölçeği” (DSTDBÖ) ve fiziksel aktivite durumlarını belirlemek için “Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi Kısa Formu” (IPAQ-KF) kullanıldı. Bulgular: Deprem bölgesinde bulunma durumuna göre DSTDBÖ genel puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı fark saptandı (p<0,001). Deprem bölgesinde bulunan 126 kişinin DSTDBÖ genel puan ortalaması 57,66±19,87 iken, bölgede bulunmayan 262 kişinin ortalaması 49,00±18,49 olarak bulundu. Spearman korelasyon analiziyle deprem bölgesinde olan ve olmayan bireylerin IPAQ-KF toplam puanları, DSTDBÖ alt faktör ve toplam puanları arasındaki ilişki incelenmiş olup sadece “Bilişsel Yapılandırma” alt faktörü ile IPAQ-KF toplam puanları arasında anlamlı bir ilişkiyi yansıtmayan negatif zayıf ilişki bulundu (deprem bölgesinde olanlar için Spearman korelasyon katsayı değeri =-0,18, p=0,042). Ve deprem sonrası ağrı yaşayan bireylerin DSTDBÖ puanları, ağrı yaşamayanlardan daha yüksek olarak saptandı (p=0,000). Sonuç: Bu çalışma ile deprem sonrası travma düzeyinin, fiziksel aktivite ile negatif ilişki gösterdiği belirlendi. İnaktif bireyler daha yüksek travma düzeylerine sahipken, minimal aktif bireylerde travma düzeyleri daha düşük bulundu. Bu bulgular, deprem sonrası fiziksel aktivitenin artırılmasının travma düzeylerini azaltmada etkili bir strateji olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu alanda daha fazla araştırma, eğitim ve proje çalışmalarının yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Deprem
• Fiziksel aktivite
• Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon
• Travma

Kaynakça

1. Yilmaz S, Tatliparmak AC, Karakayali O, Turk M, Uras N, Ipek M, et al. February 6th, Kahramanmaraş earthquakes and the disaster management algorithm of adult emergency medicine in Turkey: An experience review. Turk J Emerg Me. 2024;24(2):80-9.
2. Naddaf M. Turkey-Syria earthquake: what scientists know. Nature. 2023;614(7948):398-9.
3. Ni S, Sun H, Somerville P, Yuen DA, Milliner C, Wang H, et al. Complexities of the Turkey-Syria doublet earthquake sequence. Innovation (Camb). 2023;4(3):100431.
4. Sheikhbardsiri H, Yarmohammadian MH, Rezaei F, Maracy MR. Rehabilitation of vulnerable groups in emergencies and disasters: A systematic review. World J Emerg Med. 2017;8(4):253-63.
5. Wang C, Wu J, He X, Ye M, Liu W, Tang R. Emerging Trends and New Developments in Disaster Research after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;16(1):29.
6. Hahn MB, Van Wyck R, Lessard L, Fried R. Compounding Effects of Social Vulnerability and Recurring Natural Disasters on Mental and Physical Health. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(3):1013-21.
7. Saeed SA, Gargano SP. Natural disasters and mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2022;34(1):16-25.
8. Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang W, Feng X. Rapid Estimation of Earthquake Fatalities in Mainland China Based on Physical Simulation and Empirical Statistics-A Case Study of the 2021 Yangbi Earthquake. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(11):6820.

9. Tang W, Xu D, Yang Y, Xu J. Psychotic-like experiences in Chinese children and adolescents: The effect of earthquake exposure, maltreatment and negative life events. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2021;15(3):536-46.
10. Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Sugawara Y, Tsuchiya M, Yoshida S, et al. Musculoskeletal pain in other body sites is associated with new-onset low back pain: a longitudinal study among survivors of the great East Japan earthquake. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):227.
11. Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Sugawara Y, Tsuchiya M, Itaya N, et al. Musculoskeletal pain and new-onset poor physical function in elderly survivors of a natural disaster: a longitudinal study after the great East Japan earthquake. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):274.
12. Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Yabe Y, Sugawara Y, Watanabe T, Kanazawa K, et al. Living status, economic hardship and sleep disturbance were associated with subjective shoulder pain in survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake: A cross sectional study. J Orthop Sci. 2017;22(3):442-6.
13. Silwal S, Chudal R, Dybdahl R, Sillanmäki L, Lien L, Sourander A. Post-traumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents After the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal: A Longitudinal Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022;53(3):430-9.
14. Han YR, Jeong YW, Kim SK, Jeong HS. Changes in the Levels of Stress Perception, Experiencing Depressive Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life of Residents after the 2016 Gyeongju Earthquake. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):540.
15. Zhang W, Ohira T, Yasumura S, Maeda M, Otsuru A, Harigane M, et al. Effects of socioeconomic factors on cardiovascular-related symptoms among residents in Fukushima after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a cross-sectional study using data from the Fukushima Health Management Survey. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e014077.
16. Pistoia F, Conson M, Carolei A, Dema MG, Splendiani A, Curcio G, et al. Post-earthquake Distress and Development of Emotional Expertise in Young Adults. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12:91.
17. Okazaki K, Suzuki K, Sakamoto Y, Sasaki K. Physical activity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents living in an area affected by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami for 3 years. Prev Med Rep. 2015;2:720-4.
18. Nozue M, Nishi N, Tsubota-Utsugi M, Miyoshi M, Yonekura Y, Sakata K, et al. Combined associations of physical activity and dietary intake with health status among survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(3):556-60.
19. Collins M. Sampling. In: Worcester RM, Downham J, eds. Consumer Market Research Handbook. 3rd ed. Maidenhead: Esomar; 1986.
20. Miran B. Temel İstatistik. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi; 2003. s.288.
21. Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Bosnak-Guclu M, Karabulut E, et al. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111(1):278-84.
22. Tanhan F, Kayri M. Deprem sonrası travma düzeyini belirleme ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri. 2013;13(2):1013-25.
23. Pallant J. SPSS survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows. 3rd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2007.
24. Doğan M. Examining the Relationship between Psychological Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth: The Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Religious Coping. International Journal of Theological and Islamic Studies. 2023;65:127-62.
25. Payne ME, Porter Starr KN, Orenduff M, Mulder HS, McDonald SR, Spira AP, et al. Quality of Life and Mental Health in Older Adults with Obesity and Frailty: Associations with a Weight Loss Intervention. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1259-65.
26. Gürsoy Çuhadar S. The Active Aging Approach as a Solution to the Aging Population: Criticisms and Suggestions for a Possible Index for Turkey. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2020;79:361-97.
27. Dadkhah M, Saadat M, Ghorbanpour AM, Moradikor N. Experimental and clinical evidence of physical exercise on BDNF and cognitive function: A comprehensive review from molecular basis to therapy. Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative. 2023;3:100017.
28. Onan D, Younis S, Wellsgatnik WD, Farham F, Andruškevičius S, Abashidze A, et al. Debate: differences and similarities between tension-type headache and migraine. J Headache Pain. 2023;24(1):92.
29. Turkistani A, Shah A, Jose AM, Melo JP, Luenam K, Ananias P, et al. Effectiveness of Manual Therapy and Acupuncture in Tension-Type Headache: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2021;13(8):e17601.
30. Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Sugawara Y, Tsuchiya M, Yoshida S, et al. The 5-Year Course of Neck Pain Among Natural Disaster Survivors: The Association of Prior Neck Pain with New Episodes of Neck Pain. Pain Med. 2022;23(4):635-41.
31. Sogi Y, Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Sugawara Y, Tsuchiya M, et al. Association between continued residence in temporary prefabricated housing and musculoskeletal pain in survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake: a longitudinal study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e030761.
32. Jinnouchi H, Ohira T, Kakihana H, Matsudaira K, Maeda M, Yabe H, et al. Lifestyle factors associated with prevalent and exacerbated musculoskeletal pain after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a cross-sectional study from the Fukushima Health Management Survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):677.
33. Hiscox LV, Sharp TH, Olff M, Seedat S, Halligan SL. Sex-Based Contributors to and Consequences of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2023;25(5):233-45.
34. Kayantaş İ, Özdemir M, Buyrukoğlu E. Examination of Physical Activity Level in Terms of Gender (A Meta-Analysis Study)). Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science. 2022;5(Suppl 1):687-96.
35. Thurston AM, Stöckl H, Ranganathan M. Natural hazards, disasters and violence against women and girls: a global mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(4):e004377.
36. Rahmati M, Lee S, Yon DK, Lee SW, Udeh R, McEvoy M, et al. Physical activity and prevention of mental health complications: An umbrella review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;160:105641.
37. Kandola A, Ashdown-Franks G, Hendrikse J, Sabiston CM, Stubbs B. Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;107:525-39.
38. Herbert C. Enhancing Mental Health, Well-Being and Active Lifestyles of University Students by Means of Physical Activity and Exercise Research Programs. Front Public Health. 2022;10:849093.
39. Schuch FB, Vancampfort D. Physical activity, exercise, and mental disorders: it is time to move on. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2021;43(3):177-84.
40. Mahindru A, Patil P, Agrawal V. Role of Physical Activity on Mental Health and Well-Being: A Review. Cureus. 2023;15(1):e33475.