Bitki Beslenmesi ve Bitki Hastalıkları İlişkisi

Yıl 2023, , 42 - 49, 23.06.2023

Zeliha Küçükyumuk , Ümit Bayındır

https://doi.org/10.55979/tjse.1192093

Öz

Bitki, bitki besin elementleri ve hastalık oluşumuna sebep olan patojenler arasındaki ilişki çok karmaşıktır. Bitki besleme ve bitki hastalıkları arasındaki ilişki çoğunlukla gündeme gelmese de bitki besleme, her zaman bitki hastalıklarının kontrolünde birincil bileşen olmuştur. Bitkilerin yetiştirildiği çoğu toprak ve ortam, bol miktarda hastalık patojeni içerir. Besin elementi eksikliği görülen bitkiler daha az dirençlidir ve çeşitli hastalıklara karşı daha duyarlıdır. Bu bakımdan tüm bitki besin elementleri bitki hastalıklarına etki eder. Bazı bitki besin elementlerinin diğer besin elementlerine göre bitki hastalıkları üzerine doğrudan ve daha fazla etkisi vardır. Bu çalışmada bazı bitki besin elementlerinin (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B) bazı fungal ve bakteriyel hastalıklara karşı gösterdiği direnç ile ilgili çalışmalar derlenmiş, ayrıca bitki hastalıklarına karşı önemli bitki besin maddeleri ve bunların bitki hastalıklarıyla olan ilişkileri incelenmiştir. İyi planlanmış bir gübreleme programı; sağlıklı üretim, optimum verim ve maksimum kazanç için gereklidir. Verim artışı ve hastalıklara direnç göstermede besin elementlerinin varlığı önemlidir. Bitkilerin beslenmesini iyileştirmenin tüm bitki hastalıklarına olmasa da birçok bitki hastalığına karşı yardımcı olacağı söylenebilir. Bunun yanında, çoğu hastalığın şiddeti azaltılabilir ve birçok bitki patojeninin kimyasal, biyolojik veya genetik kontrolü uygun beslenme ile artırılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Besleme ve hastalık ilişkisi, Bitki besleme, Hastalık

The Relationship between Plant Nutrition and Plant Diseases

Öz

The relationship between plant, plant nutrients and disease pathogens is very complex. Plant nutrition has always been the primary component of disease control, although the relationship between plant nutrition and disease is often not on the agenda. Most soils and environments in which plants are grown contain abundant disease pathogens. Plants with nutrient deficiencies are less resistant and more susceptible to diseases. In this respect, all plant nutrients affect plant diseases. Some plant nutrients have a direct and greater effect on plant diseases than other nutrients. In this study, studies on the resistance of some plant nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B) against some fungal and bacterial diseases are given. In addition, important plant nutrients against diseases and relations with diseases were examined. A well-planned fertilization program is essential for healthy production, optimum yield and maximum profit. The presence of nutrients is important in increasing yield and resisting diseases. It can be said that improving the nutrition of plants will help against not all diseases but many of diseases. The severity of most diseases can be reduced, and the chemical, biological, or genetic control of many plant pathogens can be enhanced by appropriate nutrition programme.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nutrient disease relation, Plant nutrition, Disease

Kaynakça

• Adam, A. L., Bestwick, C. S., Barna, B., & Mansfield, J. W. (1995). Enzymes regulating the accumulation of active oxygen species during the hypersensitive reaction of bean to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolicola. Planta, 197, 240-249.
• Adaskaveg, J. E., & Hine, R. B. (1985). Copper tolerance and zinc sensitivity of Mexican strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper. Plant Disease, 69, 993-996.
• Ali, H., Nisha, H. A. C., Hossain, Md. B., & Islam, Md. R. (2016). Evaluation of combined effect of micronutrients (ZnSO4 + Borax) and fungicides to control the purple blotch complex of onion (Allium cepa). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7, 715-723. http://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.75065
• Anonim (2015). Spectrum Analytic. The Relationship between nutrients and other elements to plant diseases. Washington C.H., Ohio.
• Bergmann, W. (1992). Nutritional disorders of plants: developments, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer Verlang Jena, New York.
• Blevins, D. G., & Lukaszweski, K. M. (1998). Boron in plant structure and function. Annual Review of Plant Plant Physiololgy Plant Molecular Biology, 49, 481-500.
• Brennan, R.F. (1992). The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plants to take-all in Western Australia. Fertilizer Research, 31(1), 35-41.
• Campos-Soriano, L., Bundó, M., Bach-Pages, M., Chiang, S.F., Chiou, T.J., & San Segundo, B. (2020). Phosphate excess increases susceptibility to pathogen infection in rice. Molecular Plant Pathology, 21(4), 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12916
• Çakmak, İ. (2000). Tansley Review No. 111 Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species, New Phytologist, 146, 185-205.
• Çakmak, İ., Torun, B., Erenoğlu, B., Kalaycı, M., Yılmaz, A., Ekiz, H., & Braun, H. (1996). Türkiye’de toprak ve bitkilerde çinko eksikliği ve bitkilerin çinko eksikliğine dayanıklılık mekanizmaları. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 20(Special Issue), 13-23.
• Çakmak, Ö., Aysan, Y., & Erdem, H. (2008). Farklı Düzeylerde Çinko Beslenmesi Altındaki Domates Bitkilerinde Bakteriyel Solgunluk Hastalığı Üzerine Bitki Büyüme Düzenleyicilerinin Etkisinin Araştırılması. 1070273 no’lu Tübitak Araştırma Projesi Sonuç Raporu. 49s. Adana.
• Doke, N., Miura, Y., Sanchez, L. M., Park, H-J., Noritake, T., Yoshioka, H., & Kawakita, K. (1996). The oxidative burst protects plants against pathogen attack: Mechanism and role as an emergency signal for plant bio-defence - a review. Gene, 179, 45-51.
• Duffy, B. K., Ownley, B. H., & Weller, D. M. (1997). Soil chemical and physical properties associated with suppression of take-all of wheat by Trichoderma koningii. Phytopathology, 87, 1118-1124.
• Duffy, B. K., Schouten, A., & Raaijmakers, J. M. (2003). Pathogen self-defense: Mechanisms to counteract microbial antagonism. Annual Review Phytopathology, 41, 501-538.
• Duffy, B. K. (2009). Zinc and plant diseases. In Mineral nutrition and plant disease. (pp.155-175)
• Graham, R. D., & Rovira, A. D. (1984). A role for manganese in the resistance of wheat plants to take-all. Plant Soil, 78, 444-446.
• Huber, D. M., & Jones, J. B. (2012). The role of magnesium in plant disease. Plant Soil, 368, 1-20. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1476-0
• Huber, D. M., & Thompson, I. A. (2009). Nitrogen and plant disease. In Mineral nutrition and plant disease. In The American Phytopathological Society. (pp. 55-75)
• Jones, J. B., & Huber, D. M. (2007). Magnesium and plant disease. In Mineral nutrition and plant disease (pp. 95-100)
• Jones, J. B., Stanley, C. D., Csizinszky, A. A., Kovach, S. P., & McGuire, R. G. (1988). K and N fertilization rates influence susceptibility of trickle-irrigated tomato plants to bacterial spot. HortScience, 23, 1013-1015.
• Kacar, B., & Katkat, A. V. (2015). Bitki Besleme. Uludağ Üniversitesi Yayın.
• Kawano, T., Kawano, N., Muto, S., & Lapeyrie, F. (2002). Retardation and inhibition of the cationinduced superoxide generation in BY-2 tobacco cell suspension culture by Zn2+ and Mn2+. Physiologia Plantarum, 114, 395-404. http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140309.x
• Kelman, A., McGuire, R. G., & Tzeng, K. C. (1989). Reducing the severity of bacterial soft rot by increasing the concentration of calcium in potato tubers. In Soilborne plant pathogens: management of diseases with macro and microelements. (pp. 102-123)
• Küçükyumuk, Z., Özgönen Özkaya, H., Erdal, İ., & Eraslan, F. (2014). Effect of zinc and glomus intraradices on control of pythium deliense plant growth parameters and nutrient concentrations of cucumber. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj- Napoca, 42(1), 138-142.
• Marschner, H. (1996). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Second Edition. Academic Press.
• Marschner, H., & Dell, B. (1995). Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Soil, 159, 89-102.
• McGuire, R. G., & Kelman, A. (1986). Calcium in potato tuber cell walls in relation to tissue maceration by Erwinia carotovora pv. atroseptica. Phytopathology, 76, 401-406.
• Mehrotra, R. S., & Claudius, G. R. (1973). Effect of chemical amendments and foliar application on lentil wilt. Plant Soil, 39, 695-698. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00264186
• Perronoud, S. (1977). Potassium and Plant Health. Publ. Int. Potashium Institue, Bonn, Worblaufen, Schweiz.
• Perronoud, S. (1990). Potassium and Plant Health. Publ. Int. Potashium Institue Research Topics. No:3. 2nd ed. Basel, Switzerland.
• Prabhu, A. S., Fageria, N. D., Berni, R. F., & Rodrigues, F. A. (2009a). Phosphorous and plant disease. In Mineral Nutrition and Plant Disease. (pp. 45-55)
• Prabhu, A. S., Fageria, N. K., & Huber, D. M. (2009b). Potassium Nutrition and Plant Diseases. In Mineral Nutrition and Plant Disease. (pp. 57-78)
• Rahman, M., & Punja, Z. K. (2009). Calcium and plant disease. In Mineral nutrition and plant disease. (pp.79-94)
• Reis, E. M., Cook, R. J., & McNeal, B. L. (1982). Effect of mineral nutrition on take-all of wheat. Phytopatology, 72, 224-233.
• Rogan, G. J., Bookout, J. T., Duncan, D. R., Fuchs, R. L., Lavrik, P. B., Love, S. L., Mueth. M., Olson, T., Owens, E. D., Raymond, P. J., & Zalewski, J. (2000). Compositional analysis of tubers from insect and virus resistant potato plants. Journal of Agriculture Food and Chemistry, 48, 5936-5945.
• Sharoubeem, H. H., Naim, M. S., & Habib, A. A. (1967). Combined effect of nitrogen supply and Fusarium infection on the chemical composition of cotton plants. Acta Phytopathoogica et Entomologica Hungarica, 2, 40-48.
• Stangoulis, J., & Graham, R. (2007). Boron and Plant Disease. In Mineral Nutrition and Plant Disease. (pp. 207-214)
• Streeter, T. C., Rengel, Z., Neate, S. M., & Graham, R. D. (2001). Zinc fertilization increases tolerance to Rhizoctonia solani (AG 8) in Medicago truncatula. Plant Soil, 228, 233-242.
• Sugawara, K., Singh, U. P., Kobayashi, K., & Ogoshi, A. (1998). Scanning electron microscopical observation and X-ray microanalysis of Erysiphe pisi infected leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Phytopathology, 146, 223-229.
• Woltz, S. S., & Jones, J. P. (1979). Effects of magnesium on bacterial spot of pepper and tomato and on the in vitro inhibition of Xanthomonas vesicatoria by streptomycin. Plant Disease Reporter, 63, 182-184