Nanopore Teknolojisi: Organik Moleküllerin Tek Moleküler Analizi ve Uygulamaları

Öz

Tek moleküllerin algılanması, kimya, biyoloji, biyokimya, tıp, genetik, mühendislik, malzeme bilimi gibi birçok bilim alanında önemli bir araştırma odağıdır. Nanopore teknolojisi, moleküler boyutlu gözenek vasıtasıyla tek moleküllerin ultra hassasiyetle, hızlı ve uygun bir şekilde algılanmasında kullanılan yeni ve güçlü bir araçtır. Biyolojik nanoporlar iyonların, nükleik asitlerin, DNA'nın, RNA'nın, peptitlerin, proteinlerin, biyomoleküler komplekslerin, ilaçların, polimerlerin, makro moleküllerin ve organik moleküllerin tanımlanması ve ayırt edilmesinde potansiyel sunar. Cep telefonu boyutunda taşınabilir cihazlarla DNA dizilemesi artık laboratuvar dışında da hızlı ve ultra hassasiyetle yapılabilmektedir. Son yıllarda, nanopore teknolojisi; sağlığa ve çevreye zararlı moleküllerin su, toprak ve gıdalarda doğrudan tespit edilmesinde etkili bir yöntem olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu yöntem yüksek hassasiyetli, ucuz, etiketsiz tespit imkânı, gerçek örneklerle çalışılabilme, hızlı ve kolay uygulanabilir yapısıyla alternatif yöntemler arasında öne çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemede, nanopore teknolojinin temelleri, tarihsel gelişimi, uygulama alanları ve organik moleküllerin tek moleküler analizine yönelik güncel çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Biyolojik nanoporlar kullanılarak, günümüzde halk sağlığını ve çevreyi tehdit eden nanoplastikler, PFAS bileşikleri, pestisitler, antibiyotikler ile kolluk kuvvetleri açısından kritik öneme sahip TNT, kokain gibi organik bileşiklerin algılanmasına yönelik araştırma örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Seçilmiş örnekler aracılığıyla biyolojik nanoporların çevre, gıda, tarım, güvenlik, farmakoloji, tıp ve halk sağlığı gibi geniş bir yelpazede uygulama potansiyeli vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyolojik nanopore
• ilaç güvenliği
• nanoplastik
• nanopore teknolojisi
• tek moleküler analiz
• PFAS

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK BİDEP

Proje Numarası

TÜBİTAK BİDEP-1059B192100617

Etik Beyan

Bu derlemede kullanılan tüm referanslar akademik etik ilkelere uygun olarak alıntılanmış ve alıntı kurallarına titizlikle uyulmuştur. Yazar, çalışmanın özgünlüğünü sağlamak için intihal kontrolü yapmıştır. Herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır. Makalenin dilbilimsel düzenlemesi sırasında yapay zekâ destekli araçlar (DeepL AI, Google Translate, Copilot) kullanılmıştır; tüm içerik daha sonra yazar tarafından tam bilimsel ve etik sorumlulukla gözden geçirilmiş ve revize edilmiştir.

Teşekkür

Öznur Ölmez Nalcıoğlu, TÜBİTAK Bilim İnsanı Destekleme Daire Başkanlığınca yürütülmekte olan BİDEP-2219-Yurt Dışı Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Burs Programı kapsamında, “Nanopore teknolojisi ile küçük moleküllerin tek moleküler analizi için etkili konjuge stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi” başlıklı 1059B192100617 numaralı proje ile Güney Carolina Üniversitesi’nde (Güney Carolina, ABD) bir yıl süreyle doktora sonrası araştırma bursu desteği sağlandığı için TÜBİTAK-BİDEP’e teşekkür eder. Biyolojik nanopore alanında yürütülen projede destekleri için Prof. Qian Wang’a (Kimya ve Biyokimya Bölümü, Wang Grup) ve Dr. Chang Liu’ya (Kimya Mühendisliği ve Biyomedikal Mühendislik Programı, Liu Grup) teşekkürlerini sunar.

Nanopore Technology: Single-Molecule Analysis and Applications of Organic Molecules

Öz

Detecting single molecules is a crucial focus across many scientific fields, including chemistry, biology, biochemistry, medicine, genetics, engineering, and materials science. Nanopore technology is a new and powerful tool for identifying individual molecules with ultra-high sensitivity, speed, and affordability via molecular-sized pores. Biological nanopores offer potential for the recognition and differentiation of ions, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, peptides, proteins, biomolecular complexes, drugs, polymers, macromolecules, and organic molecules. DNA sequencing can now be performed quickly and with ultra-high sensitivity outside the laboratory using portable devices roughly the size of a cellphone. Recently, nanopore technology has gained prominence as a valuable method for directly detecting harmful molecules in water, soil, and food that pose health and environmental risks. This method stands out among alternatives for its high sensitivity, low cost, label-free detection, applicability to real samples, and ease of use. This review covers the fundamentals of nanopore technology, its historical development, applications, and current research on single-molecule analysis of organic molecules. Using biological nanopores, research examples focus on detecting organic compounds that pose threats to public health and the environment today, such as nanoplastics, PFAS compounds, pesticides, antibiotics, and critical substances like TNT and cocaine, which are of particular interest to law enforcement. The application potential of biological nanopores in various fields, including the environment, food, agriculture, security, pharmacology, medicine, and public health, has been highlighted through selected examples.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biological nanopore
• drug safety
• nanoplastics
• nanopore technology
• single-molecule analysis
• PFAS

Destekleyen Kurum

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye_TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

TÜBİTAK BİDEP-1059B192100617

Etik Beyan

All references used in this review have been cited in accordance with academic ethical principles, and citation rules have been followed with full attention to detail. The author has conducted a plagiarism check to ensure the work's originality. There is no conflict of interest. During the linguistic editing of the manuscript, AI-supported tools (DeepL AI, Google Translate, Copilot) were utilized; all content was subsequently reviewed and revised by the author with full scientific and ethical responsibility.

Teşekkür

Öznur Ölmez Nalcıoğlu gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK), under the BİDEP-2219 International Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, for the project titled “Development of Effective Conjugation Strategies for Single-Molecule Analysis of Small Molecules via Nanopore Technology” (Project No: 1059B192100617), conducted at the University of South Carolina (South Carolina, USA) for a one-year postdoctoral research period. The author also extends sincere thanks to Prof. Qian Wang (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wang Group) and Dr. Chang Liu (Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Program, Liu Group) for their valuable support in the biological nanopore research project.

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