AN EVALUATION ON THE PILOT ERROR CONCEPT AND AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT

Öz

The aviation industry is developing day by day. The role of technological innovations in the development of the aviation sector is very important. Policies for air transportation operations are also triggering the rapid growth of the sector. Safety in the aviation industry is an indispensable part of transport activities. The primary purpose of the employees involved in carrying out flight operations is to ensure safety. In this context, the value of safety in all units of the aviation sector is considerably high. The aviation sector has gained strong momentum in the last two decades, demonstrated accretion trend in the base of passenger-aircraft-cargo, and accelerated the development of other aviation-related sectors. In this process, decreases in aircraft accidents have been observed with factors such as regulations of aviation authorities and development of aircraft technologies. However, it is possible to say that the rate of decrease in aviation accidents is lower in line with the growth rate of the aviation sector. In line with the data obtained from aviation accidents reports, causes of accidents are investigated and discussed in various dimensions. One of the reasons that attract attention to the public opinion is the pilot error. In this study, the concepts of aviation accident, pilot error, accident causes are examined and the results of the studies are compiled from descriptive point of view. As a result of the research, it was found that the causes of accidents could be embraced under different dimensions at the same time and demographic variables related to pilot error do not have universal characteristics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aviation Accident,Pilot Error,Causes

HAVACILIK KAZASI VE PİLOT HATASI KAVRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Havacılık sektörü her geçen gün gelişme göstermektedir. Havacılık sektörünün gelişiminde teknolojik yeniliklerin rolü oldukça önemlidir. Havayolu taşımacılık faaliyetlerine yönelik politikalar da sektörün hızlı bir şekilde büyümesi üzerinde tetikleyici olmaktadır. Havacılık sektöründe emniyet unsuru taşımacılık faaliyetlerinin vazgeçilmez bir parçasıdır. Uçuş operasyonlarının gerçekleştirilmesinde görevli kişilerin birincil amacı emniyetin sağlanmasıdır. Bu kapsamda havacılık sektörünün tüm birimlerinde emniyetin taşıdığı değer azımsanamayacak derecede yüksektir. Havacılık sektörü son yirmi yılda güçlü bir ivme yakalamış, yolcu, hava aracı, kargo bazında büyüme eğilimleri göstermiş ve havacılık ile ilgili diğer sektörlerin de gelişimini hızlandırmıştır. Bu süreçte havacılık otoritelerinin düzenlemeleri, hava aracı teknolojilerinin gelişimi gibi faktörler ile hava aracı kazalarında azalma gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak havacılık sektörü büyüme hızı doğrultusunda havacılık kazalarındaki azalma oranlarının daha düşük olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Havacılık kazalarına ilişkin raporlardan elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda kaza nedenleri araştırılmakta ve çeşitli boyutlarda ele alınmaktadır. Kamuoyu nezdinde dikkat çekici olan nedenlerden biri de pilot hatasıdır. Bu çalışmada havacılık kazası, pilot hatası, kaza nedenleri irdelenmiş ve konu ile ilgili yapılan araştırma sonuçları derlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda kaza nedenlerinin aynı anda farklı boyutlar altında ele alınabileceği, pilot hatası ile ilgili demografik değişkenlerin evrensel özellik taşımadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Havacılık Kazası,Pilot Hatası,Kaza Nedenleri

Kaynakça

1. Airbus (2018) A Statistical Analysis of Commercial Aviation Accidents 1958-2018, Airbus, file://UStatistical-Analysis-of-Comercial-Aviation-Accidents-1958-2018, Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2019
2. Aviation Safety Network(2020). Accident Database, ASN, https://aviation-safety.net/database, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2020.
3. Baker, S. P., Qiang, Y., Rebok, G. W. & Li, G. (2008). Pilot error in air carrier mishaps: longitudinal trends among 558 reports, 1983-2002. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 79(1), 2-6.
4. Bishop, J.(2018, 12 Eylül). You'll Never Guess Which Country Has The Most Female Pilots, Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bishopjordan, Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2019
5. Cardosi, K., & Center, V. (2001). Controller and pilot error in surface operations. In 4th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar, 5-9.
6. Casner, S. M. (2009). Perceived vs. measured effects of advanced cockpit systems on pilot workload and error: Are pilots' beliefs misaligned with reality?. Applied Ergonomics, 40(3), 448-456.
7. Causse, M., Dehais, F., Péran, P., Sabatini, U., & Pastor, J. (2013). The effects of emotion on pilot decision-making: A neuroergonomic approach to aviation safety. Transportation research part C: emerging technologies, 33, 272-281.
8. Connell, L.J., Mellone, V.J.&Morrison, R. (2000). Cabin Crew Safety Information and The NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System, NASA.

9. DHMİ (2011) Havacılık Terimleri Sözlüğü, DHMİ, Ankara.
10. Dismukes, R. K., & Nowinski, J. (2007). Prospective memory, concurrent task management, and pilot error. Attention: From theory to practice, 225-236.
11. Ecer, S. Ve Ay, G.(2009). Hava Taşıtı Kazalarını Önlemede Yeni Gelişmeler. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 4(1), 85-94.
12. Ergai, A., Cohen, T., Sharp, J., Wiegmann, D., Gramopadhye, A., & Shappell, S. (2016). Assessment of the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS): Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. Safety science, 82, 393-398.
13. Francesco, A.M. and M.D. Hakel (J981), Gender and Sex as Determinants of Hireability of Applicants for Gender-Type Jobs, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 747-746.
14. Gatta, A. (2018). Rethınkıng Human Error In Avıatıon Accıdents: Regulatory And Standard Practıces In The Nıgerıan Avıatıon Industry. Internatıonal Journal Of Arts, Languages And Busıness Studıes, 1(1).187-202.
15. Gopal, P. (2000). Analysis of factors leading to pilot error accidents in civil aviation. Ind J Aerospace Med, 44(1), 34-38.
16. Green RG. (1985). Stress and accidents. Aviat Space Environ Med, 56:638-41.
17. Helmreich, R. L. (1997). Managing human error in aviation. Scientific American, 276(5), 62-67.
18. Helmreich, R. L. (2000). On error management: lessons from aviation. Bmj, 320(7237), 781-785. IATA.(2019). Safety Report 2018, Edition 55, IATA Press, Montreal.
19. ICAO.(2019). State of Global Aviation Safety 2019, ICAO Publications.
20. Koonce, J. M. (2002). Human factors in the training of pilots. CRC Press.
21. Li, G., Baker, S. P., Grabowski, J. G., & Rebok, G. W. (2001). Factors associated with pilot error in aviation crashes. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 72(1), 52-58.
22. Li, G., Grabowski, J. G., Baker, S. P., & Rebok, G. W. (2006). Pilot error in air carrier accidents: Does age matter?. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 77(7), 737-741.
23. Li, W. C., & Harris, D. (2006). Pilot error and its relationship with higher organizational levels: HFACS analysis of 523 accidents. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 77(10), 1056-1061.
24. Lin, C. J., Lin, P. H., Chen, H. J., Hsieh, M. C., Yu, H. C., Wang, E. M. Y., & Ho, H. L. (2012). Effects of controller-pilot communication medium, flight phase and the role in the cockpit on pilots’ workload and situation awareness. Safety science, 50(9), 1722-1731.
25. Liu, S. Y., Chi, C. F., & Li, W. C. (2013, July). The application of human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) to investigate human errors in helicopter accidents. In International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
26. Livingston, J.(2008) Gains from Losses: System Safety Commentary on Accidents and other Events There is More to “Human Error” Than Just Pilot Error. Journal of System Safety, 44(6), 1-2.
27. McFadden, K. L. (1996). Comparing pilot-error accident rates of male and female airline pilots. Omega, 24(4), 443-450.
28. McFadden, K. L. (1997). Predicting pilot-error incidents of US airline pilots using logistic regression. Applied ergonomics, 28(3), 209-212.
29. Molesworth, B. R., & Estival, D. (2015). Miscommunication in general aviation: The influence of external factors on communication errors. Safety science, 73, 73-79.
30. Nagel, D. C. (1988). Human error in aviation operations. In Human factors in aviation. Academic Press.
31. Özdoğan, M., Tosun, N., Ağalar, F., Eryılmaz, M., & Aydınuraz, K. (2005). An evaluation of civilian aviation accidents in Turkey from 1955 to 2004. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, 11(4), 318-323.
32. Plant, K. L., & Stanton, N. A. (2012). Why did the pilots shut down the wrong engine? Explaining errors in context using Schema Theory and the Perceptual Cycle Model. Safety science, 50(2), 300-315.
33. Rashid, A., Cottenier, T., Greenwood, P., Chitchyan, R., Meunier, R., Coelho, R., ... & Joosen, W. (2010). Aspect-oriented software development in practice: tales from AOSD-Europe. Computer, 43(2), 19-26.
34. Rebok, G. W., Qiang, Y., Baker, S. P., & Li, G. (2009). Pilot age and error in air taxi crashes. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 80(7), 647-651.
35. Roberts, J. M., Golder, T. V., & Chick, G. E. (1980). Judgment, oversight, and skill: A cultural analysis of P-3 pilot error. Human Organization, 39(1), 5-21.
36. Salmon, P. M., Walker, G. H., & Stanton, N. A. (2016). Pilot error versus sociotechnical systems failure: a distributed situation awareness analysis of Air France 447. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 17(1), 64-79.
37. Sanders, M. G., Hofmann, M. A., & Neese, T. A. (1976). Cross-validation study of the personality aspects of involvement in pilot-error accidents. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine,1-8.
38. Sarter, N. B., & Alexander, H. M. (2000). Error types and related error detection mechanisms in the aviation domain: An analysis of aviation safety reporting system incident reports. The international journal of aviation psychology, 10(2), 189-206.
39. Sexton, J. B., & Helmreich, R. L. (2000). Analyzing cockpit communications: the links between language, performance, error, and workload. Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 5(1), 63-68.
40. Shappell, S., Detwiler, C., Holcomb, K., Hackworth, C., Boquet, A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2007). Classifying and Understanding Human Error-Human Error and Commercial Aviation Accidents: An Analysis Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System. Human Factors-Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 49(2), 227-242.
41. Shappell, S., Detwiler, C., Holcomb, K., Hackworth, C., Boquet, A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2017). Human error and commercial aviation accidents: an analysis using the human factors analysis and classification system. In Human Error in Aviation.Routledge.
42. Sharma, W. C. A., & Malik, G. C. H. (2002). Human factors in helicopter and transport aircraft accidents in IAF. Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 46(1), 7-14.
43. Stojiljkovic, E., Bijelic, B., Grozdanovic, M., Radovanovic, M., & Djokic, I. (2018). Pilot error in process of helicopter starting. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 90(1), 158-165.
44. UHUM(t.y.) İstatistiklerle Hava Taşımacılığı Kazaları, Mühendis ve Makina, 48(566).3-19.
45. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı Ulaşım Emniyeti İnceleme Merkezi Başkanlığı. (2019). 2018 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu, Ankara.
46. Uslu, S. ve Dönmez, K. (2019). Hava Trafik Kontrol Kaynaklı Uçak Kazalarının İncelenmesi, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(18), 271-287.
47. Uslu, S., Dönmez, K. (2016). Geçmişten Günümüze Havacılık Kazalarının Sebeplerindeki Değişimler Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Sobider, 3(9), 222-239.
48. Vail, G. J. (1986). The Social Psychological Aspects of Pilot-Error Accidents: Male vs. Female. International Society of Air Safety Investigators, 29-32.
49. Vail, G. J., & Ekman, L. G. (1986). Pilot-error accidents: Male vs female. Applied Ergonomics, 17(4), 297-303.
50. Veillette, P. R. (2001). Human error cited as major cause of US commercial EMS helicopter accidents. Flight Safety Digest, 20(4-5), 1-39.
51. Wiegmann, D. A., & Shappell, S. A. (2001). A human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the human factors analysis and classification system. HFACS, 1-17.
52. Wilson, G. F. (2002). An analysis of mental workload in pilots during flight using multiple psychophysiological measures. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 12(1), 3-18.
53. Winter, S. R., Rice, S., Capps, J., Trombley, J., Milner, M. N., Anania, E. C., ... & Baugh, B. S. (2020). An analysis of a pilot’s adherence to their personal weather minimums. Safety Science, 123, 1-7.
54. Yavuz, V., Temiz, C., Özdemir, E. T., & Deniz, A. (2015). Avrupa Bölgesi için Kaza-Kırım Raporlarının İncelenmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 2(5).155-160.