Nazi Almanya’sında Nazizm İdeolojisiyle Şekillenen Kitap Okuma Kültürünün Sinemadaki Sunumu: “Kitap Hırsızı” Filminin Göstergebilimsel Analizi

Yıl 2021, , 41 - 63, 30.03.2021

Ebru Gülbuğ Erol

https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.877973

Cited By: 1

Öz

Antikomünist, antikapitalist, antisemitist ve ırkçılık temelli Nazizm ideolojisi, Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi’nin (NSDAP) iktidarda bulunduğu dönemde (1933-1945) Almanya’da sosyal, siyasal, ekonomik ve kültürel hayata doğrudan etki etmiştir. NSDAP’nin iktidardan uzaklaştırılmasından sonra Nazizm ideolojisinin etkisi altındaki Almanya’yı konu alan çok sayıda film çekilmiş ve ideolojinin Alman toplumundaki yansımaları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu filmlerden biri de Brian Percival yönetmeliğindeki 2013 yılı Almanya-ABD ortak yapımı Kitap Hırsızı (The Book Thief) filmi olmuştur. Filmde Nazizm ideolojisi altında Almanya’daki kitap okuma kültürünün ne yönde şekillendiği konu edilmiştir. Çalışmada Kitap Hırsızı filmi göstergebilimsel açıdan analiz edilerek, filmde Nazizm ideolojisi altında Alman eğitiminin ve beraberinde kitap okuma kültürünün ne yönde şekillendiğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında filmin göstergebilimsel analizi, ABD’li dilbilimci Charles Sanders Peirce’ün göstergebilim anlayışı ve İngiliz dilbilimci Geoffrey Leech’ın anlamlandırmanın yedi türü ışığında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın analizinde Nazi rejiminin inşa ettiği korku ve baskı ortamında insanların özgür şekilde kitap okumasının engellendiği ve doğrudan Nazizm ideolojisinin öğretilerini yansıtan veya Nazi rejiminin sansürüne uğramayan kitapları okumaya yöneltildiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kitap okuma kültürü, sinema, kitap, film, Nazi Almanya’sı.

Kaynakça

• Akindele, N. (2012). Reading culture, parental involvement and children’s development in formative years: The Covenant University Experience. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 1-21.
• Ascheid, A. (2010). Hitler's heroines: Stardom & womanhood in Nazi cinema. The United States: Temple University Press.
• Azmi, M. N. L. (2013). National language policy and its impacts on second language reading culture. Journal of International Education and Leadership, 3(1), 1-11.
• Berman, A. (1992). Nazism, the Jews and American Zionism, 1933-1988. The United States: Wayne State University Press.
• Buchanan, R. (2012). Zines in the classroom: Reading culture. English Journal, 102(2), 71-77.
• Campbell, B. (2004). The SA generals and the rise of Nazism. The United States: University Press of Kentucky.
• Collingwood, R. G. (1940). Fascism and Nazism. Philosophy, 15(58), 168-176.
• Çakı, C., Gazi̇, M. A., Çakı, G. & Gülada, M. O. (2020). A semiotic analysis on propaganda posters during Likbez campaign. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(4), 663-692. doi: 10.24146/tk.806892.
• Daniels, E., & Steres, M. (2011). Examining the effects of a school-wide reading culture on the engagement of middle school students. RMLE Online, 35(2), 1-13. doi: 10.1080/19404476.2011.11462085
• Davidson, E. (1997). The making of Adolf Hitler: The birth and rise of Nazism. The United States: University of Missouri Press.
• Dick, A. L. (2006). Book history, library history and South Africa's reading culture. South African Historical Journal, 55(1), 33-45. doi: 10.1080/02582470609464929
• Dunlop, J. B. (1996). Alexander Barkashov and the rise of National Socialism in Russia. Demokratizatsiya, 4(4), 519-30.
• Dülffer, J. (1976). Bonapartism, Fascism and National Socialism. Journal of Contemporary History, 11(4), 109-128. doi: 10.1177/002200947601100407
• Egong, A. I. (2014). Reading culture and academic achievement among secondary school students. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(3), 132-136.
• Eley, G. (2013). Nazism as Fascism: violence, ideology, and the ground of consent in Germany 1930-1945. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
• Erol, E. G. (2020). The publishing in Nazi Germany, the construction of anti-semitist discourses spread by the Nazism Ideology and the use of books for the purpose of propaganda. Turkish Librarianship, 34(4), 693-722. doi: 10.24146/tk.818460
• Fabunmi, F. A., & Folorunso, O. (2010). Poor reading culture: A barrier to students’ patronage of libraries selected secondary school in ado local government area of Ekiti-State, Nigeria. African Research Review, 4(2), 450-461. doi: 10.4314/afrrev.v4i2.58357
• Falter, J. W. (2014). Political cleavages in the Weimar republic and the rise of National Socialism. European Political Science, 13, 106-116. doi: 10.1057/eps.2013.41
• Farias, V. (1989). Heidegger and Nazism. The United States: Temple University Press.
• Fischer, C. (1991). The German communists and the rise of Nazism. Germany: Springer.
• Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim çalışmalarına giriş. (S. İrvan, Çev.). 5. basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Forti, S. (2006). The biopolitics of souls: Racism, Nazism, and Plato. Political Theory, 34(1), 9-32. doi: 10.1177/0090591705280526
• Frosh, S. (2015). Hate and the ‘Jewish science’: anti-semitism, Nazism and psychoanalysis. Germany: Springer.
• Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., Gülada, M. O., & Çakı, G. (2020). The presentation of reading habit in the propaganda posters shaped during the Chinese Culture Revolution in the People's Republic of China. Turkish Librarianship, 34(3), 406-431. doi: 10.24146/tk.806892
• Geary, R. (2002). Hitler and Nazism. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
• Geyer, M., & Fitzpatrick, S. (2009). Beyond totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism compared. The United Kingdon: Cambridge University Press.
• Giles, G. J. (2014). Students and National Socialism in Germany. The United States: Princeton University Press.
• Goodrick-Clarke, N. (1993). The occult roots of Nazism: Secret aryan cults and their influence on Nazi Ideology. New York: NYU Press.
• Häberlen, J. C. (2013). Scope for agency and political options. The German working-class movement and the rise of Nazism. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 14(3), 377-394. doi: 10.1080/21567689.2013.820443
• Hake, S. (2010). Popular cinema of the Third Reich. The United States: University of Texas Press.
• Hamilton, R. F. (2003). The rise of Nazism: A case study and review of interpretations: Kiel, 1928-1933. German Studies Review, 26(1), 43-62. doi: 10.2307/1432901
• Hansen, E. (1981). Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands 1929-39. European Studies Review, 11(3), 355-385. doi: 10.1177/026569148101100304
• Harsch, D. (1993). German social democracy and the rise of Nazism. The United States: Univ of North Carolina Press.
• Hart, B. L. (2015). İkinci Dünya Savaşı tarihi. (K. Bağrıaçık, Çev.). İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları.
• Heidtmann, H. (2002). Lesen und neue Medien. Veränderungen der Lesekultur in der Mediengesellschaft. Universitas (Stuttgart), 57(673), 723-732.
• Herf, J. (1993). Multiple restorations: German political traditions and the interpretation of Nazism, 1945-1946. Central European History, 26(1), 21-55.
• Herkommer, C. (2008). Women under National Socialism: Women’s scope for action and the issue of gender. O. Jensen and C.-C. W. Szejnmann (Ed.), in Ordinary people as mass murderers (pp. 99-119). London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230583566_5
• Herman, F. (2001). Hollywood, Nazism, and the Jews, 1933-41. American Jewish History, 89(1), 61-89.
• Hochscherf, T., & Vande Winkel, R. (2016). Third Reich cinema and film theory. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 36(2), 190-213. doi: 10.1080/01439685.2016.1167465
• Howley, J. A. (2018). Aulus Gellius and Roman reading culture. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
• Hull, D. S. (1993). Film in the Third Reich: A study of the German cinema, 1933-1945. The United States: Univ of California Press.
• Ian, K. (1997). Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in comparison. Cambridge University Press.
• Ifedili, C. J. A. (2009). An assessment of reading culture among students in Nigerian tertiary institution--a challenge to educational managers. Reading Improvement, 46(4), 206-214.
• Ilogho, J. E. (2015). The role of picture books in promoting reading culture among Nigerian children: Implication for libraries and development of leadership qualities. International Journal of Academic Library and Information Science, 3(2), 66-71. doi: 10.14662/IJALIS2015.010
• IMDB (2021). Kitap Hırsızı Film Afişi, https://www. imdb.com/ title/tt0816442/? ref_=tt_ mv_close, Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2021.
• Joubert, I., Ebersöhn, L., Ferreira, R., Du Plessis, L., & Moen, M. (2014). Establishing a reading culture in a rural secondary school: A literacy intervention with teachers. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 49(4), 399-412. doi: 10.1177/0021909613487676
• Kamalova, L. A., & Koletvinova, N. D. (2016). The problem of reading and reading culture improvement of students-bachelors of elementary education in modern high institution. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(4), 473-484. doi: 10.12973/ijese.2016.318a
• Kirchheimer, O. (1941). The legal order of National Socialism. Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 9(3), 456-475. doi: 10.5840/zfs19419341
• Kirk, T. (2002). Nazism and the working class in Austria: Industrial unrest and political dissent in the 'national community'. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
• Kuhl, S. (2002). The Nazi connection: Eugenics, American racism, and German national socialism. The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
• Leech, G. (1985). Semantics the study of meaning. The Great Britain: Penguin Books.
• Leu, U. B. (2010). Die Zürcher Buch-und Lesekultur 1520 bis 1575. Zwingliana, 31, 61-90.
• Loh, C. E. (2015). Building a reading culture in a Singapore school: Identifying spaces for change through a socio-spatial approach. Changing English, 22(2), 209-221. doi: 10.1080/1358684X.2015.1022509
• Loh, C. E., Ellis, M., Paculdar, A. A., & Wan, Z. H. (2017). Building a successful reading culture through the school library: A case study of a Singapore secondary school. IFLA Journal, 43(4), 335-347. doi: 10.1177/0340035217732069
• Loomis, C. P., & Beegle, J. A. (1946). The spread of German Nazism in rural areas. American Sociological Review, 11(6), 724-734. doi: 10.2307/2087068
• Lyons, M. (2008). Reading culture and writing practices in nineteenth-century France. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
• Macit, M. H. (2007). Faşizm ve Nazizm. Ankara: Savaş Yayınevi.
• Mason, T. (1977). National Socialism and the Working Class, 1925-May, 1933. New German Critique, (11), 49-93. doi: 10.2307/487804
• McNab, C. (2015). Hitler'in Ordusu, Nazi Savaş Makinesinin Tarihi, 1939-1945. (O. Doğan, Çev.). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
• Misiūnas, R., & Pischel, S. (2002). Das Buch, der Buchmarkt und die Lesekultur: Litauen im Spiegel der Literatursoziologie. Osteuropa, 52(9/10), 1143-1164.
• Mühlberger, D. (2003). The social bases of Nazism, 1919-1933 (Vol. 48). The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
• Neumann, F. L. (2009). Behemoth: The structure and practice of national socialism, 1933-1944. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
• O'Brien, M. E. (2004). Nazi cinema as enchantment: The politics of entertainment in the Third Reich. The United States: Camden House.
• Olasehinde, M. O., Akanmode, O. A., Alaiyemola, A. T., & Babatunde, O. T. (2015). promoting the reading culture towards human capital and global development. English Language Teaching, 8(6), 194-200. doi: 10.5539/elt.v8n6p194
• Padover, S. K. (1939). The German motion picture today: the Nazi cinema. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 3(1), 142-146.
• Paskow, A. (1991). Heidegger and Nazism. Philosophy East and West, 41(4), 522-527. doi: 10.2307/1399648
• Passmore, K. (2014). Faşizm. Çev., (S. Gül, Çev.). Ankara: Dost Yayınları.
• Patel, K. K., & Reichardt, S. (2016). The dark side of transnationalism social engineering and Nazism, 1930s–40s. Journal of Contemporary History, 51(1), 3-21. doi: 10.1177/0022009415607956
• Petro, P. (1998). Nazi cinema at the intersection of the classical and the popular. New German Critique, (74), 41-55. doi: 10.2307/488491
• Pohlmann, T. (2012). Erfüllungsgehilfen? Die Rolle der Bibliotheken im Rahmen der Bücherverbrennungen 1933. Perspektive Bibliothek, 1(2), 193-221.
• Rentschler, E. (1996). The ministry of illusion: Nazi cinema and its afterlife. The United States: Harvard University Press.
• Rockmore, T. (1997). On Heidegger's Nazism and philosophy. The United States: Univ of California Press.
• Rothberg, M. (2009). In the Nazi cinema: Race, visuality and identification in Fanon and Klüger. Wasafiri, 24(1), 13-20. doi: 10.1080/02690050802588984
• Schlott, W. (1984). Leser und Lesekultur im sowjetischen Literaturunterricht. Osteuropa, 34(4), 246-255.
• Schulte-Sasse, L. (1996). Entertaining the Third Reich: Illusions of wholeness in Nazi cinema. The United States: Duke University Press.
• Shandley, R. (2010). Rubble films: German cinema in shadow of 3rd Reich. The United States: Temple University Press.
• Stein, G. J. (1988). Biological science and the roots of Nazism. American Scientist, 76(1), 50-58.
• Sternhell, Z. (1973). National Socialism and antisemitism: The case of Maurice Barres. Journal of Contemporary History, 8(4), 47-66. doi: 10.1177/002200947300800403
• Stieg, M. (1992). The Second World War and the public libraries of Nazi Germany. Journal of Contemporary History, 27(1), 23-40. doi: 10.1177/002200949202700102
• Stone, D. (2003). Responses to Nazism in Britain, 1933-1939: Before war and Holocaust. Germany: Springer.
• Stranger-Johannessen, E. (2014). Promoting a reading culture through a rural community library in Uganda. IFLA Journal, 40(2), 92-101. doi: 10.1177/0340035214529732
• Stuart, R. (2006). Marxism and national identity: Socialism, nationalism, and national socialism during the French fin de siècle. The United States: SUNY Press.
• Sturge, K. (2002). Censorship of translated fiction in Nazi Germany. TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction, 15(2), 153-169. doi: 10.7202/007482ar
• Taylor, S. (1981). Symbol and ritual under National Socialism. British Journal of Sociology, 32(4), 504-520. doi: 10.2307/590130
• Umagandhi, R., & Vinothini, M. (2017). Leech’s seven types of meaning in semantics. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 4(3), 71-72.
• Verók, A. (1999). Zur Lesekultur der Siebenbürger Sachsen im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, 22(2), 217-222.
• Voigtländer, N., & Voth, H. J. (2015). Nazi indoctrination and anti-Semitic beliefs in Germany. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(26), 7931-7936. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1414822112
• Wagner, J. (1981). Brothers beyond the sea: National Socialism in Canada. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
• Weindling, P. (1993). Health, race and German politics between national unification and Nazism, 1870-1945. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
• Wema, E. (2018). Investigating reading culture among students in higher learning institutions in Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal, 13(1), 4-19.
• Witte, K. (1998). The indivisible legacy of Nazi cinema. New German Critique, (74), 23-30. doi: 10.2307/488488
• Young, J. (1998). Heidegger, philosophy, Nazism. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
• Zakić, M. (2017). Ethnic Germans and national socialism in Yugoslavia in World War II. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.