Accurate Information Sharing and Combating Disinformation on Climate Change: A Comparison of Climatefeedback.org and Teyit.org

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 265 - 287, 30.09.2025

Emrah Budak , Enes Baloğlu

https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.1652586

Öz

Purpose: This research aimed to comparatively examine the role and potential of fact-checking platforms in producing accurate information and preventing disinformation about climate change.

Method: In the study, the texts (n=584) of the fact-checking and fact-sharing reviews on climate change conducted by Teyit.org (Türkiye) and Climatefeedback.org (France) fact-checking platforms were analyzed through quantitative content analysis. The texts were categorized by the study authors into different aspects such as topic, types of claim, and claim makers. The data were entered into the SPSS program to make clear calculations, and the findings revealed through cross-tabulation were discussed.

Findings: The findings reveal differences in the subject matter of disinformation, the actors involved in the content preparation process, and the use of corrective resources. While there is a similarity in the way fact-checking platforms are implemented, the content emphasizes the causes and effects of climate change.

Implications: Since it was determined in the research that disinformative content on climate change is widespread, the need to overcome disinformation and provide accurate information comes to the forefront. At this point, it was concluded that fact-checking platforms play an important role and have potential with their content, scientific determinations, transparency, and accessibility in enhancing climate change literacy. It was concluded that Climatefeedback.org's scientific aspect is stronger in terms of the actors preparing the content and corrective resources, and Teyit.org needs improvement in terms of the number of fact-checks.

Originality: Research examining the role, similarities, and differences of fact-checking platforms in the process of producing accurate information on climate change is quite limited. Being the first study on the production of accurate information on climate change in Türkiye, the application of fact-checking platforms emphasized aspects, differences, and suggestions that represent the original aspect of this study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate change , accurate information , disinformation , fact-checking platforms

Etik Beyan

Araştırma etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

---

Teşekkür

---

İklim Değişikliğinde Doğru Bilgilendirme ve Dezenformasyonla Mücadele: Climatefeedback.org ile Teyit.org Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırma iklim değişikliğine dönük doğru bilgi üretimi ve dezenformasyonun önlenmesinde doğrulama platformlarının rolünü ve potansiyelini karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde ele almayı amaçlamıştır.

Yöntem: Araştırmada, Teyit.org (Türkiye) ve Climatefeedback.org (Fransa) doğrulama platformlarının iklim değişikliğine dair yaptığı doğru bilgi paylaşımı ve doğruluk kontrol incelemelerinin metinleri (n=584) nicel içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Metinler çalışma yazarları tarafından konu, dezenformasyon türü, iddia sahibi gibi farklı açılardan kategorize edilmiştir. Veriler net hesaplama yapmak için SPSS programına girilmiş ve çapraz tabloda açığa çıkan bulgular yorumlanmıştır.

Bulgular: Bulgular, dezenformasyonun konusu, içerik hazırlama sürecindeki aktörler ve düzeltici kaynak kullanımında farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Doğrulama platformlarının uygulama biçiminde bir benzerlik göze çarparken içeriklerin iklim değişikliğinin neden ve etkilerine vurgu yaptığı saptanmıştır.

Sonuç: Araştırmada iklim değişikliği konusunda dezenformatif içeriklerin yaygın olduğu tespit edildiği için dezenformasyonun önlenmesi ve doğru bilgilendirme ihtiyacının gereklilik olduğu ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu noktada doğrulama platformlarının iklim değişikliği konusundaki okuryazarlığı artırmak adına ürettiği içerikler, bilimsel tespitler, şeffaflık ve erişilebilirlik niteliği ile önemli bir rol üstlendiği ve potansiyel taşıdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Climatefeedback.org’un içeriği hazırlayan aktörler ve düzeltici kaynak konusunda bilimsel yönünün daha güçlü olduğu, Teyit.org’un doğruluk kontrolü sayısı konusunda gelişim göstermesi gerektiği saptanmıştır.

Özgünlük: İklim değişikliği konusunda doğru bilginin üretimi sürecinde doğrulama platformlarının rolünü, benzerlik ve farklılıklarını inceleyen araştırmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. İklim değişikliğine dair doğru bilginin üretimi konusunda Türkiye özelinde ilk çalışma olmak, doğrulama platformlarının uygulama biçimi, vurgu yapığı yönler, farklılıklar ve öneriler ortaya koymak bu çalışmanın özgün yanını oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim değişikliği , doğru bilgi , dezenformasyon , doğrulama platformları

Kaynakça

• Abudu, H., Wesseh Jr, P. K., & Lin, B. (2023). Does political propaganda matter in mitigating climate change? Insights from the United States of America. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 8(3), 386-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmse.2022.12.006
• Almiron, N., & Moreno, J. A. (2022). Beyond climate change denialism: Conceptual challenges in communicating climate action obstruction. Ámbitos Revista Internacional de Comunicación, (55), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2022.i55.01
• Antilla, L. (2005). Climate of scepticism: US newspaper coverage of the science of climate change. Global Environmental Change, 15(4), 338-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.08.003
• Ashe, T., & Poberezhskaya, M. (2022). Russian climate scepticism: An understudied case. Climatic Change, 172(3), 41. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-022-03390-3
• Bayraç, H. N., & Doğan, E. (2016). Türkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin tarım sektörü üzerine etkileri [Impacts of climate change on agriculture sector in Turkey]. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(1), 23-48. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Emrah-Dogan-2/publication/305307241_Turkiye'de_Iklim_Degisikliginin_Tarim_Sektoru_Uzerine_Etkileri/links/57876f7e08ae78057de18fb9/Tuerkiyede-Iklim-Degisikliginin-Tarim-Sektoerue-Uezerine-Etkileri.pdf
• Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. The Free Press.
• Besnili Memiş, O. (2024). Doğal afetlerin iklim değişikliği algısına etkisi: Sosyal medya verileri ile Türkiye'de durum [The effect of natural disasters on the perception of climate change: The situation in Türkiye with social media data. Vizyoner Dergisi, 15(42), 570-592. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1311327
• Bilgin, N. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde içerik Analizi: Teknikler ve örnek çalışmalar [Content analysis in social sciences: Techniques and case studies]. Siyasal.
• Boussalis, C., & Coan, T. G. (2018). Elite polarization and correcting misinformation in the post-truth era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 405-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.004
• Boykoff, M. T. (2007). Flogging a dead norm? Newspapercoverage of anthro- pogenic climate change in the United States and United Kingdom from 2003 to 2006. Area, 39(4), 470-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00769.x
• Boykoff, M. T. & Yulsman T. (2013). Political economy, media and climate change: Sinews of modern life. WIREs Climate Change, 4, 359-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.233
• Boykoff, M. T. (2024). Climate change countermovements and adaptive strategies: insights from Heartland Institute annual conferences a decade apart. Climatic Change, 177(5). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-023-03655-5
• Bradshaw, S., Bailey, H., & Howard, P. N. (2020). Industrialized disinformation 2020 global inventory of organized social media manipulation. https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/127/2021/01/CyberTroop-Report-2020-v.2.pdf
• Brandtzaeg, P. & Folstad, A. (2017). Trust and distrust in online fact-checking services. Communication of the ACM, 60(9), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1145/3122803
• Bray, D. (2010). The scientific consensus of climate change revisited. Environmental Science & Policy, 13(5), 340-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.04.001
• Brüggemann, M., & Engesser, S. (2017). Beyond false balance: How interpretive journalism shapes media coverage of climate change. Global Environmental Change, 42, 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.11.004
• Budak, E. (2023). İklim krizi çağında çevre haberciliği [Environmental journalism in the age of climate crisis]. Literatürk.
• Charon, J. M. (1993). Medya dünyası [Media World]. (O. Tatlıpınar, Trans.). İletişim.
• Chomsky, N., & Pollin, R. (2021). İklim krizi ve küresel yeşil yeni düzen: Gezegeni kurtarmanın politik ekonomisi [Climate crisis and the global green new deal: The political economy of saving the planet]. (O. Orhangazi, Trans.). Ütopya.
• Climatefeedback.org. (2016). Analysis of Hillary Clinton boards the climate crisis train to nowhere. https://science.feedback.org/review/hillary-clinton-boards-climate-crisis-train-nowhere-roy-spencer-forbes/
• Climatefeedback.org. (2023). Uncertainties about future climate change in the 1970’s does not invalidate today’s evidence on the reality of global warming. https://science.feedback.org/review/uncertainties-about-future-climate-change-1970s-does-not-invalidate-today-evidence-reality-global-warming/ Climatefeedback.org. (2025). About. https://science.feedback.org/about/
• Climate Trade. (2023). Top 10 countries leading the world’s decarbonization. Retrieved from: https://climatetrade.com/top-10-countries-leading-the-worlds-decarbonization/
• Cook, J., Ellerton, P., & Kinkead, D. (2018). Deconstructing climate misinformation to identify reasoning errors. Environmental Research Letters, 13(2), 024018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa49f
• Çavuş, G. (2018). Medyada güven erozyona uğrarken doğrulama platformları neden önemli? [Why are fact-checking platforms important as trust erodes in the media?] S. Çoban (Ed.), In Medya ve yalanlar [Media and lies] (pp. 55-74). Siyah Beyaz.
• Çöllüoğlu, M. (2023). Hakikat ötesi çağda sosyal medya haberleri: Doğrulama platformları üzerinden bir incelenme [Social media news in post truth era: A review on fact-checkıng platforms]. Simetrik İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 97-122. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/siad/issue/78844/1296369
• Demir, A. (2009). Küresel iklim değişikliğinin biyolojik çeşitlilik ve ekosistem kaynakları üzerine etkisi [The effects of global climate change on biodiversity and ecosystems resources]. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000013
• Ejaz, W., Altay, S., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2024). Trust is key: Determinants of false beliefs about climate change in eight countries. New Media & Society, https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241250302
• Elizabeth, J. (2014). Who are you calling a fact checker? https://americanpressinstitute.org/fact-checker-definition/
• EKOIQ. (2021). Küresel ısınma mı, küresel iklim değişikliği mi? [Global warming or global climate change?] https://www.ekoiq.com/kuresel-isinma-mi-kuresel-iklim-degisikligi-mi/
• Farrell, J. (2019). The growth of climate change misinformation in US philanthropy: evidence from natural language processing. Environmental Research Letters, 14(3), 034013, 1-10. https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1748-9326/aaf939
• Gertrudix, M., Carbonell-Alcocer, A., Arcos, R., Arribas, C. M., Codesido-Linares, V., & Benítez-Aranda, N. (2024). Disinformation as an obstructionist strategy in climate change mitigation: a review of the scientific literature for a systemic understanding of the phenomenon. Open Research Europe, 4, 169. https://open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu/articles/4-169
• Gibbons, J. (2020). The Environmental Beat: Public confusion, digital media, social media, and fake news in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In D.B. Sachsman ve J.M. Valenti (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Environmental Journalism (pp. 188-202). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351068406-20/environmental-beat-john-gibbons
• Grantham Institute. (2025). What are the world’s countries doing about climate change? https://www.imperial.ac.uk/grantham/publications/climate-change-faqs/what-are-the-worlds-countries-doing-about-climate-change/
• Guess, A., & Lyons, B. (2020). Misinformation, disinformation, and online propaganda. In N. P. In, & J. Tucker (Eds.), Social media and democracy: The state of the Field, prospects for reform, SSRC anxieties of democracy (pp. 10-33). Cambridge University Press.
• Gupta, A., Lamba, H., Kumaraguru, P., & Joshi, A. (2013, May). Faking sandy: characterizing and identifying fake images on twitter during hurricane sandy. Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 729-736). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262395532_Faking_Sandy_characterizing_and_identifying_fake_images_on_Twitter_during_Hurricane_Sandy
• Hayward, T. (2025). The problem of disinformation: a critical approach. Social Epistemology, 39(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2024.2346127
• Heffernan, A. (2024). Countering climate disinformation in Africa. Digital Policy Hub Working Paper. Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/DPH-paper-Heffernan_fxkEQFh.pdf
• Hornsey, M. J., & Lewandowsky, S. (2022). A toolkit for understanding and addressing climate scepticism. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(11), 1454-1464. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-022-01463-y
• Houghton, J. T., Callander, B. A., & Varney, S. K. (Eds.). (1992). Climate change 1992. Cambridge University Press.
• IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
• İklim Haber. (2024). Türkiye’deki aşırı hava olayları 2023’te rekor seviyeye ulaştı [Extreme weather events in Türkiye reached a record high in 2023?]. https://www.iklimhaber.org/turkiyedeki-asiri-hava-olaylari-2023te-rekor-seviyeye-ulasti/
• İklim Haber & Konda. (2024). Türkiye’de iklim değişikliği algısı 2024 [Perception of climate change in Türkiye 2024]. https://www.iklimhaber.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Konda-Iklim-Degilikligi-Algisi-rapor-2024.pdf
• Kadıoğlu, M. (2009). Küresel iklim değişimi ve Türkiye [Global climate change and Türkiye]. Mühendis ve Makine Dergisi 50(593-Haziran 2009), 15-26. https://www.mmo.org.tr/sites/default/files/1f2dd133f097238_ek.pdf
• Kavaklı, N. (2019). Yalan haberle mücadele ve internet teyit/doğrulama platformları [Dealing with fake news and internet fact-checking platforms. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(1), 663-682. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.453398
• Karlova, N. A., & Fisher K. E. (2012). “Plz RT”: A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human behaviour. Proceedings of the ISIC2012, Tokyo, Japan. https://www.academia.edu/1981610/_Plz_RT_A_social_diffusion_model_of_misinformation_and_disinformation_for_understanding_human_information_behaviour
• Kobak, K., & Soğukdere, Ş. (2021). Sosyal medyadaki dezenformasyon: 2021 Türkiye orman yangınları örneği [Disinformation in social media: The case of 2021 Türkiye forest fire]. Uluslararası Medya ve İletişim Araştırmaları Hakemli Dergisi, 4(2), 167-189. https://doi.org/10.33464/mediaj.990600
• Kurnia, N., Putri, T., Kusumaningtyas, A., Abisono, F., Putrawidjoyo, A., Jati-Karim, M. S., & Socarana, B. (2024). Tackling Climate Crisis Misinformation in Indonesia. University Medical Center Groningen Research Report. https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/tackling-climate-crisis-misinformation-in-indonesia
• Last, J., Trouton, K., & Pengelly, D. (1998). Taking our breath away: The health effects of air pollution and climate change. David Suzuki Foundation, Canada. https://davidsuzuki.org/science-learning-centre-article/taking-our-breath-away-the-health-effects-of-air-pollution-and-climate-change/
• Lewandowsky, S., Stritzke, W. G., Freund, A. M., Oberauer, K., & Krueger, J. I. (2013). Misinformation disinformation, and violent conflict: from Iraq and the “War on Terror” to future threats to peace. The American Psychologist, 68(7), 487–501. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034515
• Lutzke, L., Drummond, C., Slovic, P., & Árvai, J. (2019). Priming critical thinking: Simple interventions limit the influence of fake news about climate change on Facebook. Global Environmental Change, 58, 101964. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101964
• McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2010). Anti-reflexivity. Theory, Culture & Society, 27(2-3), 100-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409356001
• McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011). Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1163-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.003
• Myers, K. F., Doran, P. T., Cook, J., Kotcher, J. E., & Myers, T. A. (2021). Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later. Environmental Research Letters, 16(10), 104030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2774
• NASA. (2025). What Is Climate Change? https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/what-is-climate-change/
• Oğuzlu, T. (2024). Küresel Güney’in yükselişi ve geleceği [The rise and future of the Global South]. https://tesamstrateji.com/yazi.php?link=kuresel-guney-in-yukselisi-ve-gelecegi
• O'Neill, S., & Boykoff, M. (2012). The role of new media in engaging the public with climate change. L. Whitmarsh, I. Lorenzoni & S. O’Neill (Eds.), In Engaging the public with climate change, (pp. 233-251). Routledge.
• Oreskes, N. (2004). The scientific consensus on climate change. Science, 306(5702), 1686-1686. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.110361
• Oreskes, N. (2018). The scientific consensus on climate change: How do we know we’re not wrong?. E. A. Lloyd & E. Winsberg (Eds.), In Climate modelling: Philosophical and conceptual issues (pp. 31-64). Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65058-6_2
• Oreskes, N. & Conway, M. (2021). Şüphe tacirleri [Merchants of Doubt]. (C. Kaya, Trans.), Pegasus.
• Öztürk, K. (2002). Küresel iklim değişikliği ve Türkiye’ye olası etkileri [Global climatic changes and their probable effect upon Türkiye]. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1). 47-65. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/77436
• Painter, J., & Ashe, T. (2012). Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007–10. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4), 044005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044005
• Palau-Sampio, D., Crisóstomo Flores, P., & Picó Garcés, M. J. (2024). Fuelling climate change disinformation: Global narratives distorting environmental risks in North America, Europe and Latin America. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 16(2), 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00110_1
• Rincon, P. (2018). Stephen Hawking's warnings: What he predicted for the future. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43408961
• Sarıözkan, S., & Küçükoflaz, M. (2020). İklim mi hayvancılığı yoksa hayvancılık mı iklimi etkiliyor? [Does climate effecting the livestock or livestock effecting the climate?]. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(3), 255-259. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.828781
• Supran, G., & Oreskes, N. (2020). Addendum to ‘Assessing ExxonMobil’s climate change communications (1977-2014)’ Supran and Oreskes (2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 084019). Environ Res Lett. 2020:15(11), 119401. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f
• Teyit.org. (2022). Tek başına et yememenin iklim krizini durduracağı iddiası [Claim that not eating meat alone will stop the climate crisis]. https://teyit.org/analiz/tek-basina-et-yememenin-iklim-krizini-durduracagi-iddiasi
• Teyit.org. (2023). 1912 yılında yayınlanan bir yazı küresel ısınmayı öngördü mü? [Did a 1912 article predict global warming?]. https://teyit.org/analiz/1912-yilinda-yayinlanan-bir-yazi-kuresel-isinmayi-ongordu-mu
• Teyit.org. (2024). İklim aktivistlerinin Jennifer Aniston’a boya attığı olay gerçek mi? [Is the incident where climate activists threw paint at Jennifer Aniston real?] https://teyit.org/analiz/iklim-aktivistlerinin-jennifer-anistona-boya-attigi-video-gercek-mi
• Teyit.org. (2025a). Nedir? [What is Teyit]. https://teyit.org/nedir
• Teyit.org. (2025b). Değerlerimiz [My Values]. https://teyit.org/degerlerimiz
• Thapa Magar, N., Thapa, B. J., & Li, Y. (2024). Climate change misinformation in the United States: An actor-network analysis. Journalism and Media, 5(2), 595-613. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia5020040
• Türkeri, M., & Karaüzümcüoğlu, E. (2023). Kahramanmaraş depremleri örneğinde yeni medyadaki etik ihlaller [A ethical violations in new media in the case of Kahramanmaraş earthquakes]. Journal of Analytic Divinity, 7(2), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.46595/jad.1281991
• Türkeş, M. (2008). Küresel iklim değişikliği nedir? Temel kavramlar, nedenleri, gözlenen ve öngörülen değişiklikler [What is climate change? Basic definition, causes, observed and predicted results of climate change]. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre, 1(1), 26-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/518059
• Türkeş, M. (2022). IPCC’nin yeni yayımlanan iklim değişikliğinin etkileri, uyum ve etkilenebilirlik raporu bize neler söylüyor? [What does the IPCC's newly published report on the impacts of climate change, adaptation and vulnerability tell us?]. Resilience, 6(1), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1098946
• Türkeş, M., Sümer, U. M., & Çetiner, G. (2000). Küresel iklim değişikliği ve olası etkileri [Global climate change and its possible effects]. Çevre Bakanlığı, Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi Seminer Notları (İstanbul, 13 Nisan 2000), 7-24.
• Van der Linden, S. L., Leiserowitz, A. A., Feinberg, G. D., & Maibach, E. W. (2015). The scientific consensus on climate change as a gateway belief: Experimental evidence. PloS one, 10(2), e0118489. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118489
• Vasist, P. N., Chatterjee, D., & Krishnan, S. (2024). The polarizing impact of political disinformation and hate speech: a cross-country configural narrative. Information Systems Frontiers, 26(2), 663-688. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10796-023-10390-w
• Vicario, M. D., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., … Quattrociocch, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3), 554-559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113
• Vu, H. T., Baines, A., & Nguyen, N. (2023). Fact-checking climate change: An analysis of claims and verification practices by fact-checkers in four countries. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 100(2), 286-307. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990221138058
• Whitmarsh, L. (2011). Scepticism and uncertainty about climate change: Dimensions, determinants and change over time. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 690-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.016
• Willis, R. (2020). Too hot to handle?: The democratic challenge of climate change. Bristol University Press.
• WMO. (2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability working group ıı contribution to the ıntergovern mental panel on climate change fourth assessment report. UNEP. Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4_wg2_full_report.pdf
• Yumrutaş, M. (2022). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde aşı haberleri ve haber doğrulama platformları: Doğruluk payı ve teyit örnekleri [Vaccine news and fact-checkıng platforms in the Covid-19 pandemic: Examples of Doğruluk Payı and Teyit. Etkileşim, 9, 194-222. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2022.5.9.161