ALMANYA’DA TÜRKLER, DİNİ TANINMA VE ALEVİLERİN BİR DİNİ CEMAAT OLARAK TANINMASI

Öz

Bu çalışma, Almanya’da artık uzunca bir süredir yaşayan Türklerin bu ülkedeki din devlet ilişkileri sistemine entegrasyonlarına odaklanmaktadır. Etnik farklılıklara yönelik resmi bir tanınma sistemi olmayan Almanya, tarihsel olarak farklı mezheplerin bir arada yaşadığı bir ülke olması hasebiyle ülkede yaşayan dini farklılıklara sahip toplulukların eşit olarak tanınmasına olanak sağlayan bir sisteme sahiptir. Nitekim bu durum Almanya’da yaşayan Türkler tarafından da fark edilmiş, bu sebeple de kurumsallaşma çabaları ve tanınma talepleri tarihsel olarak genelde dini alanda yoğunlaşmıştır. Ancak Almanya’da yaşayan Türklerin kurduğu dini örgütlenmeler arasında sadece Almanya Alevi Cemaati (AABF) tam anlamıyla başarı göstermiş ve Alevilerin yaşadığı birçok eyalette yerleşik kiliselerle eşit hakları elde edebilmiştir. Ülkede Türklerin kurdukları İslami örgütlenmeler henüz birçok eyalette dini cemaat olarak bile görülmemektedir. Bu meseleyi merkezine alan çalışmamız, bütün bu örgütler arasında sadece AABF’nin tanınmış olması durumunu açıklamak amacıyla yeni bir teorik çerçeve önermektedir. Politik fırsat yapıları, izlek bağlılığı ve ulus ötesi bağlantıları bir araya getiren bu eklektik çerçeve, durumu genellenebilir bir şekilde açıklama iddiasındadır. Buna göre Almanya’daki Türk örgütlenmelerinin kurumsallaşması kalıcılık projeksiyonu, politik fırsat yapıları, ulus ötesi bağlar ve bunların oluşturduğu izlek bağlılığı dinamikleri tarafından şekillendirilmiştir. Türklerin burada kalıcı oldukları netleştikçe örgütlenmeler politik fırsat yapılarından yararlanma çabasına girmişler ancak bu örgütlerin ulus ötesi bağları bu durumu genel olarak geciktirici ya da engelleyici bir mahiyet göstermiştir. Özellikle insan ve finans kaynağı gibi konularda ulus ötesi bağlara mecbur olan bazı örgütlerde, bu bağlar ciddi bir izlek bağlılığı yaratmış ve bu örgütleri politik fırsat yapılarından yararlanarak tanınma ya da ulus ötesi bağlarını devam ettirme kutupları arasında bırakmıştır. Ulus ötesi bağların daha zayıf izlek bağlılıkları yarattığı AABF örneğinde ise, yerelleşme ve sisteme uygun reform kararları çok daha hızlı alınarak, tanınma süreci sorunsuz tamamlanabilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Siyaset
• Sosyoloji
• Göç
• Almanya’da Aleviler
• Almanya’da Dini Tanınma
• Türk Diasporası
• Almanya’da İslam
• Almanya’da Türkler

TURKS IN GERMANY, RELIGIOUS RECOGNITION, AND OFFICIAL RECOGNITION OF ALEVIS AS A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY

Öz

This study focuses on Turkish immigrants living in Germany for over 60 years and their incorporation into the local religious system. Germany’s history of religious conflicts has contributed to the evaluation of a society where confessions coexist. This historical situation resulted in the developing of a religious recognition system that tried to provide equal rights to all religious groups. Turks in Germany have institutionalized chiefly based on their religion, recognizing the advantages of this system. However, among those groups, only the Alevi Community in Germany (AABF) has achieved full recognition in this system. The situation of other Turkish religious groups in Germany is not even close to that position. They are not even recognized as a religious community in many parts of the country. Taking this situation as a starting point, this article aims to understand how Alevis achieved full recognition while others still face enormous challenges. As an answer to that, our study offers a new theoretical framework. This approach combines political opportunity structures, path dependence, and transnational linkages in an eclectic frame and claims to explain the situation in the diaspora in a generalizable way. Accordingly, the institutionalization of Turks in Germany was framed by four vital factors: the projection of permanency, political opportunity structures, transnational linkages, and path dependency developed by the latter two. As it became clear that they would be permanent in Germany, Turks established and improved religious organizations. As said, they used the advantages of political opportunity structures available to them from the beginning. However, they were also transnational organizations, and those transnational linkages and initiatives resulted in delays in localization and organizational transformations for recognition. Especially those dependent on those transnational linkages due to human resources and funding, which have created path dependencies that cannot be changed even today. Those religious organizations have oscillated between political opportunities and resources provided by transnational linkages. AABF had distinct transnational linkages that did not result in creating a dependency, unlike other organizations. This allowed the organization to make necessary changes in its structure and follow a successful strategy for recognition.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Politics
• Sociology
• Migration
• Alevis in Germany
• Religious Recognition in Germany
• Turkish Diaspora
• Islam in Germany
• Turks in Germany.

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